a German possession. See COLONIES OF EUROPEAN POWERS. Bismarck - Schönhausen, Count Herbert von, son of Prince Bismarck, b. at Berlin Dec. 28th, 1849. Is a major in the German army, has served the German empire in various diplomatic capacities, and was embassy secretary in London, and minister at the Hague. He sits in the Reichstag as one of the members for Schleswig-Holstein, and is the head of the German Foreign Office. The Denmark and France. He enlarged the frontiers of Prussia by the annexation of various provinces, including the dominions of three dethroned German princes; and succeeded in placing Germany, which had previously been the weakest and least respected of the great powers, at the head of all the states of Europe. His first task as Minister President was, however, one from which a statesman of less resolution and of less firm belief in the rights of the Crown, might well have recoiled. Chamber of Deputies had refused to pass the military budget, as it demanded increased grants, which were required to carry out the reorganisation of the army in accordance with the ideas of the King. The House uniformly refused these supplies, and for several sessions heated debates and violent scenes, in which the Minister President and the Liberal leaders were the principal antagonists, were of constant occurrence. In spite of the rejection of the budget by the Chamber the Government spent the money, and the House threatened Von Bismarck with impeachment for violating the Constitution. In the midst of this quarrel a Congress of all the Princes of Germany was invited to meet at Frankfort to reorganise the German Bund, but the King of Prussia, by advice of his minister, refused to appear; and the project, although discussed and approved by five-sixths of the German sovereigns, came to nothing. The German Bund having, at Herr von Bismarck's instigation, resolved to invade the Elbe Duchies in support of the claims of the Duke of Augustenburg, Austria, Prussia and Saxony, were intrusted with the execution of the task; and a war broke out in 1864 with Denmark, resulting in the loss to her of the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg. Instead of giving them up to the Duke, Von Bismarck, now created Count, determined, if possible, to annex them to Prussia. The Austrian and Saxon troops were recalled, and the quarrel eventually led (in 1866) to a war between Prussia and Austria, who was joined by Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse Cassel, Hesse Darmstadt, and Nassau. The arms of Prussia were victorious: Austria suffered a crushing defeat at Sadowa (Königgrätz), in Bohemia. Hanover and the South German states were likewise vanquished; and the war, which was over in seven weeks, led to the treaty of Nikolsburg, by which Austria was permanently excluded from the German Bund, and Hanover, Nassau, Hesse-Cassel, and Frankfort, as well as Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg, were annexed to Prussia; and the North German Confederation, with Prussia at its head, was established in place of the old Bund, while with the South German states an offensive and defensive alliance was concluded, giving the King of Prussia supreme command of all their troops in time of war. Of the North German Bund Count von Bismarck was created Chancellor, and President of the Federal Council. In addition to these successes, in consideration of which the Prussian House of Deputies passed a bill of indemnity, forgiving his former breaches of the Constitution, Count von Bismarck obtained great popularity for creating a representative branch of the new Federal Government, on the basis of manhood suffrage. The Diet, which first assembled in 1867, consisted of delegates representing a nation of 29,000,000 Germans. Napoleon III., jealous of the growing power of Prussia, attempted to Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince; created Count September 16th, 1865, and Prince (Fürst) von Bismarck, March 1871, the most powerful statesman of Europe in modern times; b. of an old noble family of the "Mark" (Brandenburg) at Schönhausen, April 1st, 1815. He led a somewhat tempestuous youth, in the course of which he studied and fought duels at the universities of Göttingen and Greifswald, spent some time in the army, and subsequently settled down as a country gentleman, managing the family estates and discharging the office of inspector of dykes. Brought up in the political faith of the Junkers, or Prussian Tory squirearchy, he became (1846) a member of the Provincial Diet of Saxony, and of the Prussian Diet, in which he first attracted attention by his fiery speeches in defence of the old monarchical party. During the revolutionary period of 1848 the services he rendered in the public debates to the Conservative cause so impressed the Prussian Ministry that he suddenly found a diplomatic career opened to him. The representation of Prussia in the Diet of the old German Bund at Frankfort falling vacant, the Premier introduced Herrn von Bismarck to the king, who, not without misgiving, appointed him to that important post. Here he remained for several years, discharging the arduous duties of his office with an ability which won for him the admiration of the Prussian court. The remarkable series of private despatches which he addressed to the Prussian Premier, and which have recently been given to the world, are models of diplomatic skill and statecraft. Austria was then all-powerful in the German Bund; and, supported by nearly all the other German states, had systematically prevented Prussia from exercising that influence in the counsels of the Confederation to which, from her position as by far the greatest of the purely German states, she was justly entitled. From the time of Bismarck's appearance, however, the voice of Prussia began to have increasing weight. The successful audacity with which he checkmated Austrian intrigue at Frankfort was the source of constant irritation at Vienna, and naturally tended to produce some estrangement between the Austrian and Prussian courts. Herr von Bismarck was sent as ambassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62). In May 1862 he was promoted to the then most difficult and important post in the diplomatic service that of Prussian ambassador at Paris, where Napoleon III. was then in the plenitude of his power. Five months later he was summoned to Berlin, and made First Minister of the Prussian Crown. The first ten years after Herr von Bismarck assumed power are amongst the most remarkable in modern European history. Within that brief period he had humbled the Austrian empire, destroyed the French empire, and created the new German empire. He remodelled the map of Europe, dismembering a and majority votes that the great questions of the time would be settled, but by iron and blood." The Danish, the Austro-German and the Franco-German wars form a significant commentary on this expression. Other phrases attributed to him are that "Might goes before Right," the definition of a journalist as " man who has failed in his profession in life," and many others. Of the extensive literature on Prince Bismarck the chief original sources in German are Poschinger's edition of Prince Bismarck's Frankfort Letters and Despatches; his Correspondence, by Köppen; his Political Life and Labours, and his Speeches, by Hahn; his Biography, by Hezekiel, and the works of M. Busch entitled "Bismarck and his People." There is an excellent English work, "Prince Bismarck," by Mr. Charles Lowe. Two attempts have been made on the Chancellor's life: the first by a lunatic named Blind, on May 7th, 1866, at Berlin; and the second on July 13th, 1874, by Kullmann, at Kissingen. obtain some compensation for France by the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, which Holland had consented to cede to him. But in this scheme the French Emperor was thwarted, chiefly by the energetic attitude of Count von Bismarck; and in the end the Duchy was declared neutral territory, and the fortifications of the capital were demolished. In 1868 Count von Bismarck withdrew for some months from active public life, but he was in power again before the end of the year. Already for some time the biography of Count von Bismarck had practically been the history of his country, and great as were the events through which he had conducted Germany, he was destined to lead her shortly through greater events still: notably by the defeat of the French in 1870, the dispute growing out of the offer of the crown of Spain to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern. The King of Prussia, as the head of the family, had consented to his acceptance of the honour, afterwards revoked. After a campaign consisting of an unbroken series of Bissao and Casamanza. Portuguese stavictories, largely due to the strategic genius of tions on west coast of Africa, between Gambia Count von Moltke (q.v.), King William was and Sierra Leone. Area 26 sq. m., pop. 9,282. able, through his Chancellor, to dictate terms See COLONIES OF EUROPEAN POWERS. of peace to his helpless assailant. Of the events Björnson, Björnstjerne, Norwegian novelist, in Prince Bismarck's life subsequent to the dramatist, and poet, b. December 8th, 1832, Franco-German war, it may be mentioned that at Kvikne, where his father was minister. he presided at the Congress of Berlin (1878), Educated at the University of Christiania. the Berlin Conference (1880), and the Congo Here his literary career began. He sent "coror Colonial Conference (1884). In his domestic respondences to various provincial journals, legislation Prince Bismarck has been far less wrote sketches and feuilletons, dealing chiefly fortunate than in his diplomatic negotiations. with folk-life. After managing the Bergen In his economical policy, after beginning as theatre for two years (1857-9), during which a Free Trader he has become a Protectionist. period Arne and his drama Halte Hulda He first largely reduced the customs tariff, appeared, he became co-editor of the Christiania and ten years later imposed heavier duties than Aftenblad. In 1860 Björnson travelled in Denever. While he thus alienated the Liberals, mark, Germany and Italy, returning to Norway his May Laws, interfering to an unwise extent the following year. Edited the Norsk Folkewith the religious liberty of the Catholic priest-blad (1866). Since then Björnson has lived hood, led to a long and bitter struggle with the much abroad. Of late years he has taken an Roman Church, and made all its adherents his active part in the political movements of Norbitter enemies. Equally unfortunate was his way, especially in the struggle between the policy with regard to the Social Democrats, Norwegian peasants and the king. On one his Draconic measures against whom have occasion Björnson challenged King Oscar; but produced the profoundest discontent among the challenge was not accepted. Most of Björnthe working classes of the large cities. The son's tales have been translated into English. measures he has sanctioned against the Polish The best known are those dealing with Norsettlers in the eastern provinces of Prussia, wegian life: "Arne," "Synnove-Solbakken,' formerly belonging to Poland, savour "Ovind," "The Fisher Maiden," "A Happy harshness. In the course of his career Prince Boy," etc., etc. His play The Gauntlet has Bismarck has given utterance to expressions also been recently translated. which have since become familiar in every civilised tongue. In the heat of the controversy with the Catholics he once said, "We shall never go to Canossa;" but, like the Emperor Henry IV. to Pope Hildebrand (Gregory VII., the Great), he has since found it expedient to send an ambassador to the Vatican (Feb. 1886), and to repeal the harshest portion of the May Laws. He had previously (Dec. 31st, 1885) received the decoration of the Order of Christ from the Pope. Prince Bismarck's name has recently been very prominently before the public mind in connection with the Bulgarian difficulty and the proposed German Army Bill (q.v.), the latter on its rejection causing the dissolution of the Reichstag. Strained relations with France were also feared, in consequence of the proposal for the Bill and Prince Bismarck's speech in its support in the Reichstag. Prince Bismarck is often called the man of iron and blood," because in one of the first speeches he delivered as Minister President (in 1862) he said that "it was not by speeches of Blackburn, Colin Blackburn, P.C., Baron (creat. 1876), 2nd son of John Blackburn, Esq., of Killearn, Stirlingshire; b. 1813. Educated at Eton and Trin. Coll., Cambridge; graduated B.A. (1835-8th Wrangler). Called to the bar at the Inner Temple (1838), appointed Justice of the Queen's Bench (now Judge of the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division1859), a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, with the dignity of a Baron for life (1876). This latter position he resigned at the close of 1886. When at the bar Lord Blackburn for some eight years conducted, with the late Mr. Ellis, the recognised reports of the Queen's Bench Division. He also published a valuable legal work on "Sales." In 1878 he was nominated a member of the Royal Commission appointed to consider the provisions of a Draft Criminal Code. Lord Blackburn's retirement robs the House of Lords, as the ultimate Court of Appeal, of a most able and learned member. Blackie, John Stuart, b. at Glasgow, 1809; son of a banker at Aberdeen; appointed Pro fessor of Humanity at Marischal College, Aberdeen (1842), and Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh (1851). Author of a number of poems and prose works, of which the most popular, perhaps, is "Self-Culture." An unconventional style, with ready wit, characterise the Professor both as a lecturer and writer. He retired from his professorial duties in 1882. a Blackfriars New Railway Bridge. See ENGINEERING. Black Friday, the 11th of May, 1866, the day on which the great commercial panic of that year was at its height. Black-Letter Saints' Days. See DAYS OF COMMEMORATION. Black Monday, June 18th, 1885: so called in consequence of the defeat sustained by Mr. Gladstone by the adverse vote on the budget. This term has also been applied to Monday Feb. 8th, 1886, in consequence of the riots at the West End. The name has at various times been given to other memorable Mondays from the fourteenth century onwards. Black Rod, Gentleman Usher of the. An officer of the House of Lords (q.v.) appointed by the Crown, who assists at the introduction of peers, has charge of the arrangements for the maintenance of order below the bar, near the Throne, and in the strangers' gallery, and who summons the Commons whenever their attendance is required in the House of Peers. Black Sea Conference, The, was a Conference of the European Powers called to meet in London in January 1871, in consequence of a declaration by Russia that she "denounced her contract in the Treaty of Paris 1856, with regard to the navigation of the Black Sea. By this Treaty, formed at the close of the Crimean war, the Black Sea had been made neutral territory, and Russia had ceded her right to keep armed vessels upon it. Owing to the Franco-German war, France failed to attend until the following March, when the Treaty of London was framed, which deneutralised the Black Sea. Blackwall Tunnel. See ENGINEERING. Black, William, novelist, b. at Glasgow 1841. Commenced his career as a journalist, and was successively connected with the London Morning Star (acting as special correspondent during the war between Prussia and Austria in 1866), and the Daily News (of which he was assistant editor). He is the author of "A Daughter of Heth," "A Princess of Thule," "Madcap Violet," etc. "Blackwood's Magazine" (2s. 6d.), founded 1817. First editor Prof. Wilson. Conservative in politics, it includes in its pages original articles and reviews on the social and political questions of the day, notices of travels, biographies and subjects of general interest, with a serial novel. Amongst the contributors to its pages have been Sir W. Scott, De Quincy, and other distinguished writers. Bland Act. See BIMETALLISM. Blantyre. A mission station in Africa, founded in 1876 under auspices of Established Church of Scotland. Situated on highlands between Lake Shirwa and Shiré river. Is becoming the centre of much independent British settlement and trade. Progress rapid. Already has longer and better roads than exist in the old Portuguese colonies on the coast. Communications by steamers up Zambesi and Shire, and by newly opened overland route to Quillimane. See NYASSA, ZAMBESI, etc. Bloemfontein. Capital of the Orange Free State (q.v.). "Blue Books are the official reports; papers and documents printed for the Government, and laid before the Houses of Parliament. They are uniformly stitched up in dark blue paper wrappers. Germany, white; France, yellow; Italy, green; Spain, red; Portugal, white. a Blue Ribbon Gospel Temperance Movement. An unsectarian Mission to promote Francis Murphy, in America, where it was Christianity and total abstinence, originated by introduced into this country by William Noble, known as the "Murphy Movement.' It was and inaugurated in the Standard Theatre, Shoreditch, on February 10th, 1878. The title of badge were adopted, and the work established "Blue Ribbon Army," and the "Blue Ribbon' in the Hoxton Music Hall, where nightly meetings have since been held. One million pledge cards were issued during the first three years, and the movement spread throughout the United Kingdom. Missions of from three to twenty-one days' duration were conducted in of drunkards being reclaimed, and large numall the principal towns, resulting in thousands bers of Christian people becoming abstainers for the sake of example. In 1883 the word "Army" was dropped from the title; general committee (President, W. I. Palmer, J.P., of Reading), was appointed, and the work has continued since upon quietly aggressive lines at the Hoxton Hall Mission, and generally under the title of The Gospel Temperance Workers, Union, in connection with which permanent councils of representatives exist in Bradford, Birmingham, Manchester, Newcastle, Preston, etc., for the holding of periodical missions, visitation, etc. Returns show that 80 per cent. of converts adhere to the pledge. In Scotland and Ireland the movement has been successfully carried on, and it has been extended to the Continent and the Colonies with satisfactory results. The organ of the movement is the Gospel Temperance Monthly. The offices of the General Committee are at 134, Hoxton Street, N.: Treasurer, W. P. Goulding, Esq., 41, Moorgate Street, E.C.; General Secretary, John T. Rae. Blumenthal, Lieutenant-General Leonard von. A great strategist; b. 1810 at Schwedt-on-the-Oder. He studied at the Military Academies of Culm and Berlin. Was successively appointed Second Lieutenant in the Guard (Fusilier Guards) 1827; Adjutant to Landwehr (1837); Premier Lieutenant of the General Staff (Topographical Division) 1846 ; and Captain of the General Staff 1849. He was made Chief of the Staff of the Army in Schleswig-Holstein in recompense for his services in that war (1849); Major in the Grand General Staff (1853); Chief of the General Staff of the Mobile Army Corps against Denmark (1863); Major General (1864); Chief of the General Staff of the second army, which invaded Bohemia (1866), and in 1870 Chief of the General Staff, a post he has since held. Board of Supervision. See PAUPERISM.. Boat Race, Oxford and Cambridge. This annual contest between the crews of Oxford and Cambridge Universities is rowed on the Thames, from Putney to Mortlake, or the course reversed, the Saturday before Good Friday. The date has, however, occasionally been altered, owing to circumstances of weather, etc. The race will take place this year (1887) on March 26th. Foreign Governments, relating to changes in Customs tariffs, the operation of commercial treaties, fluctuations of trade and industry in various parts of the world, and other valuable information of importance to merchants, shippers and manufacturers. It can be had in London of Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, Fleet Street; Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row; Simpkin, Marshall & Co., Stationers' Hall Court; Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill; Stanford, 55, Charing Cross; Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., Paternoster Square; W. Clowes & Sons, 13, Charing Cross; Harrison & Sons, 59, Pall Mall; W. H. Allen & Co., 13, Waterloo Place; W. Mitchell, 39, Charing Cross; also in Edinburgh of A. & C. Black, and in Dublin of A. Thorn & Co., Abbey Street, and E. Ponsonby, Grafton Street. The first number was issued in August last. The price of the Journal is sixpence. Board of Trade Returns. See TRADE OF 1886. Boehm, Joseph Edgar, R.A., sculptor, of Hungarian extraction, and was b. in Vienna (1834). Has resided in England since 1862. Was elected R.A. (1882). Executed a colossal statue of the Queen (1867), and has produced among other works recumbent statues of the late Princess Alice and her daughter, and of the late Prince Imperial. Executed the statue of Lord Beaconsfield for Westminster Abbey, and has made busts of Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Bright, and Mr. Ruskin. Nominated Sculptorin-ordinary to the Queen (1881). Mr. Boehm is the designer of the Queen's effigy on the new coinage (q.v.). Boers. See RACES OF SOUTH AFRICA, ORANGE FREE STATE, TRANSVAAL. Bohn's Libraries. A series of works-under the titles of Bohn's "Standard," "Classical," Antiquarian," Philosophical," "Scientific,' Economical,' "Collegiate," "Theological, Historical,' Reference," "Artists," "Novelists," and "Illustrated" libraries-consisting chiefly of reprints of earlier and more or less standard books, both English and translated. Mr. H. G. Bohn (d. 1884) published the first volume in 1846; the series, then numbering several hundred volumes, was, on his retirement from business in 1864, bought by Messrs. Bell and Daldy (now Bell and Sons), who have since (to 1886) increased the number to 687 volumes. Bokhara. A Russian vassal state in Central Asia attached to the province of Turkestan. Although the area of Bokhara is only 100,000 square miles, or one-fifteenth the whole Central Asian region conquered since 1860 by Russia, its population is 2,000,000, or one-third the entire total. The city of Bokhara (pop. 70,000) is the principal commercial centre of Central Asia. The campaigns conducted by the Russian generals Tchernaieff, Romanovsky and Kaufmann between 1860 and 1870 brought the khanate into great prominence. After Russia had captured Samarcand and reduced Bokhara to its present proportions, public interest in it subsided. During the Khivan expedition (1873), Bokhara maintained a friendly attitude, but afterwards the Ameer became cold and exclusive until 1878, when Kaufmann sent a mission to demand permission for the passage through Bokhara of the army intended to penetrate to Cabul and attack the English in India. From this period every pretext was employed to break down the quasi hostility of Bokhara, What little power was left the khanate lapsed in 1884 by the practical inclosing of the country, resulting from the annexation of Merv. The Emir (Feb. 9th, 1886), gave assurances to the Russian mission sent to him that he would do nothing to hinder the construction of the Merv-Bokhara railway. The Ameer, Mozaffar Eddin, is allowed to maintain an army of some 30,000 troops, which, until 1885, were ill trained and badly armed, but are now drilled by Russian instructors and furnished with Berdan rifles. The large trade which India once carried on with Bokhara has now been almost completely absorbed by Russia. (See letter by Professor Vambery, Times, January 26th, 1887.) Bolivia. A republic, bounded on the north by Brazil and Paraguay, south by the Argentine Republic and by Peru, and the Pacific on the west. It is ruled by a President with a Congress of two chambers, elected in theory by universal suffrage, in practice by the army. Area 842,729 sq. miles; pop. about 2,000,000. Revenue (1881) £687,657; expenditure £652,227; debt £4,385,000. Army, fixed at 1,400 in peace, and commanded by eight generals and 1,013 other officers, absorbs about two-thirds of revenue. There is little to chronicle since 1870, except the war with Chili, from 1879 to 1883 inclusive, in which Bolivia was allied with Peru, and a dreary record of anarchy and civil war. For Cabinet, etc., see DIPLOMATIC. Bolometer, an electrical instrument, invented by Professor P. Langley, for measuring radiant heat. By its aid very interesting experiments have been made into the ultra-red rays of the spectrum (see Nature, Nov. 3rd, 1881). Bombay. See INDIA; and for Ministry, etc., see DIPLOMATIC. Bonaire. Otherwise Buen Ayre (q.v.) PARTIES. See FRENCH POLITICAL Bonney, Rev. Thomas George, F.R.S., D. Sc., Camb., LL.D., F.S.A., Fellow and formerly Tutor of St. John's, Cambridge, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of London. He has written a great deal on the Alps, and is President of the Alpine Club; Past President of the Geological Society and the Mineralogical Society of London; Hon. Treasurer of the Philosophical Club. He has carried on numerous researches in Petrology, especially the microscopic structure of rocks. He is a Lecturer at the Royal Institution, a large contributor to Cassell's "Picturesque Europe," and a constant contributor to the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society and the Geological Magazine. Book Trade. The statistics published by Messrs. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington of new books, and reprints of previously published books for the past ten years, are as follows: published during 1886, divided into fourteen broad classes:-Theology and devotion, 752; Education and philology, 572; Juvenile books, 445; Fiction and minor fiction, 969; Jurisprudence, 33; Political economy and commerce, 246; Arts, sciences, and illustrated books, 178; Books of travel, 221; History, biography, etc., 350; Poetry and the drama, 93; Year-books and serials (in vols.), 294; Medicine and surgery, 171; Belles-lettres, 479; Miscellaneous (including pamphlets), 407-total, 3,984. A list of all the books issued by the London publishers, and those Scottish, Irish and provincial publishers whose books bear also a London imprint, is published every month in the Bookseller (6d.), and fortnightly in the Publishers' Circular (3d.). Consult also The Best Books, by Mr. W. Swan Sonnenschein, containing prices, sizes, publishers' names, and dates of the first and last editions of each book. Bonze. Name given to the priests of Buddha in China, Burmah, Japan, etc. They live in monasteries, and are unmarried. There are also female bonzes, who resemble nuns. Borneo. From the Sanscrit "Bhoorni," land. A large island of the Malay archipelago, divided into various States. Estimated total area 290,000 sq. m., estimated pop. 1,846,000.-Holland claims as a possession 203,714 sq. m. of territory on the south, east, and west of the island. In reality this immense tract is parcelled out into various native states. Those on the coast are more or less under Dutch influence. Of the interior little is even known. The principal Dutch settlements are at Sambas, Pontiana, Banjarmassin, and Koti. On the north-west coast is the State of Sarawak; area 40,000 sq. m., pop. 280,000. It is under British influence, though not a British dependency, being ruled by an English rajah (H.H. Charles J. Brooke). North-east of Sarawak is the independent State of Brunei, or Borneo Proper, a territory of less extent. Beyond it lies British North Borneo, area 30,000 sq. m., which is not an official dependency, but is the property of an English trading company, to whom a Royal Charter has been granted. Between this and the Dutch territories on the east is the native state of Sulu. (Political and other details will be found under SARAWAK, BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, etc.)-Physically, Borneo is one of the most attractive portions of the earth's surface. Lofty mountains dominate the interior, from which descend numerous rivers to water the plains, many of them being considerable streams. Large lakes are also believed to exist. Lying directly under the equator, the flora is exceedingly rich and profuse. Probably no tropical forests excel those of Borneo in the wealth they hold in their vast recesses. The most valuable timbers, dye-woods, scentwoods, fruits, spices, drugs, gums, etc., are abundant. The fauna, too, comprises wonderful variety. There are the elephant, rhinoceros, wild cattle, bears, deer, the tiger-cat, tapir, pig, flying squirrel, orang-utang, baboon, ape, alligator, python, cobra. The birds are of brilliant plumage, and even the fish display gorgeous and varied colouring. Among minerals are coal, iron, gold, diamonds, antimony, quicksilver, etc. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and well adapted for the cultivation of all tropical products. The principal articles exported are sago, beeswax, edible birds'nests, camphor, hides, rattans, tortoise-shell, |