THE MIDDLE KINGDOM; A SURVEY OF THE GEOGRAPHY, GOVERNMENT, EDUCATION, SOCIAL LIFE, ARTS, RELIGION, &c., OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE AND ITS INHABITANTS. WITH A NEW MAP OF THE EMPIRE, AND ILLUSTRATIONS, PRINCIPALLY ENGRAVED BY J. W. ORR. BY S. WELLS WILLIAMS, AUTHOR OF "EASY LESSONS IN CHINESE," "ENGLISH AND CHINESE VOCABULARY," &c IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. NEW YORK & LONDON: WILEY AND PUTNAM. 1848. ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, by S. WELLS WILLIAMS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. R. CRAIGHEAD, PRINTER, 112 FULTON STREET. T. B. SMITH, STEREOTYPER, 216 WILLIAM STREET. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. Names given to China-Area, divisions, and boundaries-Mountain Climate of the provinces-Table of their divisions-CHIHLí; the city of Peking, its divisions and municipality-Gardens near it-Tien- tsin-SHANTUNG; its coast and capital-SHANSí; HONAN; its capital-KIANGSU; its cities Nanking, Suchau, Shanghai, &c.— NGANHWUI;-KIANGSí; its rivers and towns-CHEHKIANG; its cities Hangchau, Ningpo, &c.; the Chusan islands-FUHKIEN; its PAGE GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF COLONIES. Their subdivisions-MANCHURIA; its climate, area, provinces, and productions-Moukden-River Sagalien-Island of Tarakai-INNER MONGOLIA-OUTER MONGOLIA; its khanates; Kiakhta and Kurun- COBDO-KOKO-NOR-ÎLí; its two Circuits-Tarbagatai and Kur-Kara usu-The capital Kuldsha-Eight Mohammedan cities-History of İlí and Khoten-TIBET; its divisions, chief towns, inhabitants, and |