There are about 1,700 plumbago mines and pits in the island, which gave an aggregate yield of roughly 701,845 cwts. of mineral in 1906, the value of which may be estimated at over rs. 10,457,490. The exports in 1907 were 650,116 cwts., value rs. 8,906,589. There are about 7,226 gem quarries. The pearl banks near Manaar have been leased to an English Company for a term of twenty years from January 1st, 1906, at a rental of rs. 310,000 per annum, it being stipulated that a sum of between rs. 50,000 and rs. 150,000, at the discretion of the Government, shall be expended annually by the Company upon the improvement of the banks on scientific lines. The minimum upset price of Crown land is rs. 15 per acre. 41,904 acres were sold in 1907 at an average price of rs. 41 per acre. The revenue is principally derived from Customs Duties, Land Sales, Licences (under which head is entered the amount realised by the sale of Arrack Rents), Salt (which is a Government monopoly), Stamps, and Railway Receipts. The revenue from the sale of salt in 1907 was rs. 1,737,872. This is local salt worked by the Government, but the importation of foreign salt is allowed. The local revenues raised by the Municipalities of Colombo, Kandy, and Galle, by the Provincial Road Committees, and by the Local Boards of Health and Improvement which have been established in the towns of Kalutara, Negombo, Minuwangoda, Gampola, Nuwara Eliya, Matale, Nawalapitiya, Hatton Dickoya, Matara, Batticaloa, Trincomalee, Kurunégala, Puttalam, Chilaw, Anuradapura, Badulla, Bandarawela, Ratnapura, and Kegalla, amounted in 1906 to rs. 5,038,938. The municipal debt on 31st December, 1907, was 366,915 rupees. Of this amount 152,523 rupees is the balance unpaid out of a loan of 250,000 rupees for the construction of waterworks at Kandy, and 53,147 rupees balance of a loan obtained by the municipality of Galle in 1890 for the construction of waterworks. The development of the tea industry is shown by the following statistics: --Export, 1884, 2,392,963 lbs.; 1886, 7,849,888 lbs. ; 1888, 23,820,471 lbs.; 1890, 45,799,518 lbs. ; 1892. 72,282,525 lbs.; 1893, 82,269,353 lbs.; 1894, 85,376,322 lbs.; 1895, 98,581,060 lbs.; 1896, 110,095,193 lbs.; 1897, 114,466,318 lbs.; 1898, 122,395,517 lbs. ; 1899, 129,661,908 lbs. 149,264,602 lbs. of tea were exported in 1900; 144,275,608 lbs. in 1901; 150,829,707 lbs. in 1902; 19,227,236 in 1903; 157,929,333 lbs. in 1904; 83,558 lbs. in 1905; 170,527, 126 lbs. in 1906; 9.843, 462 lbs. in 1907. There has been a remarkable development in rubber cultivation in recent years. Rubber was first brought to Ceylon in 1876, and its growth proved successful. On the failure of coffee planters preferred to substitute tea, which was found to thrive so well, and which gave a return three years after planting, whereas in the case of rubber six or seven years were required. On the price of tea falling, however, planters turned their attention to rubber, the demand for which had increased owing to trade requirements, and while in 1898 750 acres were estimated to be planted with rubber, in 1901 there were 2,500 acres, in 1904 11,000 acres, in 1905 40,000 acres, in 1906 100,000 acres, and in 1907, roughly, 150,000 acres under this product. The value of the products of the cocoanut palm exported in 1907 was rs. 26,077,841; of cinnamon exported, rs. 3,045,708; and of cocoa exported, rs, 5,232,193. Of the total Ceylon produce exported that portion going to the United Kingdom was valued at rs. 65,565,771, that to British possessions valued at rs. 20,686,704, and that to foreign countries at rs. 40,843,112. The chief imports are rice from India, valued at rs. 40,984,967 in 1907, and textiles and coal from the United Kingdom. Law and Justice. much modified by the introduction of English law and by Colonial ordinances. The criminal law has been codified on the model of the Indian Penal Code, and the codification of the law of Criminal and Civil procedure respectively have been completed. The basis of the law is the Roman-Dutch law, Justice is administered by the Supreme Court which has an original criminal jurisdiction and decides appeals from the inferior Courts both in civil and criminal cases; the Police Courts and Courts of Requests, which dispose, respectively, of trivial criminal and civil suits; and the District Courts, which have a criminal jurisdiction intermediate between that of the Supreme Court and the Police Courts, and a civil jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever. In addition to these there are the Gansabawas, or Village Councils, instituted under the Ordinance No. 24 of 1889, with powers to deal with petty offences and trifling claims. They have the genius of the people, and, besides settling a worked admirably, being thoroughly adapted to valuable machinery for carrying out local improveconsiderable amount of litigation, have provided a ments. They are empowered to make rules, subject to the approval of the Governor and the Executive Council, relating to their village economy, and it is noticeable that in many school buildings and undertaken the cost of the instances they have not only voluntarily provided current expenses and repairs, but have made elementary education compulsory. Education. Satisfactory progress is being made in education. The number of scholars in Government schools at the end of 1907 was 75,589, in schools aided by Government 166,234, and in unaided schools 33,669. The total expenditure on account of the Educational Department was rs. 1,297,650 77. In 1868, the number of scholars was only 6,897, and the expenditure 161,660 rupees. The improvement is due to the institution of a Department of Public Instruction, and the adoption of the system of payments for results. The Government schools are all unsectarian, and no fee is charged for vernacular education; small fees are charged for English teaching. The higher education of the Colony has since 1st January, 1885, been mainly left to local effort, as, owing to retrenchment, the Department has been compelled to devote its funds mainly to the extension and development of primary education. The only High School entirely supported by Government is now the Royal College, but there are numerous and excellent Grant-in-Aid High Schools. Two Government scholarships each of 2007. per annum for 3 years, to be spent at English Universities, are awarded annually. Technical education is provided at the Grant-inAid Industrial Schools and Orphanages, of which there are 38. A central Technical College was founded in Colombo in 1893. A Government Training College for Masters in English Schools and Government Anglo Vernacular Schools was opened in 1903. Medical Institutions. There is a Medical College, with a full staff of professors. The lectures are recognised by the There are two examining bodies in Great Britain. departments in the College, the Medical and the Apothecary. The former consists of students whose course of study extends over five years. A licence to practise medicine, surgery and midwifery is granted to each member of the Medical department who passes the prescribed examinations in the College. This licence is recognised by the General Medical Council of Great Britian as a registrable qualification. The members of the Apothecary department, after a training of two years, and after passing the prescribed examination, are qualified to serve as apothecaries. Female students were admitted from 1st May, 1892. There were 141 students attending during the year 1908, of whom 104 belonged to the Medical and 37 to the Apothecary department. The Government maintains 67 hospitals, exclusive of 22 infectious hospitals, 18 jail hospitals, and two asylums, one for lunatics of 486 beds, and the other for lepers of 390 beds. There are special institutions for diseases of women, and for the eye, ear and throat. There is a Bacteriological Institute. There are 376 dispensaries, 67 of which are attached to hospitals, the remaining 309 are institutions independent of hospitals. In addition there are 168 private estate dispensaries which receive free drugs from the Government. The Ceylon Civil Medical Department consists of one Principal Civil Medical Officer and InspectorGeneral of Hospitals who is also Principal of the Medical College, one Assistant Principal Civil Medical Officer and Inspector-General of Hospitals, one Registrar of College, one Director De Soyza Bacteriological Institute, one Public Analyst, one Professor of Chemistry and one Professor of Physics, 82 officers having British qualifications, 3 with Calcutta degrees, 3 with Madras degrees, 3 medical women with British qualifications, 55 with licences to practise granted by the Ceylon Medical College, 243 apothecaries, 8 inspectors of vaccination, and 132 vaccinators, including 5 females. There are two institutions where nurses are trained, and the nursing staff consists of 15 European qualified nurses, 35 European Roman Catholic sisters (untrained), 27 matrons and 31 nurses trained locally, and 23 pupils in training. The cost of working the department amounted in 1907 to rs. 2,488,580 76. The expenditure on account of estate medical aid was rs. 623,080 47 The receipts, which included cost of maintenance of paying patients, sale of medicines, voluntary collections at dispensaries and medical college fees, etc., amounted to rs. 259,085 82. The export duty levied for the partial upkeep of the Estates Branch of the Department yielded rs. 170,579-72. Currency and Banking, The weights and measures in common use are British. Accounts are kept in rupees, and the money in circulation is Indian and Ceylon rupee currency and sovereigns, gold having been made a legal tender at the fixed rate of rs. 15 per sovereign in 1901. Ceylon cents take the place of the Indian annas and pice. The notes of the Chartered Mercantile Bank remained in circulation to some extent until 1888, when its charter expired, but since the failure of the Oriental Banking Corporation in 1884, the Government has instituted a noteissue of which the amount in circulation on the 31st August, 1904, was rs. 12,651,095. These notes are legal tender except at the Colombo Issue Office. The salaries of the higher public officers were revised in 1905. Those appointed from England subsequent to January 1st, 1905, receive a sterling salary payable in Ceylon at the current rate of exchange. Those appointed prior to that date were given the option of either (A4) accepting the sterling salaries assigned to their appointments, which were fixed at a sum higher than the rupee salaries formerly attached to them, and foregoing (a) the privileged rates of exchange for leave pay and pension drawn in the United Kingdom, viz.: 18. 10d. per rupee in the case of officers appointed before 19th February, 1897, and 1s. 6d. in the case of officers appointed between that date and 1st January, 1905; and (b) the exchange compensation granted when the salaries were fixed in rupees, i.., the allowance in rupees in respect of half the salary drawn in Ceylon, sufficient to make up the difference between the market value of the rupee (1s. 4d.) and 1s. 6d. ; or (B) of continuing on the rupee salary previously assigned, enhanced by double exchange compensation, the whole being a pensionable emolument, and the privilege rate of exchange being retained for leave and pension purposes. The following banks have establishments in the Colony: Mercantile Bank of India, Limited; Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China; Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation; Bank of Madras; National Bank of India, Limited. None of these now issue notes in Ceylon. The Ceylon Savings Bank was established in 1832, and Post Office savings banks were opened in 1885, and the two together had December, 1907, rs. 6,796,680 deposited. Public Works. The Colombo Harbour. on 31st blocks weighing from 18 to 30 tons, set in what requirements of the Colony. The telephone has is known as the sloping bond system. The North-East and North-West breakwaters were commenced in 1894, and completed in 1906, at a total cost of 500,0007. The North-East breakwater is a rubble embankment 1,100 feet long, tipped from a staging. The North-West breakwater is an island work, 2,657 feet in length, running between the two shore breakwaters, leaving a southern entrance of 800 feet, and a northern entrance of 700 feet. This breakwater is of similar construction to the SouthWest arm. These three breakwaters enclose an area of 640 acres, or one square mile, with a depth of from 30 to 36 feet at low water. The Graving Dock. In addition to the abovenamed works a Graving Dock was commenced in 1899, and is now in use. It is 700 feet long, 85 feet wide at the entrance, and has a depth over the sill of 30 feet at low water. Its cost will be about 400,000Z. A guide pier, 800 feet long, to assist vessels entering the dock, is still under construction. The Patent Slip was commenced in 1899, and opened on the 1st January, 1903, at a cost of 43,000l. It is 800 feet long, the cradle being 220 feet, and is capable of dealing with vessels up to 1,200 tons dead weight. The Coaling Depôt consists of 24 acres of land, reclaimed from the sea, with a frontage of 2,200 feet, from which 18 jetties project into the harbour for the landing, stacking and shipping of coal. The total cost of the Reclamation and Jetties will amount to about 163,0007. The Fishery Harbour has been constructed to the northward of Colombo harbour for the use of the fishermen as a beaching ground, the whole of the foreshore inside Colombo harbour having been covered up by reclamation work. The fishery harbour consists of a rubble breakwater running out from the shore in a curve for 800 feet, the sheltered part forming a natural beaching ground for fishing canoes. The cost will be approximately 15,000/. The whole of the above works, with the exception of the guide pier at the dock, have been completed. The total expenditure on the harbour from 1873 to the 30th June, 1908, amounted to rs. 38,580,980 or 2,572,0657., taking the value of the rupee at 18. 4d. An extension of the S. W. breakwater, starting from a point 3,150 feet from the shore end, has been sanctioned, and the work is now in hand. The new arm has a length of 2,000 feet and runs in a direction almost due north, protecting the present main entrance from the S. W. Monsoon seas. The cost of this additional arm will be 440,0007., and it will be completed about 1912. Works have been constructed for the storage and supply of water to Colombo. The water is stored in a reservoir at Labugama, 25 miles distant from Colombo, and conveyed by piping to the service reservoirs at Maligakanda and Elie House, whence it is distributed through the town. The total cost of the scheme was rs. 4,330,000 exclusive of the cost of Elie House reservoir. A duplication of the main and reservoir at Elie House have been completed at a cost of about rs. 1,863,200. In the matter of communication, great efforts have been made to keep pace with the growing been introduced in Colombo, and the principal towns are connected by the telegraph, which is 1,704 miles of line, comprising 3,651 miles of wire connected with the Indian telegraph systemare open in Ceylon. The lines of railway, all of which are owned and worked by the Government, are distributed thus:-Broad Gauge (5ft. 6in.), Colombo to Bandarawela (160 miles), Polgahawela to Kankesanturai (211 miles), Peradeniya Junction to Kandy and Matale (21 miles), Ragama Junction to Mahara Quarry (14 miles), Colombo to Matara (98 miles), Fort Junction to Wharf (14 miles). Narrow Gauge (2ft. 6in.), Colombo to Yatiantota (47 miles) Nanuoya to Ragalla (19 miles). Total mileage 561 miles. The total cost of construction up to 31st December, 1907, charged in account was rs. 84,011,755. The receipts during 1907 were rs. 10,695,430, and expenditure rs. 5,400,470. Of metalled and track metalled roads there are 2,756 30 miles; gravelled and natural roads, 666 62 and 340 93 miles respectively; of canals 153 02miles, The maintenance of 3,763 85 miles of road cost, in 1907, rs. 1,944,213, or an average rate of rs. 516 per mile. This is exclusive of roads within municipal limits, and of minor roads which are not in the charge of the Department of Public Works. Every male between the ages of 18 and 55 is bound to perform six days' labour in the year on the roads, or to contribute a rupee and-a-half (two rupees in the town of Colombo) by way of commutation. The Road Committees collect the commutation, but the amount derived from this source is inconsiderable as compared with the outlay. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in the restoration of the ancient irrigation tanks, and the construction of new waterworks. Means of Communication. 1. A fortnightly mail service by P. and (). steamers between the United Kingdom, India, Ceylon, Straits and China, and Australia. 2. A fortnightly service between Marseilles, Ceylon, Straits and China, and India, and a monthly service between Ceylon and Australia by the steamers of the Messageries Maritimes. 3. A fortnightly service between the United Kingdom and Australia, calling at Colombo, Ceylon, by steamers of the Orient Royal Mail Line. 4. By the steamers of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Steam Navigation Company, a fortnightly service between Europe and China and Ceylon, and a monthly service between Ceylon and Australia. The passage to Brindisi or Marseilles generally occupies from 14 to 16 days, and to Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Penang, Singapore, and China 4, 2, 5, 4, 5, and 14 days respectively. There is also a monthly mail service between Ceylon and Mauritius, and a daily service between Ceylon and India carried on by the steamers of the British India Steam Navigation Company. Letters, etc., from England reach Colombo in about 16 days (144 minimum, 174 maximum). Further facilities are afforded for communication by the British India Steam Navigation Company, the Austro-Hungarian Lloyd's, the Clan Line, the City Line, Anchor Line, Compania Transatlantica, Holt's, &c. The steamers of the first leave Colombo weekly for Bombay and Calcutta, calling at intermediate ports in India, and their fortnightly service between Calcutta and London calls at Colombo. Governor, Colonel Sir H. E. McCallum, R.E., G.C.M.G., A.D.C. Commanding the Forces, Brigadier-Gen. R. C. B. Colonial Secretary, Hugh Clifford, C.M.G. 1907 Col. Sir H. E. McCallum, R.E., G.C.M.G., Controller of Revenue, H. L. Crawford, C.M.G. A.D.C. See list at end of Introduction. + Per 4 oz. 15 Cents for the first oz.; 9 cents for the second and each succeeding oz. § Registered newspapers, irrespective of weight, each 2 cents. Printed matter (not being a registered newspaper) exceeding 2 oz. in weight, the rate of postage for letters or parcels, according to weight. For Governors previous to 1850, see Edition for 1889. Treasurer, Government Agent, Western Province, H. W. F. C. Brodhurst. Clerk of the Council, F. Bowes. Legislative Council. Governor, Colonel Sir H. E. McCallum, R.E., G.C.M.G., A.D.C. Commanding the Forces, Brigadier-Gen. R. C. B. Lawrence. Colonial Secretary, Hugh Clifford, C. M. G. Attorney-General, A. G. Lascelles, K. C. Controller of Revenue, H. L. Crawford, C.M.G. Treasurer, Government Agent, Western Province, H. W. F. C. Brodhurst. Government Agent, Central Province, J. P. Lewis. Director of Public Works, F. A. Cooper, C.M.G. Principal Collector of Customs, W. H. Jackson. Unofficial Members, S. C. Obeyesekara, F. C. Loos, C.M.G., W. H. Figg (on leave), G. F. Walker (acting), W. M. Abdul Rahiman, J. Ferguson, C.M.G., A. Kanagasabai, T. B. L. Moonemalle, E. Turner. Clerk, A. G. Clayton. Civil Establishment. Governor, &c., Colonel Sir H. E. McCallum, R.E., Additional Aide-de-Camp, Major Gordon Frazer, Colonial Secretary, Hugh Clifford, C.M.G.,2,000l. Principal Assi tant, F. Bowes, Rs. 11,250. Additional Assistant, A. G. Clayton, Rs. 11,250. Second Assistant Colonial Secretary, A. R. Slater, 550l. to 7007. Chief Clerk, J. E. Christoffels, I.S.O., Rs. 4,000. Maha Mudaliyar, Sir Solomon Dias Bandara- Assistant Controller, E. de Kretser, I.S.O., 5007. Assistant ditto, W. Van Langenberg, Rs. 3,600. Accountant and Financial Assistant, H. A. Martin, 500Z. to 6507. Assistant Accountant, F. J. Tothill, 3507. to 4507. Colonial Auditor, Bernard Senior, I.S.O., 8007. to 1,000/. Assistant Colonial Auditor, W. W. Woods, 5002. to 6507. Judicial Establishment. Chief Justice, Sir Joseph T. Hutchinson, 2,2507. Private Secretary, H. G. Wace, Rs. 3,000. Senior Puisne Judge, H. L. Wendt, 1,4007. Private Secretary, W. E. V. de Rooy. Junior Puisne Judges, J. P. Middleton (on leave), Attorney-General, A. G. Lascelles, K.C., 1,4507. C. M. Fernando, 550l. to 7007. Deputy, ditto, ditto, F. C. Loos, Rs. 4,200 to Rs. 5,400. Second Deputy ditto, L. L. Daniels, Rs. 3,300 to Rs. 3,900. Third Deputyditto, C.W. Goonewardene, Rs.3,000. |