Charles marries Henrietta of Franc-The Commons claim redress of grievances,

and impeach Buckingham-The Lords resent the King's interference-Relations

with France and Spain-General discontent-" Petition of Right"-Bucking-

ham assassinated-Cromwell's first speech in parliament-Wentworth and Laud

in power-Prynne in the Star Chamber-Greed for monopolie--Prosecution of

Hampden--Opposition to prelacy in Scotland-National Covenant-General As-

sembly at Glasgow decrees the abolition of Episcopacy-Covenauters force

Charles to a Treaty

CHAPTER XXIV.

A.D. 1640-1642.-CHARLES I.

The Commons impeach Strafford and Laud, Pym arguing that "treason against

the people was treason against the throne "-Charles tampers with the army-

Execution of Strafford-Star Chamber and Court of High Commission abolished

-Pacification with Scotland-Insurrection in Ireland-Strong party antagonism

-"Roundheads" and "Cavaliers "-The king invades the House of Commons,

and issues a proclamation to arrest a peer and five commoners-The five members

brought in triumph to Westminster-Charles rejects a Militia Bill passed by par-

liament-Parliamentary Ordinance for the Militia passed-Preparations for open

war-Order maintained-Prince Rupert in command of the Royalist cavalry-

Charles sets up his standard at Nottingham-London fortified by parliament

CHAPTER XXV.

A.D. 1642-1645.-CHARLES I.

Civil war-The king's forces routed in Warwickshire-Engagement at Brentford

-Eastern Counties "Association"-Reading surrenders to Essex - Chalgrove

Field-Death of Hampden-Colonel Hutchinson's defence of Nottingham Castle

-Bristol surrenders to Rupert-Gloucester besieged by the king, relieved by

Essex-Battle of Newbury-Solenn Legue and Covenant-Charles's Oxford

parliament "Committee of the Two Kingdoms "-Blockade of Oxford-Siege

of Lathom House-Battle of Marston Moor-Laud beheaded for treason-Vacilla-

tion of Charles-Battle of Naseby-The "Clubmen "-Bristol surrendered by

Rupert Siege of Basing House

CHAPTER XXVI.

A.D. 1645-1649.-CHARLES I.

Montrose's defeat in Scotland-Charles takes refuge in Oxford-His western army

dissolved-He negotiates with the Scots-Charles at Holmby House-Dissen-

tions between Presbyterians and Independents-The Army takes possession of

the king and marches upon London-The Commons adopt the proceedings of the

Army-Independents gain ascendancy-Charles at Hampton Court-He with-

draws to Carisbrook-Royalist riots-Presbyterians predominant-Conferences

with the king-The Commons afraid of the Ariny-Pride's Purge"-Charles

removed to Windsor-Trial and sentence of the king-He is beheaded

CHAPTER XXVII.

A.D. 1649-1653.-COMMONWEALTH.

Suppression of House of Lords and office of King-Mutiny in the army sup-

pressed-Charles II. proclaimed King in Scotland and Ireland-Cromwell in

Ireland - Execution of Montrose-Cromwell's victory at Dunbar-Charles

crowned at Scone-his army defeated at Worcester-He lands at Fécamp-

Revival of Commerce-Cromwell breaks up the "Long Parliament"-Council of

State-Decisive defeat of the Dutch Fleet by Blake-"Little Parliament "---

Cromwell Lord Protector.

303

315

327

339

354

CHAPTER XXVIII.

A.D. 1653-1660.-COMMONWEALTH-OLIVER CROMWELL, PROTECTOR-RICHARD CROM-

WELL-CHARLES II.

PAGE

Attempt on the Protector's life-Peace with Foreign Powers-Discussion on form

of Government-The Protector absolute-Blake in the Mediterranean-Jamaica

taken-The Vaudois-The Protector's second Parliament-Cromwell refuses

the Crown-War with Spain-Death of Cromwell-His son Richard proclaimed

Protector-Fall of Richard Cromwell-The Council of State and the Army-

General Monk's Overtures to Charles II.-Charles proclaimed King-Entry of

Charles II. into London

CHAPTER XXIX.

A.D. 1660-1668-CHARLES U.

Revenue of the Crown-Reduction of Land and Sea Forces-The Regicides brought

to trial - Coronation of Charles II.-Solemn League and Covenant burnt by the

Common Hangman-Two thousand clergymen ejected for Non-conformity-

Marquis of Argyle beheaded-Charles marries Catherine of Braganza-Great

Plague of London-Five Mile Act-Dutch Fleet driven off-Great Fire of

London-Profligacy of the Court-The Dutch Fleet in the Medway-Lord Chan-

cellor Clarendon exiled-The Triple Alliance

CHAPTER XXX.

A.D. 1668-1680.-CHARLES II.

Duke of York a Roman Catholic-Cabal Ministry-Secret Treaty of Charles II.

with Louis XIV.-Conventicle Act-Coventry Act-Attack on the Duke of

Ormond-Monetary Panic-War with Holland-The Test Act-Dissatisfaction

of the Commons-Charles pensioned by Louis XIV.-Marriage of Prince of

Orange with Princess Mary-Alleged Conspiracies of Jesuits-Charles's intrigues

with France-Habeas Corpus Act passed-Covenanters in Scotland-Battles of

Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge-Whigs and Tories

CHAPTER XXXI.

A.D. 1680-1685.-CHARLES II.-JAMES II.

367

383

396

Influence of Duke of York at Court-Popularity of Monmouth-Execution of

Stafford-Seven days' Parliament at Oxford-" No Popery "-Grand Jury ignore

bill against Shaftesbury-Religious Persecution in Scotland-Rye-House Plot

-Lord William Russell and Algernon Sidney executed-Death of Charles II.

from apoplexy-Accession of James II.-Foundation of Pennsylvania-- Earl of

Argyle executed-Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion-Execution of Monmouth

408

CHAPTER XXXII.

A. D. 1685-1688.-JAMES II.-WILLIAM AND MARY.

Opposition of Parliament to the king's measures-Jesuit influence at Court-Dis-
missal of Judges-Ecclesiastical Commission-James favours' Roman Catho-
licism-Protestant Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford, expelled-Declara-
tion of Indulgence-James receives the Papal Nuncio in State-Trial of the
Seven Bishops-Landing of William, Prince of Orange-Abdication of James II.
-Accession of William and Mary

CHAPTER XXXIII.

A.D. 1689-1742.-WILLIAM AND MARY-ANNE-GEORGE 1.-STATE OF INDUSTRY.

Woollen Manufactures in the West-Iron and Copper Mines-Birmingham iron-

ware-Fire-arms-Staffordshire Potteries-Glass-Hosiery-Cotton and Linen

fabrics-Yorkshire woollen manufactures-Norwich stuffs-Sheffield cutlery-

Hull and Liverpool Shipping-Agriculture Markets for Corn-Commerce of

Port of London - Commercial, Banking, and Insurance Companies-Improved

style of living-Condition of Towns-Education-Amusements-Public Health

-The Essayists-Female politicians - Rise of a reading public-Poetry--

Copyright-Habits of Society-Clubs-Science and Art

420

434

CONTENTS.

xi

CHAPTER XXXIV.

A.D. 1688-1690.-WILLIAM AND MARY.

Personal character of William III.-State of Parties-Nonjurors-Toleration Act

-Standing Army-Mutiny Bill-Coronation of William and Mary-Jacobite

rising in Ireland-Siege, heroic defence, and relief of Londonderry-Scotland

accepts the Revolution-Battle of Killiecrankie-Death of Claver house-James's

Parliament in Dublin-Intrigues of Princess Anne-Act of Grace-Battle of the

Boyne-French Fleet in the Channel-Spirited conduct of Queen Mary.

CHAPTER XXXV.

A.D. 1690-1693.-WILLIAM AND MARY.

Escape of James-Siege of Limerick abandoned-Marlborough in Ireland-Con-

federacy against France-William stipulates for the liberties of the Waldenses-

Jacobite plots-Surrender of Limerick, and defeat of Jacobites in Ireland-Mas-

sacre of Glencoe-Dismissal of Marlborough- Decisive naval victory at La

Hogue-The disaster of Steinkirk - Commencement of National Debt-Trien-

nial parliaments-Partial administration of justice by the Peers.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

A.D. 1693-1698.-WILLIAM AND MARY-WILLIAM III.

Battle of Landen-Cabinet Council-Bank of England-Repulse of the Allies at

Brest-Death of Queen Mary from small-pox-Extensive Corruption in Parlia-

ment-Siege and Capture of Namur-"Seven barren years "-New Coinage-

Associations in support of Protestant Constitution-Jacobite Conspiracy-

Monetary Crisis-Treaty of Ryswick-St. Paul's opened for Worship-Thanks-

giving for Peace-Reduction of the army-Christian Knowledge Society-Re-

strictive Commercial policy-Disasters of the Darien Colonists

CHAPTER XXXVII.

A.D. 1698-1703.-WILLIAM III-ANNE.

PAGE

442

455

. 467

Spanish Succession-Partition Treaties-Parliament insists on reduction of the

army, and dismissal of the Dutch troops-Irish forfeitures and Crown revenues

- Intolerant spirit of the Tories-Death of the King of Spain-Protestant

Succession Act-Party dissensions-League against France-Foreign States-

Death of James II -Parliament votes Land and Sea Forces-Death of William

III.-Accession of Anne-Marlborough, Captain-General-War with France-

Occasional Conformity Bill-Foreign policy of England—“Queen Anne's Bounty" 482

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

A.D. 1704-1706.-ANNE.

Marlborough in Germany-Entrenched Camp of the Schellenberg taken by Storm

-Battle of Blenheim-Siege and Capitulation of Landau-Popularity of Marl-

borough-Occasional Conformity Bill defeated-Capture of Gibraltar-Indeci-

sive Naval Battle of Malaga-Peterborough's exploits in Spain-Supineness of

Charles of Austria, king of Spain-Marlborough in the Netherlands-Party

feeling in England-Church in Danger-Decisive victory of Ramilies.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

A.D. 1706-1710.-ANNE.

Articles of Union with Scotland-Commissioners for Union-Discussions in Scot-

land-Act for Union-Unsuccessful attack on Toulon-First Parliament of Great

Britain-Abortive attempt of the Pretender-Marlborough defeats the French

at the passage of the Scheldt-Death of Prince George of Denmark-Siege of

Lüle and of Tournay-Battle of Malplaquet-Trial of Dr. Sacheverel

495

. 506

CHAPTER XL.

A.D. 1710-1714.-ANNE.

PAGE

Surrender of Douay-Decline of Marlborough's influence at Court-The Allies

defeated in Spain-Political partisanship-Attempt upon Harley's life by a

French spy-Bouchain surrenders to Marlborough-Charles of Austria elected

Emperor Violent party disputes-Marlborough dismissed from all his employ.

ments-Siege and surrender of Quesnoy-The Alliance abandoned by England

--Treaty of Utrecht-Dispute between Oxford and Bolingbroke-Death of

Queen Anne

518

CHAPTER XLI.

A.D. 1714-1727.-GEORGE I.

Accession of George I.-Civil List-Whig Ministry-Bolingbroke, Oxford, and Or-

mond impeached-Riot Act passed-Jacobite Rising in Scotland-Surrender

of Highland forces at Preston-Battle of Sheriffmuir-Flight of Pretender-

Derwentwater and Kenmure beheaded-Septennial Act-Hanoverian complica-

tions-Alliance with France and Holland-Spanish political intrigues-The

Quadruple Alliance-South Sea Bubble-Attainder of Atterbury-Ale Duty in

Scotland-Peace with France and Holland-Death of George I. .

CHAPTER XLII.

A.D. 1727-1745.-GEORGE II.

queen

Accession of George II.-Walpole in power-Civil List-Sagacity of the Queen-

State of prisons for debtors-Walpole's financial measures defeated-The Porteous

riot in Edinburgh-Quarrels of the king and the prince of Wales-Death of

Caroline-Right of Search-Capture of Porto Bello-Blundering attack on Car-

thagena-Unpopularity of Walpole-his fall-King George's victory at Dettingen

-Battle of Fontenoy

CHAPTER XLIII.

A. D. 1745-1746.-GEORGge II.

Landing of the Young Pretender-Charles Edward at Perth-James VIII. pro-

claimed at Edinburgh-Sir John Cope defeated at Prestonpans-Charles Edward

invades England-He occupies Derby-The Pretender's army retreats-Indeci-

sive battle near Falkirk-Battle of Culloden-Execution of Lords Kilmarnock

and Balmerino-Charles Edward escapes to France

CHAPTER XLIV.

A.D. 1746-1760.-GEORGE II.

.

Pelham administration-Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle-Heritable Jurisdictions in

Scotland abolished- Sheriff Courts-Reform of the Calendar-Regency Bill-

Act for Preventing Robberies-Marriage Act-Disputes with French Colonists in

America and East Indies-North American Colonies-Seven years' war in Ger-

many-Byng shot for alleged cowardice-Mr. Pitt's administration--Lord Clive's

rule in India-Continental wars-General Wolfe's victory and death at Quebec

-Death of George II.

CHAPTER XLV.

A. D. 1760-1768.-GEORGE III.

Lord Bute's influence-Civil List-Bribery at Elections-Marriage of George III.

Attack on Belle-Isle-War with Spain-Capture of French and Spanish West

India islands-Treaty of Peace-Bute prime minister, succeeded by Grenville-

John Wilkes expelled from Parliament-Taxing American Colonies-Rocking-

ham Ministry-Riots in Boston-Congress at New York-Repeal of the (Colo-

nial) Stamp Act-General Warrants-Pitt created Earl of Chatham

525

543

557

569

596

CONTENTS.

xiii

CHAPTER XLVI.

A.D. 1768-1775.-GEORGE III.

PAGE

Wilkes re-elected a third time-Letters of Junius-Colonial protest against Taxa-

tion-Colonists pledge themselves not to import British merchandise-Riot in

Boston-Parliamentary Reform-Freedom of the Press-French annexation of

Corsica-Partition of Poland-Jesuits suppressed by Clement XIV.-Royal Mar-

riage Act-Tea cargoes emptied into Boston harbour-Boston Port Act, and other

coercive measures-First Congress held at Philadelphia-Arming of the Colo-

nists

596

CHAPTER XLVII.

A.D. 1775-1780.-GEORGE III.

Congress of Delegates of thirteen States-Washington Commander-in-Chief-Bat-

tle of Bunker's Hill-The "Olive Branch" petition unanswered-Attack upon

Quebec Declaration of Independence Battle of Brooklyn - Washington's

success at Trenton-Weakness of the British Navy-Retreat of Burgoyne from

the United States-Chatham denounces the employment of Indians-Death of

Chatham-War with France-Exploits of Paul Jones-Economical Reform-

Parliamentary Reform-No-Popery riots-Major André executed as a spy.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

A.D. 1780-1783.-GEORGE III.

. 610

New parliament favourable to the Court-War with Holland-Operations in Caro-

lina and Virginia-Capitulation of Lord Cornwallis-Resignation of Lord North's

Ministry-The French Fleet defeated by Rodney-Partial Administrative Reform

-Alarming state of Ireland-Mr. Grattan in the Irish Parliament-Repeal of

statute of Geo. I. which asserted the dependence of Ireland-Protracted siege

of Gibraltar-Sinking of the Royal George at Spithead-Peace with America,

France, Spain, and Holland

. 626

CHAPTER XLIX.

A.D. 1760-1783.-GEORGE III-STATE OF INDUSTRY.

Productive power of the country-Increase of population-Improvement of agri-
culture-Dairy produce-Sheep farming-Increase of cultivation-Drainage of
fens and marshes-Farming operations of George III.-Farming in Scotland and
Ireland-Engineering works-Inland navigation-Cotton manufactures-Ark-
wright's spinning-machine-Crompton's spinning-mule-Cartwright's power-
loom-Dr. Roebuck's works for smelting and manufacturing iron-Porcelain
manufacture-Steam-engine-Watt and Boulton

CHAPTER L.

A.D. 1760-1783.-GEORGE III-ARTS, LITERATURE, AND MANNERS.

FINE ARTS: Academy in St. Martin's Lane-Society of Arts-Exhibitions of paint-

ings-Royal Academy-Engraving-Portrait engraving-Mezzotint-Aquatinta

-Sculpture -Architecture- -LITERATURE: Samuel Johnson - Richardson,

Defoe, Fielding. Smollett, Sterne, Goldsmith-Burke-Adam Smith-Hume,

Robertson, Gibbon-Horace Walpole-MANNERS: Club life-Gambling-Beau

Nash at Bath Country Squires- The Clergy - Whitefield and Wesley-

Schools Colleges-Professional and trading classes-Prisons-John Howard-

Sunday Schools Mail Coaches - Taverns, Inns Ordinaries, Coffee-houses

Amusements-The Stage.

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649