polation, however, he could not hope to achieve more than the supposition that Nehemiah intended to restore this old oracle. To state that he did so was hard in view of the fact that at that time there was nothing like that. CONCLUSION: The conclusion to which all the discussed passages and facts bring us, is this: In the ancient time there was an Oracle the Israelites used to ask in difficult situations. The medium of this Oracle was now the Ephod, or the T'raphim, now the Urim, or the Urim ve-Thummim (while we do not find the Choshen in this function), now the Goral, and sometimes, perhaps, even the Ark (cf. Judges 27, 28; yet the בימים ההם :words -are evidently a later inter ושם ארון polation). At the time of the second Temple, and probably even at the time of the first Temple, there was nothing like these institutions, at least not authoritatively acknowledged. The kings of Juda, and even those of Israel used to ask the prophets whether or not to start war (cf. 1 Kings 22). Likewise in the originals of the second and third Books of the Covenant, even as in other accounts of the later times there was no mention of these Oracles (probably even the Ephod, although it might have lost its original sense, was not in the original of the Priestly Code). The passages in question are later interpolations inserted at the time when the Torah was no longer the last dogmatical document (cf. History of Dogmas in Judaism). The latest are those of the book of Chronicles in which some of the passages quoted above were inserted at the time when the Lot was introduced into the service of the second Temple (D). This Lot, however, had lost its original importance as an Oracle. And it was probably only the endeavor of private overzealous piety that the old oracles were drawn from older sources and inserted into many portions of the Bible, with the end perhaps to justify the later Lot, and to give it more importance and dignity, by the allusion to ancient institutions from which it may have been derived. the attention of Jacob. The question, how far the exegetical views developed in that work are to alter the results of Biblical criticism, cannot be discussed here; even as in general we had to desist from polemics in this brief treatise. It is sufficient to say, that Jacob greatly overestimates the bearing of his exegetical aspects on the problems of Biblical criticism. RABBIS HONOLARY MEMBERS, WINTNER, LEOPOLD, Ph. D. Rabbi emeritus, Temple Beth Flohim, Brooklyn; 401 W. 127th St., New York City. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Aaron, Israel, B. A., D. D., Rabbi, Temple Beth Zion, 748 Auburn Ave. Buffalo, N. Y. Abelson, Alter, Rabbi, Temple Emanu-El, Benton Hotel, Helena, Mont. Alexander, David, B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Shomer Emoonim, 220 Winthrop St., Toledo, O. Anspacher, Abraham S., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Anshe Chesed, Scranton, Pennsylvania. Barnstein, Henry, Ph. D., Rabbi, Congregation Beth Israel, 702 Gray Avenue, Houston, Tex. Bauer, Solomon H., Rabbi, Congregation Anshe Emeth, 556 N. Hoyne Ave., Chicago, 111. Bergman, Moise, B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Gates of Prayer, 3914 Pitt St., New Orleans, La. Berkowitz, Henry, D. D., Rabbi, Congregation Rodeph Shalom, 1823 N. 33rd St., Philadelphia. Bernstein, Louis, B. A., Rabbi, Temple Adath Joseph, 412 S. 9th St., St. Joseph, Mo. Blatt, Joseph, B. A., Rabbi, Temple B'nai Israel, 1305 Dale Avenue, Oklahoma City, Okla. Blau, Joel, B. A., Rabbi, 9 “The Melbourne," W. McMillan St., Cincinnati, O. Blaustein, David, M. A., Superintendent, Hebrew Educational Association, Chicago, Ill. Bloch, Jacob, M. A., LI. D., Rabbi, 127 Fourteenth St., Portland, Ore. Bogen, Joseph, Ll. D., Rabbi, Congregation B'nai Israel, 525 N. Liberty St., Jackson, Tenn. Bonnheim, Benjamin A., M. D., Rabbi, 658 Crown St., Cincinnati, O. Bottigheimer, Seymour G., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation B'nai Israel, 211 Com merce St., Natchez, Miss. Braun, Frederick E., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, Lincoln, Neb. Brill, Abram, B. A., Rabbi, Hebrew Union Congregation, 607 Washington Ave., Greenville, Miss. Buttenwieser, Moses, Ph. D., Professor, Hebrew Union College, 2106 Grand St., W. H., Cincinnati, O. Cahan, Morris, B. A., Rabbi. Calisch, Edward N., B. A., M. A., Ph. D., Rabbi, Congregation Beth Ahabah, 406 Lombardy St., Richmond, Va. Caro, Victor, Rabbi, Congregation B'ne Jeshurun, 237, 10th St., Milwaukee, Wis, Cohen, Henry, D. D., Rabbi, Congregation B'nai Israel, 1920 Broadway, Galveston, Tex. Cohen, Montague N. A., B. A., Rabbi, Temple Emanu-El, Box 622, Pueblo, Col. Cohen, Simon R., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Beth Elohim, 1383 Dean St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Cohn, Frederick, Ph. D., Rabbi, Congregation Israel, 1302 Park Avenue, Omaha, Neb. Cronbach, Abraham, B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Beth-El, 317 N. Scott St., South Bend, Ind. Currick, Max C., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Anshe Chesed, Erie, Pa. Deinard, Samuel N., M. A., Ph. D., Rabbi, Congregation Shaare Tov, 1715 5th Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. Deutsch, G., Ph. D., Rabbi, Professor, Hebrew Union College, 3600 Wilson Ave., Cincinnati, O. Drucker, Aaron P., Rabbi, 1813 Indiana Ave., Chicago, Ill. Ehrenreich, Bernard C., Rabbi, Congregation Kahl Montgomery, 58 Sayre St., Montgomery, Ala. Elkin, Heiman J., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Emanuel, Beaumont, Tex. Elkin, Meyer, Rabbi, Congregation Beth Israel, 637 Albany Avenue, Hartford, Conn. Ellinger, Emil, Rabbi, Woodville, Miss. Elzas, Barnett A., B. A., M. D., Rabbi, Congregation Beth Elohim, Charleston, S. C. Enelow, H. G., D. D., Rabbi, Congregation Adath Israel, 1670 Willow Ave., Louisville, Ky. Englander, Henry, M. A., Rabbi, Congregation Sons of Israel and David, 181 Reynolds Avenue, Providence, R. I. Ettelson, Harry W., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Achduth Vesholom, 706 W. Berry St., Ft. Wayne, Ind. Faber, M., Rabbi, Congregation Bethel, Tyler, Tex. Feldman, Ephraim, B. L., B. D., Professor, Hebrew Union College, 3520 Michigan Ave., Hyde Park, O. Feuerlicht, Jacob, Rabbi, Superintendent, Home for Jewish Friendless, 53rd St. and Ellis Ave., Chicago, Ill. Feuerlicht, Morris M., B. A., Rabbi, Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation, 2147 N. Meridian St., Indianapolis, Ind. Fineshriber, William H., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation B'nai Israel, 217 E. 14th St., Davenport, Ia. Fisher, Henry M., B. A., Rabbi, Congregation Beth Israel, Royal Palace Hotel, Atlantic City, N. J. Fleischer, Charles, B, A., Rabbi, Congregation Adath Israel, 40 Concord Ave., Cambridge, Mass. Foster, Solomon, B. A., Rabbi, Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, 264 Clinton Ave., Newark, N. J. |