that the Korean minister must apply through the latter for audience; and that he must in all important matters of his mission consult secretly with his Chinese colleague.

Secretary Bayard instructed the American minister in Peking to protest against the action of China, and gave notice to both governments that "as the United States have no privity with the interrelations of China and Corea, we shall treat both as separate governments customarily represented here by their respective and independent agents." The conditions fixed by Li Hung Chang were ignored by the Korean king and minister; the latter was received at Washington without the intervention of the Chinese minister; and no further question has been raised with the United States on the subject; but not until the war with Japan in 18941895 did China absolutely withdraw her claim of suzerainty.1

The friendly disposition of the Korean government towards the United States was evinced soon after the treaty in various ways besides the exchange of diplomatic courtesies. The year following the reception of the minister, Dr. H. N. Allen,2 a medical missionary of the Presbyterian church of the United States, arrived. He was kindly received by the king and placed in

1 U. S. For. Rel. 1888, pp. 220-248, 380, 433-444, 453; 1894, Appendix i. 29; Curzon's Far East, 203.

2 Dr. Allen has continued his residence in Korea up to the present time, and has so impressed his own government, as well as that of Korea, with his usefulness and prudence, that he has by two presidents been appointed the minister of the United States, and now holds that post with much acceptability.

charge of a government hospital-a new institution for Korea organized by himself. Two other American physicians joined him, and a medical school in connection with the hospital was organized. An American female medical missionary became the physician to the queen and ladies of the court. An American farm was established, with the introduction of blooded stock and instruction in the cultivation of foreign cereals and vegetables. The government solicited the detail of American military officers for the reorganization of the army, an American was selected as diplomatic adviser to the foreign office, schools under American teachers were established, and in other ways preference was shown for American aid to the government and people in the transformation which had commenced.1

The American treaty of 1882 and those of Great Britain and Germany of 1883 were similar in their general features to those made with China in 1858, but they contained one important omission: the guarantee of religious freedom. This, however, did not deter Christian missionaries from entering the country, and the king gave Minister Foote to understand that mission hospitals and schools would be tacitly permitted, and the work of both the Catholic and Protestant missionaries was quietly prosecuted with the knowledge of the government.

France had made earnest efforts to secure a treaty stipulation of religious toleration, and because of the refusal of Korea on this point no treaty was made by

1 U. S. For. Rel. 1885, pp. 347, 353; 1886, p. 222; 1887, p. 253; 8 Presidents' Messages, 269, 330; Griffis's Corea, 447, 450-453.

that government till 1886, when it secured the insertion of the following clause in its treaty of that date: "Frenchmen resorting to Corea for the purpose of there studying or teaching the written or spoken language, sciences, laws or arts, shall in testimony of the sentiment of good friendship which animate the high contracting parties always receive aid and assistance." In 1888 the American minister was notified by the Korean government that "teaching religion and opening schools of any kind are not authorized by the treaty," and that the government would "not allow religion taught to our people," and the minister was asked to advise his countrymen to observe this prohibition.

Secretary Bayard held that, in the absence of knowledge of how the French and Korean governments construed the clause above cited, Americans could not claim a warrant for religious teaching among the natives from the terms of the French treaty. But the French government and the Catholic missionaries did claim such warrant, and despite the protest of the Korean government they have successfully maintained this claim. As a result American and other foreign missionaries have continued their labors, and they have been attended with a fair degree of success.1

From the time that Japan, after the restoration of the Mikado in 1868, requested the Koreans to resume their ancient tributary relation, a continuous effort was

1 U. S. For. Rel. 1884, p. 127; 1886, p. 222; 1888, pp. 446-449; Gundry's China, 255; Report on Korean Mission, by Rev. A. J. Brown, Presbyterian Board, New York, 1902, p. 7.

made by the Japanese to secure a predominating influence in the kingdom. This was strenuously resisted by the Chinese, and, as a result, the court of Seoul was the scene of constant intrigues and the overthrow of ministries, marked by violence and barbarity. Twice was the Japanese representative driven from Seoul by armed force and his legation premises destroyed. As already noticed, these conflicts were sought to be avoided by the treaty negotiated at Tientsin in 1885 by Li Hung Chang and Marquis Ito, but the intrigues and disorder continued and had their culmination in the ChineseJapanese war of 1894.

The causes and details of that war cannot be here narrated further than as they relate to the connection of the United States with that momentous contest.1

In June, 1894, a considerable body of Chinese troops were sent to Korea for the alleged purpose of putting down a rebellion which was threatening the overthrow of the Korean government. This action, claimed by Japan to have been in violation of the treaty of 1885, was followed by the dispatch of a force of Japanese troops which occupied Seoul, and its seaport, and fortified the connecting route. In the mean time the rebellion had been suppressed, and the king of Korea

1 For causes of war, Williams's Hist. China, 437-444; Griffis's Corea, 460-462; The People and Politics of the Far East, by Henry Norman, New York, 1895, pp. 359–366; Curzon's Far East, 196-208; The ChinaJapan War, by "Vladimir," London, 1896, pt. i. chap. iii. and Appendix B; Heroic Japan, A History of the War between China and Japan, by F. W. Eastlake and Yamada Yoshi Aki, London, 1899, pp. i.-ix. and chap. i.; History of War between China and Japan, by J. Inouye, Osaka, 1895, chaps. i. and ii.; U. S. For. Rel. 1894, Appendix i. pp. 5-23.

requested the withdrawal of the troops of both nations. The Chinese expressed a willingness to withdraw concurrently with the Japanese. The latter declined until Korea should adopt such reforms in government as would prevent further disorders. The king, greatly alarmed lest his country should become the theatre of war, appealed to the resident representatives of foreign powers to secure the withdrawal of the troops.

Mr. Gresham, the Secretary of State, in view of the provision in the treaty between the United States and Korea which pledged the United States to exert its good offices to bring about an amicable settlement of trouble with other powers, sent a telegraphic instruction to the American minister at Seoul "to use every possible effort for the preservation of peaceful conditions." In execution of this instruction the minister, acting in concert with his diplomatic colleagues, resubmitted the proposal of the king of Korea for a simultaneous withdrawal of troops to the Chinese and Japanese representatives, as an honorable adjustment of the difficulty; but the Japanese again declined the proposal.

The king, upon this second refusal, being satisfied that Japan meditated war, telegraphed his minister in Washington that his independence was seriously menaced and directed him to appeal to the United States to intervene in favor of peace; and he in person asked the American minister in Seoul to allow him to take refuge in his legation in case of necessity, which permission the minister cheerfully granted. Early in July the Chinese government asked the American minister at Peking to telegraph the Secretary of State in its