to (1815), 25; first American vessel
arrives in, 27; American trade with,
30; fur trade with, 31; Shaw, first
American consul in, 32; profits of,
37; relaxation of trade regulations
in, 41; better position of United
States politically in, 44; use of opium
in, 64; Opium War between Great
Britain and, 70; treaty between
Great Britain and (1842), 71; grants
Americans equal commercial rela-
tions with British, 75; Cushing mis-
sion to, 79; treaty of Wang Hiya |
(1844) between United States and,
86; exterritoriality first applied in,
92; treaty between France and
(1844), 95; isthmus of Panama,
bulwark of independence of, 133;
projected steamship line between
San Francisco and, 146; Davis,
United States commissioner to, 204;
Marshall, United States commis-
sioner to, 205; Yeh, high commis-
sioner of, 205; attempts of Marshall
to secure interview with commis-
sioner of, 205; E-liang receives
President's letter from Marshall for
delivery to emperor of, 206; Tai-
ping Rebellion in, 208; services ren-
dered to, by Gen. Ward and his
"Ever Victorious Army," 212; Mc-
Lane succeeds Marshall as minister
to, 213; McLane's treatment by high
commissioner of, 214; determination |
of foreign ministers to, to proceed to
Peiho and renew demands, 216; ar-
rival of foreign ministers to, at mouth
of Peiho, 216; opposition of, to treaty
revision, 217; reception of foreign
ministers by commissioner of, on
banks of Peiho, 217; commissioner
of, without plenary powers, 217; fail-
ure of conference relative to revision
of treaties with, 218; McLane urges
a more vigorous policy in, 218; Amer-
ican merchants at Shanghai pay du-
ties to, 218; Parker chargé of United
States in, 219; neutrality of United
States during Taiping Rebellion in,
220; Dr. Parker appointed commis-
sioner to, 221; attempts of Parker
to secure revision of treaty with,
221; return by viceroy at Shang-
hai of President's letter to emperor
of, with seals broken, 222; the Ar-
row War between Great Britain and,
223; American surveying party fired
upon near Canton, 225; attack on

forts near Canton, by Americans,
226; Yeh excuses firing on survey-
ing party near Canton, 226; charge
of participation by Americans in
British attack on Canton, 227; Brit-
ish campaign in, delayed by Sepoy
Rebellion, 228; looting of palaces in
Canton, by British, 228; plan of
Minister Parker to avoid war in,
229; conservative policy of United
States in relation to, 229; Reed suc-
ceeds Parker as United States minis-
ter to, 231; instructed to coöperate
with powers in peaceful efforts,
231; United States could not make
war against, without authority of
Congress, 232; Lord Elgin, British,
and Baron Gros, French representa-
tive in, 232; sack of Canton, by
allies, 233; war by England and
France (1857) against, 233; Reed
fails to secure interview with high
commissioner of, 233; disappoint-
ment of Elgin and Gros at United
States' policy toward, 233; attitude
of Russia toward, 234; Reed advo-
cates strong measures in dealing
with, 234; foreign ministers unite
in demanding revision of treaties,
235; attitude of United States as to
coercive measures with, 236; refuses
to allow foreign ministers to directly
communicate with court, 236; for-
eign ministers to, proceed to the
Peiho, 236; foreign ministers from
Peiho demand appointment of pleni-
potentiaries by, 237; foreign minis-
ters proceed to Tientsin, 238; Taku
forts of, taken by assault, 238; trea-
ties of 1858 negotiated, 238; Lord
Elgin's coercive measures in secur-
ing treaty with, 241; provisions of
treaties of 1858 with, 242; relative
to toleration of Christianity in, 243;
trade and tariff regulations nego-
tiated and settlement of claims
against, 243; United States returns
part of Canton Indemnity Fund to,
244; Dr. Williams, chargé of United
States legation in, 244; Ward, min-
ister to, 245; foreign ministers ar-
rive at Peiho on way to exchange
ratifications with, 246; exchange of
Russian treaty with, 246; Ward de-
layed in exchange of ratifications
with, 246; battle of the Peiho and
repulse of allies by, 247; allied
forces retire to Shanghai after de-

feat by, 248; Ward conducted to
Peking by direction of emperor of,
249; audience question prevents ex-
change of ratifications with, 251;
Ward leaves Peking without ex-
changing ratifications with, 252;
Ward retires as minister to, 253;
Williams, chargé of American lega-
tion in, 253; unattractiveness of
mission to, 253; Elgin and Gros re-
turn to, in 1860, with large force,
254; allies capture Taku forts and
march to Peking, 254; result of war
between Great Britain and France
and, 254; Tsung-li Yamen estab-
lished to conduct foreign affairs of,
257; Burlingame appointed Ameri-
can minister to, 258; adoption of “a
policy of coöperation," by foreign
ministers to, 258; forbids entrance
of Confederate cruisers into its ports,
259; progress of, in Western learn-
ing, 261; Burlingame appointed en-
voy of, to Western powers, 263;
Burlingame embassy of, 263; re-
turn of embassy to, on death of Bur-
lingame, 264; treaty between United
States and (1868), 265; riots against
missionaries at Tientsin, in 1870,
268; regency of empress dowager
ceases, 268; audience question again
raised in, 269, 270; laborers im-
ported into Hawaii from, for sugar
plantations, 271; youths sent to
United States from, to be edu-
cated, 272; coolie trade of, 275;
indifference of government of, to
coolie trade, 277; commission sent
by, to investigate condition of coolies
in Cuba, 279; congressional consid-
eration of immigration from, 286;
commission sent to, to secure modi-
fication of treaty as to Chinese
immigration, 294; treaty between
United States and (1880), relative
to immigration, 294; United States
prohibits opium trade by treaty
with, 295; Great Britain declines
to entertain proposal of, to suppress
opium trade, 297; treaty between
United States and (1888), negotiated
but not finally ratified, 300; treaty
between United States and (1894),
302; attitude of, in regard to Chi-
nese immigration, 306; early rela-
tions of Korea with, 307; disclaims
control over Korea, 320; interdicts
Korea from sending minister to

United States, 327; inconsistent at-
titude of, toward Korea, 328; United
States opposes and ignores attitude
of, as to Korean ministers, 329; op-
poses Japanese attempt to secure
influence in Korea, 332; rivalry of,
and Japan in Korea causes war of
1894, 332; war of 1894 between
Japan and, see Chinese-Japanese
War; places interests of its sub-
jects in Japan in hands of United
States, 335; cession to Japan by, of
Liaotung Peninsula, Formosa, and
Pescadores islands, 340; treaty of
peace between Japan and (1895),
340; part taken by Americans in
peace negotiations between Japan
and, 341; Gen. Grant aids in set-
tling dispute between Japan and,
covering Lew Chew Islands, 350;
Russia, Germany, and France com-
bine in favor of, after war with
Japan, 361; troubles in, closely fol-
lowing cession of Philippines to
United States, 407; Boxer outbreak
in, 408; anti-foreign sentiment in,
409; classes of foreigners in, 409;
missionary movement in, 409; pro-
gress of Christianity in, 410; anti-
Christian riots in, 410; usefulness of
missionaries socially and politically
in, 411; missions not chief cause of
Boxer uprising, 412; effect of West-
ern commerce on industries of, 412;
construction of railroads in, a cause
of anti-foreign feeling, 413; foreign
commercial invasion of, 413; politi-
cal aggressions in, most potent in
causing Boxer uprising, 414; seizure
of territory of, by Germany and Rus-
sia, 414; leases Wei-hai-wei to Great
Britain, 415; France secures terri-
torial concessions in southern pro-
vinces of, 415; progress of Boxer
uprising in, 417; reforms attempted
by emperor of, 417; emperor of,
practically dethroned and reformers
punished, 418; increase of anti-for-
eign sentiment in, 418; allies attack
Taku forts in, 419; Boxers in, seize
railroad stations, 419; German min-
ister to, murdered by Boxers, 419;
repulse of relief column on march
to Peking, 419; siege of legations in
Peking, 419; empress dowager and
government of, in sympathy with
Boxers, 421; change of policy of
United States in sending troops to,

422; circular note of July 3, 1900,
as to intentions of United States in,
423; Rockhill, special commissioner
to, 424; appoints Li Hung Chang
and Prince Ching peace plenipoten-
tiaries, 424; four important decla-
rations by powers relating to, 425;
United States desires, to punish
Boxer leaders, not to surrender
them to allies, 425; Anglo-German
agreement in regard to, 426; French
propositions, basis of peace negotia-
tions with, 426; took no part in puni-
tive expeditions in, 426; joint note
of powers_to, containing twelve de-
mands, 427; question of punishment
of Boxer leaders, in negotiations
with, 428; Rockhill assumes con-
duct of negotiations with, on depar-
ture of Conger, 428; question of in-
demnity to be paid by, in peace
negotiations, 429; United States fa-
vors lump sum indemnity from, 429;
peace agreement signed by, and al-
lies September 7, 1901, 430; provi-
sions of peace agreement with, 430;
indemnities to be paid by, 430; in-
fluence of United States in peace
negotiations between powers and,
431; circular note of United States
favoring "open door" policy in, 432;
United States favors view of, in rate
of exchange on indemnity payments,
433; place of, in world politics, 434;
Wensiang and Sir Robert Hart on
latent powers of, 434; Russia, the
power most feared by, 436; text of
peace agreement between powers
and (September 7, 1901), 441; text
of treaty on immigration between
United States and (1894), 450.
China trade, conduct of America, 30;
increase of, 36; congressional legis-
lation relating to, 38; affected by
war of 1812, 39; vexatious condi-
tions of, 56; withdrawal of mono-
poly of East India Company over,
57; Lord Napier, chief superintend-
ent of British, 57.

Chinese, view of foreigners, 43; as-

sumed contempt for trade, 60; con-
tempt of, for foreigners, 203.
Chinese emigration, in early times,
274; causes of, 274. See also
Coolie Trade; Coolies.
Chinese exclusion, congressional com-

mittee favors, 287; opposed by Sen-
ator Morton, 289; bill passed by

Congress favoring, vetoed by Presi-
dent Hayes, 293; bill passed by
Congress on, vetoed by President
Arthur, 299; limitation on, in treaty
of 1880, as to laborers in United
States, 300; provisions of treaty of
1888 relative to, 300; Scott Act re-
lating to, 301; presidential election
of 1888 and, 301; treaty of 1894
relative to, 302; increased sentiment
in United States in favor of, 302;
bill introduced in 57th Congress for,
302; debate upon, in 57th Congress,
303; bill for, in 57th Congress de-
feated, 304; change of public opin-
ion in United States, since 1868, in
regard to, 305.

Chinese immigration, to United States
commences, 282; Burlingame treaty
on, 282; opposition in California to,
285; Californian legislation against,
unconstitutional, 285; congressional
committee to investigate, 286; ma-
jority report of committee against,
287; report of committee on, 287;
Morton's report favorable to, 289;
bill restricting, vetoed by President,
293; treaty of 1880 relative to, 294;
commission sent to China to secure
restriction of, 294; treaty provision
for regulation of, by United States,
295; text of treaty of United States
(1894) relating to, 450. See also Chi-
nese Emigration; Chinese Exclusion;
Coolie Trade; Coolies.
Chinese-Japanese War, origin of, 332;
efforts of United States to prevent,
333; United States declines to join
in intervention to prevent, 334;
China and Japan place interest of
their subjects in other countries in
hands of United States, 335; two
Japanese spies at Shanghai, dur-
ing, 335; Great Britain again pro-
poses joint intervention in, 337;
Japanese successes in, 337; United
States declines to join powers in in-
tervention, 337; Japan declines to
accede to advice of United States to
stop, 338; United States becomes
medium of communication between
belligerents in, looking toward peace,
339; Chinese peace commission sent
to Hiroshima, during, 339; end of
war, 340; Japanese dismiss the Chi-
nese peace commission, 340; Wei-
hai-wei captured by Japanese, 340;
results of, 341; effect of, on interna-

tional relations of Japan, 360; effect
of, on Chinese feeling toward for-
eigners, 413.

Chinese merchants, integrity of, 34.
Ching, Prince, appointed plenipoten-
tiary to negotiate peace with allies,
424.

Chinese Repository (footnote), 3.
Chosen, see Korea.

Choshiu, prince of, rebels against Sho-
gun and closes strait of Shimonoseki,

192.

Christianity, in Japan, 9; hostility of
Japanese government to, 200; in
Japan at time treaties were made,
200; United States protests against
hostility of Japanese government to
Christianity, 200; provision in Chi-
nese treaty of 1858 relative to tolera-
tion of, 243; first effort to introduce,
into Korea, 309; progress of, in
China, 410.

Christian missions, see Missions; Mis-
sionaries.

Christians, prosecution of, in Japan, 11;
insulting treatment of, in Japan,
145; persecution of, in Korea, 309.
Clayton, John M., negotiates for
United States treaty with Hawaii,
128.

Cochin-China, see Annam.

horrors of, 276; indifference of Chi-
nese government to, 277; proclama-
mation of gentry of Amoy against,
277; Chinese commission investi-
gates, with Cuba, 279; legislation
against, 280; relations of Americans
to, 281. See also Chinese Emigra-
tion; Chinese Exclusion; Coolies.
Copper trade of Japan with Europe, 8.
Corea, see Korea.

Creasy, predicts opening of Japan by
United States, 134.

Cuba, treatment of Chinese coolies in,
276; Chinese commission investi-
gates condition of coolies in, 279;
intolerable condition of affairs in,
400.

Cushing, Caleb, selected for Chinese
mission, 79; Webster's letter of in-
structions to, 80; negotiates treaty
of Wang Hiya, 86; on exterritorial-
ity, 88; Chinese criticism of, 90, 92;
biographical sketch of, 94.
Cushing embassy, personnel of, 79;
President's letter to
emperor of
China carried by, 81; arrival of, at
Macao, 82; departure of, from
China, 93.

Dana, Richard H., on Christian mis-
sions in Hawaiian Islands, 107.

abolished, 77.

Columbia River, discovery of, 99.
Commerce, of the East with the West,
2; restrictions on, of modern origin,
2; exposed condition of American, in
Pacific, 45; unprotected state of
American, 46; assumed contempt of
Chinese officials for, 60; increase of
American, in Pacific, 135; the prin-
cipal object of Christian nations with
the East, 412.
Comprador, 35.

Confederate cruisers, interfere with
whaling industry, 105; forbidden
entrance to Chinese ports, 259.
Conger, Edward H., United States
minister, conducts peace negotia-
tions with China after Boxer upris-
ing, 427; success of, in conducting
affairs in China, 428.

Consular courts, see Exterritoriality.
Coolies, treatment of, in Peru and
Cuba, 276; in Peru petition Ameri-
can legation for aid, 278. See also
Coolie Trade.

Coolie trade, origin and evils of, 275;

missioners to negotiate peace with
Spain, 403.

Davis, John W., United States com-
missioner to China, 96, 204; career
of, 205.

Day, W. R., one of American commis-
sioners to negotiate peace with Spain,
403.

De Long, C. E., American minister,
accompanies Iwakura embassy to
United States, 346.

De Tocqueville, on United States as a
world power, 135.

De Tromelin, Admiral, supports de-

mands of French consul at Hono-
lulu, 129.

Delano, Captain, visits Hawaiian Is-
lands, 101.

Denby, Charles, minister to China, on
audience question, 272; opinion of,
on Chinese exclusion, 304; favorable
comment of, on missionaries in China,
412; on Dr. Martin, 420.
Deshima, Dutch factory at, 11; de-
scription of island of, 12; foreign
women excluded from, 19.

Dewey, Admiral, effect of victory of,
at Manila Bay on policy of United
States, 400; qualities of, as diplo-
matist, 400.

Diplomatic officers, relations between
naval officers and, 207.
Dole, S. B., president of Hawaiian pro-
visional government, 377.
Dolphin affair at Honolulu, 116.
Dutch, squadron arrives off Chinese
coast (1622), 4; occupy Pescadores
Islands, 4; colony on Formosa, 5;
reach Japan (1600), 7; allowed to
have factory at Deshima, 11; trade
with Japan at Deshima, 12; officials'
audience at Yedo, 14.

Dutch East India Company, Deshima,
14; charters American vessel to visit
Japan, 136.

East India Company, British, control
of China trade, 22; withdrawal of
monopoly of, over China trade, 57;
opium trade of, with China, 64; at-
tempt to open commerce with Korea,
308.

Elgin, Lord, negotiates treaty with
Japan (1858), 183; opinion of Arrow
War, 224; British representative in
China, 232; coercive measures of, in
securing treaty with China. 241.
E-liang, Viceroy, receives Commis-
sioner Marshall and accepts Presi-
dent's letter to emperor, 206.
Embassy, Chinese, to Western nations

(1420), 3; Portuguese, to China
(1517), 4; from Japanese princes
visits Pope, 9; Macartney, to China,
22; of Lord Amherst to China (1815),
25; of Edmund Roberts (1832), 46;
Cushing, to China, 79; French, ar-
rival of, at Canton, 80; Macartney,
secretaries of, 109; Amherst, Mor-
rison, secretary of, 110; Roberts,
J. R. Morrison interpreter of, 110;
from Japan to United States (1860),
184; from Korea to the United
States, 326; Burlingame, of China
to the Western powers, 263; Japa-
nese, of 1872, to the United States
and Europe, 345; Hawaiian, to
Samoa, 374.

"Ever Victorious Army," organized

and led by General Ward, 212; de-
cisive influence of, on Taiping Re-
bellion, 212; Colonel Gordon suc-
ceeds General Ward in command of,
212.

Everett, Alexander H., United States
commissioner to China, 96; letters
of credence to Japan given, 142.
Exclusion of Chinese, see Chinese Ex-
clusion.

Exclusive policy of China strength-
ened, 64.

Expansion, of United States in the Pa-
cific prophesied, 135; United States
intended no, at commencement of
Spanish War, 399; Seward prophe-
sies, of United States, 401.
Exterritoriality, in treaty of Wang
Hiya, 87; principle of, 87; origin of,
88; first application of, in China, 92;
not reserved by United States in first
treaty with Hawaii, 114; limited in
treaty between Korea and United
States, 325; in Japanese treaties,
344; injustice of practice of, in
Japan, 354; partiality shown by
consuls in Japan in practice of, 354;
extreme application of, in Japan in
regard to postal service and quaran-
tine, 355; proposed modification of,
in Japan, 358; abolished in Japan,
363.

Eye (Superintendent), 59.

Factories, foreign, at Canton, 42.
Feudal system of Japan abolished,
199.

Filibustering, prevalence of, in United
States, 365.

Foote, Lucius H., United States minis-
ter to Korea, 326.

Formosa, Dutch colony on, 5; Minister
Parker suggests occupation of, by
United States, 229; cession of, by
China to Japan, 340.

France, early relations of, with Siam,
46; treaty between China and (1844),
95; threatens independence of Ha-
waiian Islands (1839), 119; demands
of, on Hawaii, 120; Hawaiian inde-
pendence recognized by Great Brit-
ain and, 124; difficulties of Hawaii
with, 129; Judd sent as special Ha-
waiian commissioner to, 129; sends
special commissioner to Hawaii
(1850), 130; treaty between Japan
and (1858), 183; war against China
by England and (1857), 233; treaty
between China and (1858), 238, 242;
naval expedition of, to Korea, 309;
naval expedition of, forced to retire
from Korea, 310; treaty between
Korea and (1886), 331; secures ter-