Hold her Head Up.-A vessel is said to "hold her head up well that does not show a tendency to fall off.

Holding On.-To continue sailing without altering a course or shifting sail.

Holding On to the Land.-To keep the land aboard in sailing; not departing from the land.

Holding Water.-Resting with the blades of the oars in water to check a boat's way or stop her.

Hold On.-The order given after hauling on a rope not to slack any up, as "Hold on all that."

Hold On the Fore Side.-If, when hauling on the fall of a tackle, some of the hands have hold of it on the tackle side of the belaying pin, the hand that has to belay sings out, "Hold on the fore side" to those in front of him, and "Come up behind" to those behind. The hands on the fore side thus hold the fall and keep it from running through the blocks whilst it is being belayed. (See "Come Up.")

Hollow Lines.-The horizontal lines of a vessel that have inflections.

Hollow Sea.-When the waves have a short, steep, and deep trough.

Home. Any operation that is completely performed, as sheeted home when the clew of a sail is hauled out to the last inch, &c. An anchor is said to come home when it breaks out of the ground.

Hood.-A covering for skylights, sails, &c.
Hood Ends. The ends of the plank which are

fitted into the rabbet of the stem or stern
post; termed also the hooded ends, meaning
probably that they are "housed " or covered
in by the rabbet.

Hooker. A small coasting craft.

Hoop. (See "Mast Hoop" and "Spider Hoop.") Horizontal Lines.-The curved lines on the Half

breadth Plan which show the water sections, the plane of each section being parallel to the horizon.

Horizontal Keel.-A plate of iron fitted to the

underside of a boat's keel, a fore-and-aft view showing thus L. The plate should be made

of iron plate of from in. to in. in thickness.
For a boat 12ft. long the plate should be 8in.
wide at the middle (so as to project about 3in.
on either side of the keel), and 8ft. long,
tapering each end to the width of the wood
keel, to the underside of which it is screwed.
The wood keel should extend at least 3in.
below the garboards to render the plate
effective.
It is necessary that the plate
should be kept horizontal, or in other words,
in the same plane as the horizon; inasmuch
as if the keel dips forward or aft the tendency
of the plate will be to draw the boat either by
the head or stern. A horizontal keel will
increase a boat's weatherliness, but not to the
extent of a centre board. The deeper the
wood keel of the boat is the more effective the
horizontal plate will be, as it will clear the
eddy water along the garboards, and prevent
the possibility of the bilge of the boat as she
How-
heels over being lower than the keel.
ever, if a very deep keel is necessary to
make the horizontal plate effective, it may
be as well to have another inch or so, and
dispense with the plate altogether. The
plan does not appear to have met with much
favour.

Horns. The projections which form the jaws of
gaffs or booms. The outer ends of the cross-
trees are sometimes termed horns.
Horse. A bar of iron or wood, or a rope for
some part of a vessel's rigging to travel
upon.

Hounds. The projections on a mast which sup. port the lower cap and rigging. (See pages 117 and 119.)

House. To lower a topmast down within the cap. A snug house is when very little of the topmast shows above the upper cap.

Housing of a Mast.-The part under the deck. Hove Down.-Said of a vessel that is very much careened or heeled by the wind or other

Hove in Sight. To come into view; said of a sail that appears above the horizon or round a headland; also of the anchor when it comes above water.

Hove in Stays. - Said of a vessel when she tacks, often meaning that a vessel tacks suddenly.

Hove Short.-When the cable is hove in so that there is but little more length out than the depth of water.

Hove-to.-The condition of a vessel with her head sails aback, so as to deprive her of way. Vessels hove-to on port tack should fill or get way on, if approached by a vessel on the starboard tack; but if the vessel on port tack can, by hailing or otherwise, make the other vessel understand the situation, the latter should give way; this is the custom of the sea, but there is no statutory regulations concerning the point.

winds cause the water to rise with a S. wind and fall with a N., with a difference of 12ft. to 15ft. between the two extremes. The floes get knocked together, and the broken ice of the edges is forced down to the bottom of the sea-which is not very deep-and piece piled upon piece until the pile rises to about 1ft. to 3ft. above the level of the floes, which then freeze to these piles, which stretch for great distances, and, in fact, form a network in all directions. They are most numerous in shallow water, where the rise and fall of the water has the greatest effect. In parts where great forces have been at work the ice is piled in bergs of 30ft. to 60ft. in height.

"With my present yacht we charge over broken ice which is not higher than 18in., and of course the breadth which we can rush at depends upon the force of the wind. Above 18in. and up to 3ft. we dare charge a narrow line, but above that height we are obliged to circumvent it. However, I do not think any boat could charge a greater height than one built on the plan of my present one.

"Fig. 193. General bird's-eye view of yacht. The three main beams are of oak, and the remainder of the framework of ash. The lattice work is of deal, made much lighter in the stern than forwards.

66

Fig. 195, the rudder. This has been drawn rather too thick; but it is an error on the right side, as the extra weight would help to keep the rudder firmer on the ice. At present we always have a couple of men sitting on the stern in order to keep it down when charging.

'Fig. 196. Side view of front skate. "Dimensions: Length above, 32in. ; length below, 24in.; breadth on top, 7in.; breadth of fluted part, fin.; height of skate from ice,

and joints have been strengthened in the same manner. Any boat built according to this plan ought to stand anything; but she weighs probably more than a ton herself, and when sailing, what with the pressure of the wind and the weight of ten or twelve persons— which is our usual number her weight will be greatly increased. We have found that, as a rule, seven inches of ice are sufficient. The rudder must be entirely of iron, edged with steel, and fluted. The fore skates should also be of iron, if charging has to be resorted to. I have a very fine pair of wrought-iron ones, fluted and edged with steel. The greatest difficulty was that the main beam split from the strain of the mast when charging; but the plan of stepping the mast upon an ash bridge is a perfect success. This is well shown in Fig. 194. Of course she could be constructed much lighter, if not required for very rough ice.

"She is cutter rig, and the following are the length of her spars: Height of mast to gaff, 16ft. 6in. ; length of boom, 20ft.; length of gaff, 13ft. 6in.; length of jibboom, 16ft. The boom swings 3ft. above the deck, to give room to move; but perhaps it could be lowered. (See Plate XLVIII.) She is quite open all round, not planked round the stern, 88 the American ones are. We generally sail with ten to twelve persons, with all but one or two on the windward side, so as to keep the boat as level as possible.

"With regard to the speed on good smooth ice, with only six or seven persons for ballast, the Russian ice boat is not far behind the American, and on rough ice would take a lot of beating, for they have run across several lines of broken ice, a distance of twenty-eight to thirty miles, in forty minutes." Immersed. Under water. The opposite of emersed, which means taken out of water. The "wedge of immersion" is the part of a vessel put into the water when she heels over. The wedge of emersion is the part taken out of the water. Sometimes termed the "in "* and "out" wedges.

In and Out Bolts.-Bolts that pass through the skin and frame of a vessel through and through.

In Board. Inside a vessel's bulwarks, being the opposite to outboard.

In Bow. In rowing, the order to the bow man to throw up his oar and be ready with the boat hook, to help bring the boat alongside. Inclination.-Heeling from an upright position. Synonymous with careening and listing. Inner Jib.-The jib next the forestay sail in schooners where two jibs are carried.

Inner Post.-A piece of timber sometimes worked inside the sternpost.

In Haul.-A rope used to haul sails on board, as the inhaul of a jib or spinnaker.