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97. To what danger was Titus exposed? 98. The sufferings of the Jews during the siege of Jerusalem?

99. The fate of Jerusalem?

100. The number of captives, and of the slain?

101. How was the victory of Titus celebrated in Rome ?

15. For what were they remarkable?
16. Who annihilated their navy?
17. Who finally subdued them?
18. What is said of their ancient works?
19. What of their superstition?
20. What is said of the Umbrians?
What of the Messapians?
22. What of the Ligurians?

21.

102. Describe the medal struck, commemo- 23. Their reputation among the Romans? rative of the event?

CHAPTER XIII.

HISTORY OF ANCIENT ITALY.

SEC. 1.-Geographical Outline.
1. The boundaries of Italy?
2. Its divisions?

3. Cisalpine Gaul, why so called?
4. Why also called Gallia Togata?
5. The principal subalpine tribes?
6. The Cottian Alps, why so called?
7. The chief cities of Liguria ?

8. The Ligurian name of the river Po, and
why so called?

9. The principal towns of the Boii? 10. The limits of Gallia Transpadana? 11. Of Central Italy?

12. What countries did it comprise ?
13. The boundaries of Etruria?
14. How was it divided?
15. The limits of Latium?

16. In what part of Italy did the Greek colo-
nies locate themselves?

17. For what has Italy ever been celebrated? 18. What has Italy been, and what is it now ?

SEC. 3.-The Greek Colonies in Italy.

1. The earliest Greek settlement in Italy?
2. What is said of the city of Cuma?
3. Its history, and what gave it importance?
4. By whom was Tarentum founded?
5. Its history?

6. By whom was Croton founded?
7. What proof of its power is given?
8. The design of the Pythagorean society?
9. How was Croton ruined?

10. The cause of the power of Sybaris ?
11. For what did it become proverbial ?
12. What led to a war between it and Cro-
ton, and the result of it?

13. To whom did the Sybarites then apply
for aid?

14. What city did they then found?

15. What led to a civil war, and the result of it?

16 The subsequent history of Thurium ? 17. What is said of Zaleucus ?

18. Who brought the Locrians to the verge of ruin?

19. Its subsequent history?

20. By whom was Rhegium colonized?
21. By whom destroyed?
22. By whom restored?

23. By what treachery was it again destroy-
ed?

SEC. 2.-Historical Notices of the early In- 24. habitants of Italy.

1. From whom were the earliest inhabitants of Italy descended?

2. Of what two languages is the Latin a
compound?

3. The origin of the name Sicily?
4. The original name of the Latins?

5. What proof is given that the serfs were
of Palasgic origin, and the warriors of
Oscan descent?

6. The gods of the ancient Latins?

7. What is said of the Sabines?

8. Explain the "Ver Sacrum?"

9. The history of the Lucanians?

10. For what were the Sabellian tribes distinguished?

11. What prevented them from becoming predominant in Italy?

12. To what did the Samnites owe their downfall?

13. The origin of the term "Imperator?" 14. What gave the Romans great advantage over the Etruscans?

How were the traitors punished?

CHAPTER XIV.

HISTORY OF SICILY.

SEC. 1.-Geographical Outline. 1. Ancient names of Sicily? 2. Origin of the name of the city "Rhegium?"

3. For what are the straits of Messina remarkable?

4. The extent of the city of Syracuse? 5. Describe the prison Latomiæ ?

6. What is said of the fountain of Arethusa ?

7. The origin of the proverb " Remove not
Camarina?"

8. Polybius' account of Agrigentum ?
9. The most remarkable natural object in

Sicily?

10. The fiction of the poets respecting it?

24

SEC. 2.-Historical Notices of the ancient]

Inhabitants of Sicily.

1. The first inhabitants of Sicily?
2. The character they bore?

3. The next in antiquity?

4. Who came next?

5. Who was Eolus?

6. The fate of Deucetius, the most renown-
ed king of the Siculi ?

7. How were the Siculi treated by the Sy

racusans?

8. How were they treated by the tyrant
Dionysius?

9. By whom was their independence re-
stored?

SEC. 3.-The History of Syracuse.

1. When and by whom was Syracuse
founded?

2. Its original form of government?

3. Under what circumstances was it chang-
ed?

4. The consequences of Gelon's wise ad-
ministration ?

5. Who applied to him for aid?

6. What demand did he make?

7. With what forces did the Carthaginians
invade Sicily?

8. By what stratagem did Gelon entirely
overthrow them?

9. How was he regarded by his subjects
after his death?

10. His successor, and what is said of his
administration?

11. What signal and important naval victory did he gain?

12. What led to a revolution in the govern

ment?

13. What was petalism, and what were its consequences?

14. Who invaded Sicily at this time?

CHAPTER XV.

HISTORY OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC.

SEC. 1.-Traditions respecting the Origin of the Romans.

1. The origin of the Romans according to
the ancient legends?

3. The probable foundation of these ancient
2. What proves that they were partly of
Pelasgic origin?
legends?

4. Repeat the substance of them.

5. The story of Numitor and Amulius?
6. The story of Romulus and Remus?

7. Cause of the quarrel between them, and
its results?

8. Date of the building of Rome.
9. Its original size, &c.?

SEC. 2. From the Foundation of the City
to the Abolition of Royalty-

1. How did Romulus procure inhabitants for his new city?

2. Form of its government?

3. What is said of the tie of patron and

client ?

4. How did Romulus obtain wives for his subjects?

5. Story of Tarpeia.

6.

What led to a peace between Romulus and Tatius, and the terms?

7. What is said of these and other legends?
9. His successor and his character?
8. The story of Romulus' death?
10. His principal acts?

11. Successor of Numa, and his character?
12. How was the war between the Romans
and Albans terminated?

13. Conduct of the surviving Horatius?
14. The fate of Alba and the cause of it?

15. What circumstance led to a series of 15. The successor of Tullus?

sanguinary wars?

16. What is said of Dionysius I.? 17. His death, and his successor?

18. The character and conduct of Dionysius

II.?

19. What compelled the Syracusans to apply for aid to their parent city, Corinth?

20. Who was sent to them?

21. The consequences of his death?

16. His principal acts?

17. The successor of Ancus Martius?
19. How did he secure the throne?
18. Who was Tarquinius Priscus ?
20. How

21. What public works rendered his name
was his difficulty with Attus
Nævius compromised?
illustrious?

22.

22. What led the Syracusans afterwards to 23. invoke the aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epi-24.

rus?

23. His conduct in Sicily?

How did he console the people under
their toils?

The cause and manner of his death?
Who was Servius Tullius, his successor ?
25. What is said of him as a statesman?
26. Mention some of his acts?

24. To whom was the Syracusan throne 27. How was he regarded by the patricians?

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28. The circumstances of his death, and the
29. Character and acts of Tarquin the
conduct of his son-in-law and daughter?
30. Cause of his banishment?
Proud?
31. Conduct of Brutus ?

SEC. 3. From the Establishment of the 143. What led to their overthrow ?
Roman Republic to the Burning of the 44.
City by the Gauls.

1. Nature of the government that succeeded 45.
the monarchy ?

2. What conspiracy was soon afterwards 46.
detected, and by what means?

3. The conduct of the consul Brutus ?
4. Who were banished, and why?
5. Popular conduct of Valerius ?

47.

How was the tribunician power in-

creased?

Cause and manner of the death of Spurius
Mælius?

Cause of the Veientine war?

By whom and in what manner was Veii
taken?

48. What return was made to Camillus for
his great services?

6. With whom did the Romans now make 49. Cause of the Gallic war?
a treaty?

7. The possessions of Rome at this time?
8. The legend of Horatius Cocles?
9. The legend of Mucius Scævola?
10. The legend of Clolia?

11. What is said of these legends?

12. The cause of the Sabine war that fol-
lowed, and its results?

13. Oppressive conduct of the patricians, and
its effects?

14. Who was appointed dictator, and his
acts?

15. The second dictator?

16. What occasioned still greater discontent?
17. Conduct of the plebeians?

18. How were the difficulties settled?

19. What facts are manifest from the treaties
made about this time with the Latins
and Hernicans?

20. Legend of Coriolanus ?

50.

The result of the first battle?

51. What did the Romans do after this?
52. How were the Gauls prevented from
taking the citadel ?

53. What ransom was paid for the city?
54. How do the ordinary legend and Poly-
bius agree?

SEC. 4.-From the Rebuilding of the City
to the first Punic War.

1. The state of Rome after the departure
of the Gauls?

2. The wishes of the citizens, and how were
they prevented from carrying them
into effect?

3. The fate of Manlius?

4. The strength of the patricians at this
time, and the probable consequences?
5. The renovators of the Roman constitu-
tion ?

21. What was the agrarian law proposed by 6. What three bills were brought forward

Spurius Cassius ?

22. The fate of Spurius?

23. What remarkable circumstance is men-

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by Licinius?

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37. On what occasion was Cincinnatus made 22. Why was war proclaimed against Ta-

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29. What brought him back to Italy?
30. The result of his third battle?
31. The termination of the war?

SEC. 5. From the Commencement of the
Punic Wars to the Beginning of the Civil

Dissensions under the Gracchi.

1. The cause of the first Punic war?
2. Policy of Hiero, king of Syracuse?
3. Efforts of the Carthaginians?

4. What strong city did the Romans cap-
ture in Sicily?

5. How did they learn the art of ship
building?

6. How did Duilius obtain a naval victory
over the Carthaginians?

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51. How did they afterwards obtain arms?

7. What grand enterprise did the Romans 52. Describe the siege?

now undertake?

8. How did they prepare for it?

9. What turned the fortune of war?

10. What successive losses did the Romans

sustain?

11. Conduct of Regulus?

12. What is said of his death?

13. What great naval victory did Catulus
gain?

14. What led to a peace, and the terms
of it?

15. In what important war did the Romans
soon afterwards engage?

53. Scipio's feelings on viewing Carthage in

flames?

54. Story of Asdrubal's wife?

55. The origin of the war which proved fatal
to the independence of Greece?

56. The fate of Corinth?

57. What other cities soon afterwards shared
the same fate?

58. What story is told of Mummius?
59. What protracted the war in Spain?
60. What is said of the valour of the Celtibe-
rians and Lusitanians?

61. What is said of their leader, Viriatus?

16. What reputation did they gain by their 62. Conduct of Pompey in Spain?

success?

17. What led to a second Punic war?

63. Policy of Scipio Emilianus ?
64. His success?

18. What oath did Hannibal take when a 65. What province in Asia did the Romans
boy?

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now obtain, and in what manner?
66. The fruits of this acquisition?

SEC. 6. From the Beginning of the Civil
Dissensions under the Gracchi to the
Downfall of the Republic and Death of
Pompey.

1. What gradual change did the govern-
ment undergo, during the Punic, Ma-
cedonian, and Spanish wars?

2. In what way did the aristocracy acquire
so much wealth?

3. How did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to
check the progress of corruption?

4. What was his first step?

5. How did the nobles attempt to thwart
his purposes?

6. Tiberius Gracchus' next step?

7. By what proposal was this followed?

8. What led to his death?

9. Who was his murderer?

36. The next war in which the Romans 10. His subsequent career?

were engaged?

37. Success of the consul Flaminius?

38. Who caused a renewal of the wars in

Greece?

39. By whom was he instigated?

11. In what two wars did the Romans now

12.

engage, and by what means were they
terminated?

Who now determined to follow the ex-
ample of Tiberius Gracchus ?

40. Where did the Romans gain a signal 13. By whom was he urged on?

victory over the Syrians?

14. How did he commence his career?

15. What change did he make in the govern-162. Pompey's conduct toward him?
63. How did the contest between these two
commanders commence ?

ment?

16. How did the senate endeavour to thwart
him?

17. What accident precipitated the struggle?
18. The death of Caius Gracchus, and the
conduct of Opimius?

19. What followed the death of the Gracchi?
20. How did the senate show their venality
in the Jugurthine war?

21. How did Jugurtha act in Rome, and the
consequence?

22. His success, and its effect in Rome ?
23. Who was sent against him

24. By whom was he supplanted ?

25. The success of Marius?

26. The subsequent fate of Jugurtha?

27. What hordes were now devastating
Transalpine Gaul?

28. By whom were they subdued?
29. What war had been waged in Sicily?
30. How were the insurgents punished?
31. What still more dangerous war now
broke out?

32. How many men perished in this war,
and how was tranquillity restored?
33. What new enemy now arose in Asia?
34. Who was appointed to command in this
war?

35. Between what parties did the first civil
war now break out?

36. Conduct of Marius in Rome?
37. Sylla's success in Asia?
38. What led to a peace?

39. Conduct of Sylla in Rome ?
40. What office did he usurp?
41. Cause of his death?

42. The conduct and end of the consul Le-
pidus ?

43. What war now broke out in Spain?
44. Who was sent against Sertorius ?
45. What led to its termination?
46. Who was Spartacus, and his deeds?
47. By whom was he crushed?
48. Conduct of Crassus and Pompey?
49. What was the Manilian law?
50. What was Pompey's success in Asia?
51. Who was Catiline, and what was the
object of his conspiracy?

52. By whom, and in what manner, was his
conspiracy detected?

53. The fate of the conspirators?

54. Who protested against their execution?
55. What honourable title was conferred on
Cicero ?

56. The first triumvirate?

57. By whom were they supported, and from
what motives?

58. How did he succeed?

59. What first disturbed the union of the
triumvirs?

60. By what was it broken?
61. Cæsar's military exploits?

64.

What bribes had Cæsar paid over to
Caius Curio ?

65. How did he embarrass the senate ?
66. The decree of the senate?

67. Cæsar's conduct on receiving this intelli-
gence?

68. Conduct of Pompey's party?

69. How long did it take Cæsar to subdue
Italy?

70. His subsequent victories?

71. What office was conferred on him on his
return to Rome ?

72. When, and where was fought the great
battle that decided the fate of the
world?

73. The fate of Pompey?

74. The fate of his remains ?

SEC. 7.-The Establishment of the Roman
Empire.

1. The effect of the news of Pompey's
death?

2. Who renewed the war?

3. How did Cæsar show his disapprobation
of Egyptian treachery?

4. What fresh danger did he incur in
Egypt?

5. What lamentable catastrophe occurred
in Alexandria?

6. Cæsar's letter to Rome?

7. The state of affairs in Rome, and by
what occasioned?

8. The fate of Cato?

9. How long was Cæsar occupied about
the African war?

10. Adulation of the senate?

11. To what dangers was Cæsar exposed in
Spain?

12. What vast designs did he now contem-
plate?

13. How did he offend his countrymen ?
14. Cæsar's death?

15. The conduct of Brutus, and of the sen-
ate, at his address?

16. Effect of Antony's speech?

17 Conduct of Antony toward the con-
spirators?

18. The second triumvirate ?
19. The fate of Cicero ?

20. The theatre of the new civil war, and
its results?

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