A.

A.B.-Able seaman, who must be able to handreef and steer, splice, knot, turn in rigging, &c. able-bodied seaman, as distinguished from a youth or ordinary seaman. Aback. A sail is said to be aback when the wind strikes it from ahead and tends to force a vessel astern; generally applied to squarerigged ships. In a fore-and-aft vessel the sails would be said to be aback if their clews were hauled up to windward, or if the vessel came up head to wind, and went off on the opposite tack without the head sheets being handed over; or if the wind headed the vessel and struck her from the opposite side to that which it had been blowing so as to cause the sails to lift. (See also "All Aback For'ard!") Abaft.-A relative term used to denote the situa

tion of an object or point that is astern of another, and begins from the stem head, or from the fore part of any spar or other object; generally the term means towards the stern, or in the direction of the stern.

Abandon. To leave a ship and take to the boats. Abeam.-At right angles to a vessel's broadside

or keel; opposite to the vessel's centre of length.

Aboard. Inside a ship or on the deck of a ship. "Come aboard, sir," is a sailor's way of reporting himself on board after leave or absence. To run or fall aboard a vessel is for one vessel to come into collision with another. A sail is said to fall aboard when, from the lightness of the wind or other causes, it ceases to blow out. To haul the boom aboard is to haul the boom in by the mainsheet from off the lee quarter.

About. To tack. "Ready about" is the signal

given for the men to prepare to tack the ship. About Ship.-"'Bout ship!" The order given to tack, that is to put the vessel on the opposite tack to the one she is on when the order is given to tack.

Abreast.-Synonymous with " Abeam." Side by side. To Breast. To come abreast. Accommodation.-The cabins of a vessel. Acker.-A tide coming upon the top of another tide.

Ackers' Scale.-A graduated time allowance computed by the late Mr. G. Holland Ackers, now superseded by the Y.R.A. scale.

A Cock Bill.-An anchor hanging by its ring to the cat head. The situation of yards when one arm is topped up.

Across Tide.-Crossing the stream of the tide so that it comes broadside on. If a vessel in beating to windward crosses a tide fairly at right angles on one tack, she will stem it on the next, or have it stern on, according to whether the tide be lee-going or weathergoing. (See "Weather-tide.") Admeasurement.-An old-fashioned way of expressing the builder's tonnage of a ship calculated by length and breadth.

Admiral.-The highest rank in the Navy. Formerly there were admirals of the red, white, and blue, with the intermediate ranks of vice and rear of the red, white, and blue. When the white ensign was taken exclusively for the Royal Navy about twenty years ago, the red, white, and blue divisions were done away with. Admirals now fly a St. George's Jack, which is a white square flag with red St. George cross in it at the main, fore or mizen, according to their rank. A vice-admiral has a red ball in the upper (hoist) canton of the flag; a rear-admiral two balls.

Admiral of the Fleet.-An honorary distinction bestowed on admirals for long service, &c. If an admiral of the fleet has a command, he hoists the "union" at the main.

Admiralty Flag.-A red flag with fouled anchor (horizontal) in it, flown by the Sovereign and Lords of the Admiralty.

Admiralty Warrants.-Warrants granted to clubs and the members thereof, granting permission to fly the white ensign, or the blue ensign, or the red ensign with device on it. The Admiralty have recently issued a regulation to clubs that a warrant will only be granted to yachts which are registered according to the provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act. Admiralty warrant also enables the owner to ship excisable goods, such as wines, spirits, tobacco, tea, &c., direct from bond without payment of duty; and to enter ports without paying harbour dues (this does not include dock charges), and to make fast to mooring

An

buoys laid down by the Admiralty, if such buoys be not required by ships of H.M. fleet. An Admiralty warrant is also useful in foreign ports, as it at once establishes the nationality of a yacht; and the port authorities usually show great civility to yachts carrying an Admiralty warrant, securely berthing them and frequently foregoing harbour dues (not dock charges). When a yacht changes hands her warrant must be returned through the club secretary to the Admiralty. (See "Ensign.") Adrift.-Floating with the tide. Generally drivAlso a vessel is

ing about without control. said to be adrift when she breaks away from her moorings, warps, &c. The term is also applied to loose spars rolling about the deck; sheets or ropes which are not belayed, &c. Afloat. The state of being waterborne after being aground. To be on board ship. Afore. The contrary of abaft. Towards the forward end of anything.

Aft.-An abbreviation of abaft, generally applied

to the stern. To go aft is to walk towards the stern; to launch aft is to move a spar or anything else towards the stern. To haul aft the sheets is to bring the clew of the sail more aboard by hauling on the sheets. After. The state of being aft, as after-sail, after. leech, after-side, &c.

After Body. The part of a vessel abaft her midship section.

After End. The stern end of a vessel or anything else.

After Guard.-Men stationed aft to work sheets,

&c. In racing yachts, if there be any amateurs on board, they are generally made use of as an after-guard. In merchant ships the ordinary seamen or landsmen enjoy the distinction.

After-most. A thing or point situated the most

aft of all.

Afternoon Watch.-The watch between noon and four o'clock.

After Part.-The stern extremities of a vessel or anything else.

After Peak. The hold of a vessel near the run. A small cuddy or locker made in the run of a boat aft.

After Rake.-Contrary to fore rake. The rake or overhang the stern post has abaft the heel of the keel. To incline sternwards. Aftward.-Towards the stern; contrary to forward.

Against the Sun.-An expression used to show

how a rope is coiled: from right to left is against the sun, from left to right is with the sun. The wind is said to blow against the sun when it comes from the westward. Agreement.-The document executed, when a vessel is built, by the builder and the person for whom the vessel is being built. The following is a form of agreement recently used:

An Agreement between Messrs. of yacht builders, hereinafter called the builder, of the one part, and

the owner, of the other part.

The builders shall build and equip a yacht according to the specification and drawings marked A, B, C, and signed by the parties hereto. The yacht shall be built and completed in all particulars according to the requirements of the said specification, and the whole of the workmanship and material shall be such as shall be required by Lloyd's Rules, and such as will entitle the yacht to be classed at Lloyd's as a yacht A 1 for a term of fifteen years. The whole of the work shall be executed under the special survey of Lloyd's surveyor, and to the satisfaction of Lloyd's committee; and also to the satisfaction of marine architect, hereafter called the architect. The yacht shall be delivered to the owner complete as aforesaid, safely moored in In consideration of these premises, the builder shall be entitled to be paid by the owner as follows:pounds on the signing of this agreement,; a further sum of pounds when the said yacht shall be in frame, and the architect shall have given a certificate in writing under his hand that the yacht is in frame, and all the work up to that stage has been done to the satisfaction of Lloyd's surveyor and to the satisfaction of the architect; a further sum of

pounds when the yacht shall be completely timbered and planked, and the deck laid, the coamings fixed, and the architect shall have given a certificate in writing under his hand that the yacht is completely timbered and planked, and the deck laid, and the coamings fixed, and that all the work up to that stage has been done to the satisfaction of Lloyd's surveyor and to the satisfaction of the architect.

When the vessel shall have been duly launched and classed at Lloyd's 15 A 1, and when the said architect shall have given a certificate under his hand that the vessel has been completed in all respects to his satisfaction, according to the said plans and specification, and the vessel has been delivered afloat, and complete in all respects for sea, the and moored in safety in

owner shall pay to the builder the further sum of pounds. The yacht from and after the payment of the said sum of pounds, to be paid on the signing of this agreement, shall be, and continue to be, the property of the owner; and all the materials intended for, or appropriated to the said yacht, shall be deemed to be the property of the owner.

If at any time the builder shall become bankrupt, or enter into any arrangement with his creditors under the Bankruptcy Acts, or shall fail or be unable to complete the said vessel in accordance with this agreement, or shall in the opinion of the architect be guilty of any unreasonable delay in the execution of the work agreed to be done, then it shall be lawful for the owner to enter upon the builder's yard and take possession of the said yacht, and to cause the work included in this agreement to be completed by any person

or persons whom he shall see fit. All damage that shall happen to the said yacht agreed to be built as aforesaid, or to the materials intended to be used in her construction, by fire or otherwise, previous to her being delivered to the owner complete as aforesaid, shall be forthwith made good by and at the expense of the builder.

The architect and the owner shall at all times be permitted to have access to the said yacht during the progress of the works.

The builder shall deliver the said yacht complete for sea, according to the said plans and specification, afloat at

and classed at Lloyd's as aforesaid, on or before the first day of

one

thousand eight hundred and eighty, and in default he shall pay for each and every day after the said first day of

during which the said yacht remains undelivered or unclassed as aforesaid, the sum of pounds a day as and for liquidated damages; and the said sum of

pounds a day may be deducted by the owner from any money payable, or to become payable, by him to the builder.

The builder shall not be entitled to make any claim or demand upon the owner for work done upon the said yacht, or in connection with the building or equipment thereof, or for any alterations or extras beyond the remuneration herein before mentioned, except in respect of work for which written certificates, describing the work as extra work, shall be given under the hand of the architect and countersigned by the owner.

No work done on the said yacht without a written order signed by the architect, and countersigned by the owner, shall be deemed to be extra work. The builder shall not be entitled to an extension of the said time by reason of any extra work or alteration being ordered unless a written order for such extra work be signed by the architect and countersigned by the owner, and unless the architect shall think fit at the time such written order is given by written certificate under his hand to extend the time fixed for completion, and then the time shall be extended only so far as the architect by the said certificate shall determine.

Any dispute arising between the builder and the owner respecting anything contained in this agreement, or in the specification and plans above referred to, or in any way relating to the building, equipping, or delivery of the yacht, shall be referred to the said architect, whose decision shall be final, or, him failing, to some other arbitrator to be agreed upon between the parties, or to be nominated, in case of difference, by the registrar of the Admiralty Division. The costs of any such reference to be in the discretion of the arbitrator. This agreement may be made a rule of the High Court of Justice if the court shall so think fit.

the following dimensions:-The length on deck from the fore side of the stem to the aft side of the stern post to be 50ft.; and the length between perpendiculars, measured along the rabbet of the keel from the after side of the stern post, to a perpendicular dropped from the fore side of the stem at the deck to be 46ft.; and the breadth, from outside to outside of the planking in the broadest part of the yacht, to be 11ft.; and the least height of freeboard to be 2ft. 7in., the dimensions shown in the drawings. Keel: The keel to be of sound English or American elm, Sin. sided, and not less than 8in. deep, to taper fore and aft to stem and stern post. If the keel be in two pieces, the scarph to be not less than 6ft. long, butted and bolted with in. metal bolts, six in number. A solid iron keel to be cast and fitted underneath the main keel amidships, as shown in plan, 26ft. in length; the builder to make the moulds for and find the iron. Stem: To be a sound piece of English oak, with a grown crook, 5in., sided and 14in. moulded, properly butted and scarphed into keel, and bolted with in. copper bolts. Stern Post: The stern post to be of English oak, 7in., sided at top, and 9in. moulded. Knightheads and Apron: The knightheads and apron to be of English oak. Deadwoods: The upper deadwoods of English oak, and of sufficient depth to receive the timbers, and to be bolted with in. metal bolts. Futtocks and Timbers: The futtocks and timbers to be of English oak, with room and space centre to centre of 18in., and to be 4in. sided and 4in. moulded, each to be step-butted and bolted to the keel, deadwoods or hogging piece. The heels of first futtocks to be securely fastened to keel with wroughtiron knee floors, through-bolted to keel and futtocks with in. metal bolts. Iron floor plates in. thick, to be fitted to sufficiently connect the heels of the futtock frames. The double timbers to be bolted together with in. square iron, galvanised, and the heels and heads to fit closely and neatly. Garboards: The garboard strakes to be of sound American rock elm, not less than 9in. wide and 2in. thick. Planking: Six strakes below the water line to be of English oak, the sheerstrake and six topside strakes of teak, and the remainder of the planks to be of pitch pine, the whole to be wrought in parallel strakes 2in. thick, and not more than 5in. deep (the sheerstrake to be 7in. wide), and in long lengths to have a tin. copper bolt clinched through every other frame, and to have a cast metal 44in. dump in the remaining timbers. The butts of the planks to be well fitted and caulked, and to have not less than 5ft. shift unless a whole stake intervenes between two butts, and each butt to have in. wrought copper bolt through the centre of the plank, and the timber next thereto. All fastenings to be punched home in. deep to receive putty stops. Shelf: The shelf to be of English oak, 5in. thick by 6in. deep, as shown in the drawing C, showing the midship section, through-fastened to top and second

strake with in. metal bolts at every timber, and to have a strong galvanised iron breasthook forward, and galvanised iron knees aft. Beams to be dovetailed to the shelf, and well bolted with metal bolts. The clamp to be 3in. thick. Bilge Strakes: Two bilge strakes of English oak 6in. by 2in., running fore and aft to be worked on each side, and to be through-fastened with in. copper bolts, and to have a galvanised iron breast-hook forward, and to be bolted into transom frame with metal bolts aft. Deck Beams: The deck beams to be of English oak, 4in. sided and 4in. moulded, and to have about 4in. rise at centre; to have galvanised iron knees where required, carefully fitted and bolted through the top timbers and top strake with in. metal bolts; the bitt and mast beams, and the other beams, to have a galvanised iron hanging knee at each end, with three in. metal bolts through each arm. English oak lodging knees to be fitted between the beams in wake of the mast, and where required. Covering Board: The covering board to be of teak, 71in. wide and 2in. thick, properly secured to top strake and clamp, and to project about ĝin. outside of the plank. Deck Plank: The deck plank to be of picked, well-seasoned Quebec yellow pine, free from knots and defects, in long lengths, tapered as required; no feather edges to be left at endings of planks, forward or aft, the ends to butt fin. into covering board; the plank to be 2in. thick, and to be dowelled and nailed diagonally, with yellow metal nails at the sides, so that no nail heads show. Bulwarks: The bulwark stanchions to be of oak, 3in. moulded and 34in. sided at deck. The bulwark skirting to be of teak. Rail: The top rail to be of American elm, 3in. by 2in., free of defects, and fitted fair. Rudder: The main piece of rudder to be of one solid piece of English oak, and to have a carefully fitted water-tight rudder trunk; to have strong copper braces, fitted with a rule joint, let in flush with stern post; also a strong brass or gun metal bearing at heel, to have an iron strap round the rudder head, and the rudder head to fit, and work in a metal collar, sunk into the deck with chock of teak; to have a neat brass cap, with name of yacht, if required, engraved thereon, to have two neat carved oak or mahogany tillers, with brass fittings. Caulking: The outside planking to be thoroughly and carefully caulked, and the seams carefully payed and puttied, and the deck to be very neatly and carefully caulked and payed with marine glue, the whole of the seams of hull and deck planking to be made tight; the outside planking to be painted with three coats of paint; two coats of composition to be laid on the bottom, and at the end of the season, or when required by the owner, the hull to be sheathed with copper sheets carefully laid on, 18oz. below the water-line and 20oz. at and above the water-line. Ballast: The builder to supply and carefully stow a sufficient quantity of pig-iron ballast (besides

iron keel) to put the yacht to the designed load-line; the ballast to be painted with one coat of red lead paint. The builder to supply lead ballast if so required by the owner, allowing for the difference between the prices of pig-iron ballast and lead. Bitts: The bowsprit bitts to be of sound English oak fitted and fastened in the usual way, mast bitts of English oak to be fitted on the foreside and aft-side of mast, with usual cross pieces and all other necessary belaying bitts pin racks, cleats, cavels, loading sheaves eye bolts, and other usual deck fittings to b found and fitted as required. Pump: properly-constructed lead pump to be fitted 4in. in diameter, with lead tail pipe, and ro at bottom, and the discharge pipe to lea under the gunwale. Water-closet: To ha a patent water-closet of the most approv construction, with mahogany seat and fittin complete. Deck Fittings: All the usual haw pipes and chain pipes to be properly a carefully fitted; channels and chain plat bolts, and dead eyes as required; bowsp gammon iron at stem to be covered w leather. Bobstay Shackle and Rod: To ha strong bobstay shackle cast in copper to the stem, and to let in flush with the wood far as may be prudent, and riveted throu the bobstay chain to be of galvanised in and fitted to bobstay shackle. Davits: have boat's davits fitted to ship on one s also one small anchor davit to ship on eit bow. Ridge Rope Stanchions: To have brass stanchions for ridge ropes on ei side of the same, to be hand-burnished in best manner and fitted into square soc in rail and lower part of bulwarks stanchi Iron Cleats: To have two well-furni cleats on taffrail, and two galvanised cleats on bow, and to have, if required, a elm grating extending from taffrail to n mast. To have iron roller in sheave for hawse pipe to take chain cable. Hat The companion to be of teak fitted with slides as required, and to shut in with shi panel or doors at after side, and secured brass hasp and padlock. The fore hatch of teak, to be very carefully fitted as req by owner. The sail room hatch to be of of convenient diameter, to be securely with coamings on deck, and fastened brass lock on the aft side, and brass and padlock on the fore side. Skyl The main cabin and other skylights to teak, fitted on teak coamings, and ma ship and unship in the usual way, a have proper brass fastenings inside, and thoroughly water-tight in every way, a glass panes to be protected by neat guards, or by galvanised iron or teak as required by the owners. A curtain on brass rods to be fitted to the skyli the main. After-cabin skylight coati be provided. Companion Ladder: Th panion ladder to be fitted as require glass windows, if required, at back of opening into after cabin. Ceiling: Th to be ceiled throughout, down to the

screws.

line, with 1in. pitch pine, carefully planned and fitted on the timbers; below ballast line to be coated with red lead, gas tar, or varnish. Platform: The platform and platform beams to be of fir, and laid as required; the floor to be secured to beams with brass The floor at the foot of companion to be formed of a neat American elm grating, carefully fitted. Main Cabin: The main cabin to be fitted according to the plans supplied by owner, with hard wood panelled bulkheads, doors, sofas or bed berths, with lee boards. The cabin to be fitted with polished pitch pine panels, and mahogany styles. One mahogany cupboard or sideboard to be fitted at the after end or both ends of each sofa, and a mahogany shelf with small open rail extending the whole length of the cabin to be fitted above each sofa. A small mahogany bookcase to be fitted against one of the bulkheads. All locks, bolts, hinges, hasps, or other fastenings, and all keys in the main cabin, and in every other part of the vessel to be made of brass. Stove: An approved stove to be fitted in forward bulkhead of the main cabin, with fender and irons complete; brass screw coamings for funnel, and length of copper chimney to lead clear of rail. Forecastle : The forecastle to be bulkheaded, as required, and fitted with lockers, shelves, cupboards, locks, door, rack, table, seats with lockers underneath, and to have the usual lockers, and the lockers for chain and coke, closely ceiled to prevent dirt or dust from the same getting into the hold; also similar lockers to be fitted below the pantry, and fore state room floor. To have a neat iron ladder from floor to deck, fitted to ship and unship; a portable commode to be fitted, if required, in the forecastle, and one in after cabin. Sheet Lead Coverings: The floor underneath the cooking stove, and all the wood work near the stove, to be neatly covered with sheet lead, nailed with copper tacks. Water Tank: A properly constructed galvanised iron water tank, with manhole, to be provided, and fitted below the floor with pump and supply pipe attached, with brass deck plate, and screw cover for the same. Cooking Stove: A patent cooking apparatus (No. 3), of Atkey's make, to be fitted complete with Atkey's patent ventilation coamings; length of copper piping to funnel sufficient to lead clear of rail. Hammocks: Three hammocks, with bedding complete, to be fitted. Mops, Brooms, &c. : All the usual mops, brooms, brushes, buckets, squeegee, and other forecastle articles to be supplied.

Pantry: The pantry to be fitted up as required, with dresser, shelves, liquor holes, racks, hooks, drawers, lockers, &c., and mahogany door opening into main cabin. Fore State Room: The fore state room to be fitted with bed berth of mahogany, with drawers underneath, mahogany washstand, and a folding mahogany slab to form a writing table; cupboard, underneath shelves, racks, &c., mahogany door, &c. The space on port side of companion way to be fitted

with seats or lockers, as required. Ladies' Cabin: The ladies' cabin to be fitted with polished wood panels, same as main cabin, with mahogany bed berths and washstands, cupboards and drawers, as required, and the sofas to be fitted with lockers underneath, and the doors to be fitted as required. Lavatory: The lavatory to be fitted with patent washstand, with tap and water; a tank for water supply, and a patent water closet of the best construction, to be fitted with mahogany seat, the lavatory to be bulkheaded or doored, as required. Spars: To be supplied with a complete set of spars, as required for a yawl of 25 tons, the whole to be carefully made, and all the ironwork to be of the finest quality, and galvanised, the dimensions of the spars to be according to plans supplied by the owner. Mainmast: The mainmast to be a picked spar, as free from knots as may be, of Oregon or Baltic red pine, fitted complete in every respect as required. Mast Step: The mast to be stepped into a solid iron mast step to be furnished by the builder. Hoops: The usual mast hoops properly riveted to be fitted to mast. Crosstrees: The crosstrees to be carefully fitted as required. Bowsprit: The bowsprit to have a galvanised iron rack plate on the upper side from the heel to the stem, and a stout galvanised iron pinion where fitted to the bitts, with handle for the same, and a lignum-vitæ roller between the bitts with a score round the centre to allow for the passage of the rack plate; also a plain stout lignumvitæ roller between the bitts on the under side of the heel of the bowsprit. A small, square, iron fid as required, sheave at outer end, traveller leather covered. Whiskers: Galvanised iron whiskers, fitted with preventer rods and all the other usual fittings for the bowsprit as required, to be carefully fitted. Main-boom: The main-boom to be fitted to mast with iron band and universal joint, and all other fittings, including reef cleats, to be neatly fitted as required. Gaff: The gaff to be fitted with strong iron jaws, and the other fittings as required. Trysail Gaff: The trysail gaff to be similarly fitted so that the jaws may be used with either gaff. Topmast: The topmast to be fitted with galvanised iron self-acting fid and a brass-bound sheave in heel for mast rope; all the other fittings to be carefully made as required. Topsail Yard: The topsail yard to be supplied of such dimensions as may be required. Squaresail Yard and Boom: A squaresail yard and boom to be fitted in the usual way as required. Mizen-mast: The mizen-mast, boom, boomkin, yard, &c., to be fitted as required, and the mast to be stepped securely. Rigging and Blocks: The standing and running rigging of wire, hemp, and manilla of suitable sizes, to be most carefully fitted, and the patent blocks for the same to be all of the best make, the whole standing and running rigging, blocks, tackle, &c., to be fitted complete in every detail. The main and gaff halyards to be of the best Russian hemp, the jib halyards of