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chief confidence in the affiftance of the focial and fympathetic affections, when he hath it in his power to arm the felfish.

MEN univerfally, from a juft conception of the difference, have, when felf is concerned, given a different name to what seems originally the fame paffion in a higher degree. Injury, to whomfoever offered, is to every man that obferves it, and whose sense of right is not debauched by vicious practice, the natural object of indignation. Indignation always implies refentment, or a defire of retaliating on the injurious perfon, fo far at leaft as to make him repent the wrong he hath committed. This indignation in the perfon injured, is, from our knowledge of mankind, supposed to be, not indeed universally, but generally, fo much stronger, that it ought to be diftinguished by another appellation, and is accordingly denominated revenge. In like manner, beneficence, on whomfoever exercised, is the natural object of our love, love always implies benevolence, or a defire of promoting the happinefs of the beneficent perfon, but this paffion in the perfon benefited, is conceived to be fo much greater, and to infer so strong an obligation to a return of good offices to his benefactor, that it

merits to be diftinguished by the title gratitude. Now by this circumftance of intereft in the effects, the speaker, from engaging pity in his fayour, can proceed to operate on a more powerful principle felf-prefervation. The benevolence of his hearers he can work up into gratitude, their indignation into revenge.

THE two laft mentioned circumftances, perfonal relation and intereft, are not without influence, as was hinted in the enumeration, though they regard the speaker only and not the hearers. The reafon is, a person present with us, whom we fee and hear, and who by words, and looks, and geftures, gives the livelieft figns of his feelings, has the fureft and moft immediate claim upon our sympathy. We become infected with his paffions. We are hurried along by them, and not allowed leisure to distinguish between his relation and our relation, his intereft and our intereft.

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SECTION VI..

Other paffions, as well as moral fentiments, useful auxiliaries.

So much for thofe circumftances in the object presented by the speaker, which ferve to awaken and inflame the paffions of the hearers. But

when

• To illuftrate moft of the preceding circumftances, and show the manner of applying them, I shall take an example from Cicero's laft oration against Verres, where, after relating the cru cifixion of Gavius a Roman citizen, he exclaims, 1. “O nomen “dulce libertatis ! ô jus eximium noftræ civitatis! ô lex Porcia

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legefque Sempronia! ô graviter defiderata et aliquando reddi❝ta plebi Romanæ tribunitia poteftas. 2. Huccine tandem om"nia reciderunt, ut civis Romanus in provincia populi Romani, "in oppido fœderatorum, ab eo qui beneficio populi Romani "fafceis et fecureis haberet, deligatus in foro virgis cæderetur ?” "3. Sed quid ego plura de Gavio? quafi tu Gavio tum fu"eris infeftus, ac non nomini, generi, juri civium hoftis, non "illi inquam homini, fed caufæ communi libertatis inimicus "fuifti. 4. Quid enim attinuit, cum Mamertini more atque infti"tuto fuo, crucem fixiffent poft urbem, in via Pompeia; te "jubere in ea parte figere, quæ ad fretum fpectat; et hoc ad"dere, quod negare nullo modo potes, quod omnibus audi

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entibus dixifti palam, te idcirco illum locum deligere, ut ille "qui fe civem Romanum effe diceret, ex cruce Italiam cernere, ac domum fuam profpicere poffet? 5. Itaque illa crux "fola, judices, poft conditam Meffanam, illo in loco fixa eft, "6. Italiæ confectus ad eam rem ab isto delectus eft, ut ille in "dolore cruciatuque moriens, perangufto freto divifa fervitutis "ac libertatis jura cognofceret: Italia autem alumnum fuum, "fervitutis extremo fummoque fupplicio affectum videret. 7.

"Facinus

when a paffion is once raised, there are alfo other means by which it may be kept alive, and even

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"Facinus eft vincire civem Romanum, fcelus verberare, prope "parricidium necare, quid dicam, in crucem tollere? verbo fa"tis digno tam nefaria res appellari nullo modo poteft. 8. Non "fuit his omnibus ifte contentus: Spectet, inquit, patriam, in "confpectu legum libertatifque moriatur. 9. Non tu hoc loco "Gavium, non unum hominem, nefcio quem, civem Romanum, "fed communem libertatis et civitatis caufam in illum crucia"tum et crucem egifti. 10. Jam vero videte hominis auda"ciam: Nonne enim graviter tuliffe arbitramini,. quod illam "civibus Romanis crucem non poffet in foro, non in comitio, "non in roftris defigere. 11. Quod enim his locis in provincia "fua celebritate fimillimum, regione proximum potuit, elegit. "12. Monumentum fceleris-audaciæque fuæ voluit effe in "confpectu Italiæ, prætervectione omnium qui ultro citroque navigarent."-" 13. Paulo ante, judices, lacrymas in morte mifera atque indigniflima navarchorum non tenebamus: 66 et rectè ac merito fociorum innocentium miferiâ commoveba"mur. 14. Quid nunc in noftro fanguine tandem facere de"bemus? nam civium Romanorum fanguis conjun&tus exifli“mandus eft.”—————————“ 15. Omnes hoc loco cives Romani, et "qui adfunt et qui ubicunque funt, veftram feveritatem defide"rant, veftram fidem implorant, veftrum auxilium requirunt.

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16. Omnia fua jura, commoda, auxilia, totam denique liberta"tem in veftris fententiis versari arbitrantur."— -I fhall point out the pathetic circumstances exemplified in this paffage, ob. ferving the order wherein they were enumerated. I have numbered the fentences in the quotation to prevent repetition in re ferring to them. It must be remarked first of all, that in judiciary oration, fuch as this, the proper place for plaufibility is the narration; for probability, the confirmation or proof: the other five, though generally admiffible into either of thofe places, fhine principally in the peroration. I fhall fhow how the orator hath availed himself of thefe in the paffage now cited. First, import

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augmented. Other paffions or difpofitions may be called in as auxiliaries. Nothing is more efficacious

ance; and that first in respect of the enormity of the action, No. 7.; of the difpofition of the actor, N°. 3. 9, 10.; and to render probable what might otherwife appear merely conjectural, N°, 4, 5• 8. 11, 12.; in refpect of confequences, their greatnefs, No. i, 2.; where the crime is moft artfully, though implicitly, reprefented as fubverfive of all that was dear to them, liberty, the right of citizens, their most valuable laws, and that idol of the people, the tribunitian power; their extent, No. 15, 16. Secondly, proximity of time; there is but an infinuation of this circumstance in the word tandem, No. 2. There are two reasons which probably induced the orator in this particular to be fo fparing. One is, the recency of the crime, as of the criminal's pretorship was notorious; the other and the weightier is, that of all relations this is the weakeft; and even what influence it hath, reflection ferves rather to correct than to confirm. In appearing to lay ftrefs on fo flight a circumstance, a speaker displays rather penury of matter than abundance. It is better therefore, in moft cafes, to fuggeft it, as it were, by accident, than to infift on it as of defign. It deferves alfo to be remarked, that the word here employed is very emphatical, as it conveys at the fame time a tacit comparison of their fo recent degeneracy with the freedom, fecurity, and glory which they had long enjoyed. The fame word is again introduced, N°. 14. to the fame intent. Thirdly, local connexion; in respect of vicinage, how affectingly, though indirectly, is it touched, N°. 4. 6. 8. 11, 12. indirectly, for reasons fimilar to those mentioned on the circumstance of time; as to other local connexions, N°. z." in provincia populi Romani, in oppido fæderatorum." Fourthly, perfonal relation; firft of the perpetrator, N°. 2. " ab "eo qui beneficio, &c," his crime therefore more atrocious and ungrateful, the most facred rights violated by one who ought to have protected them; next of the fufferer, No. 2. “civis "Romanus." This is most pathetically urged, and by a com

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