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police on the frontiers was every where rendered more strict: by a special ordinance, all persons, whatsoever, entering the kingdom, whether suspected or not, were ordered to be arrested, till their conduct should be examined, and ther purpose of their journey ascer tained. It was particularly added, "the king's pleasure is, that this measure bé extended even to all persons who have returned with lawful permission." At the same time ministerial circulars were * issued, rousing the vigilance of the public officers not only to watch all books to be imported, but again to set to work, and examine all books, already imported, calling upon the clergy to make use of the pulpit and the confessional to enforce the giving up of prohibited works; and (as if to remove every shadow of social confidence, and hold out premiums for the gratification of lying and malicious informers), to enforce, by these mighty engines of a superstitious creed, "the duty of informing, with the greatest secresy" against persons who shall not give up such books. The confessor was to compel a man, by threats of eternal perdition, to deliver up to the Inquisition a relation or a friend who was guilty of the enormity of possessing a Bible, or a volume of Voltaire. Nothing could better illustrate the fears and jealousies of the government than the instructions given to the police after the promulgation of the constitutional charter in Portugal. By these instructions, the subaltern intendants of police were to make up lists of all persons who came under the descriptions of being attached to the constitutional sys tem, having been national volunteers of infantry or cavalry, members of sacred battalions or com

panies, reputed free-masons, known for communeros, considered liberal, exaltados, or moderates, and purchasers of national or secularized property. These lists were likewise to specify, whether any individual had been a member of the Supreme Junta of the government of Madrid, a minister, a member of any tribunal or court of justice, a deputy from any province to the Cortes, or a secretary, a political, chief, or employed on any other service, a member or curator of any political society, or a political writer. Any other thing, which might give a correct idea of the true opinions held by such individual during the prevalence of the constitution, was to be added; as well well as an explanation of his conduct from the downfall of the constitution, and of the influence which he had possessed, and might have in the government, in consequence of his fortune. When any person, contained in these infamous lists, or any of his children, or servants, applied for a passport to leave the district, the general intendant was immediately to be informed of the fact, and of the suspicions to which the journey might give rise. No passport was to be given to a person marked as attached to the constitutional system," without satisfying the police that he had good reasons for travelling. His passport, if he received one, was to specify the places through which he pass, and at which he Was to stop in going or returning; and this specification was to serve asa notice to the authorities in these places "to have an eye upon his conduct." As if false informers could never be too numerous, or be too highly bribed, a reward of a thousand reals was promised to every police officer who should denounce

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The only revolt which actually broke out was a mad attempt made in Valencia by general Bazan. He was an officer of some merit, and had formerly been political chief of Valencia. He landed on the 19th of February, at Guardamar, a small sea-port a few leagues from Alicant, with about a hundred men who had joined him in his enterprise. He pillaged the town and the church; and, on the approach of a body of royalist volunteers, who had already placed themselves between him and the sea, he retired towards the mountains. The royal troops, however, came up with him and his party, and, after a desperate combat, in which he received four wounds, he himself, with his brother, and the greater part of his companions fell into the hands of the enemy. Some of them were immediately shot at Orihuela, and others hanged at Murcia. Bazan himself was spared for a few days, ostensibly because he was at the point of death, in consequence of his wounds, but more probably in the hope of extorting information from him; for he was at last shot, on the 4th of March, in a litter, which his wounds, then in a state of mortification, prevented him from leaving. His plan, according to papers said to have been seized upon him and his comrades, was, to appoint a regency for the government of the kingdom, erect a supreme revolutionary tribunal in the capital, with subaltern tribunals in the provinces for the punishment of the royalists, and confiscate the property of the nobility and of the church. Lists of proscription, too, were said to have been al ready drawn up.

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The military force employed on this occasion to crush revolt, he

longed to a body, the royalist volunteers, which was indeed almost the only body of troops in whom the king could repose much confidence, but who were frequently the cause of much public disturbance themselves, and the perpetrators of lawless acts of insult, and oppression, and riot; and they aggravated their excesses by assuming a sort of privilege to commit them, because they ima gined, and not without some rea son, that the government was too weak either to dispense with their services, or to punish their crimes. They were the chosen support of the most extravagant of the Apostolical party; and all that was required of them was devotion to its plans. In the provinces they were formed and recruited, and the funds for their pay were sometimes raised by the influence, por even from the coffers, of the priesthood. After they had once felt their own importance, discipline lost its power to restrain; they raised commotions when they thought proper, and scorned the attempts of their officers to restore order. They were irregularly paid, they had arms in their hands, they were principally men of abandoned character, and no strangers to crime; and the consequence of this was, that they acknowledged scarcely any law but their own will. Three officers belonging to this corps had been convicted at Cordova of violent outrages committed against persons whom they chose to call liberals, and whom they consequently held, in conformity with the practice of Ferdinand's government, to be out of the pale of the law. These officers, who were not even in custody, proceeded forthwith to the court which had tried them, and

bishops of Murcia and Orihuela, with their chapters, were the prime movers, assembled in the great square of the town with their leaders at their head. They then divided into small parties, and marched through the streets, committing all sorts of outrages against persons suspected of liberal opinions, whom they chanced to meet. They entered moreover the houses of a great number of liberals, whom they abused, wounded, killed, and pillaged. After having employed several hours in these exploits, they again assembled in the square, and with shouts of " Death to the Liberals; the King without Chambers for ever," marched towards Orihuela, to join the volunteers of that town, and of the country between Orihuela and Murcia. The civil authorities were in the plot, and accompanied the volunteers to Orihuela; but when they were departed from Murcia, the intendants of finance and police assembling the servants of government in the town, and some of the respectable inhabitants, succeeded in arming four hundred men, by whose means they re-established some degree of tranquillity. A similar scene was performing at the same time in the north, at Roa, a city of Old Castile. There, while the commander of the volunteers was endeavouring in vain to restrain his mutinous soldiers, by haranguing them in the marketplace, he received a blow on the head with a club, and fell dead on the spot. An officer who stood by him, wished to lay hold of the murderer, and remonstrated with the men upon their guilty conduct; but he was immediately stabbed in the belly with a poinard, the point of which protruded through his loins. The tumult now became so great,

that the authorities were glad to drag away the wounded man, and flee with him. They sought refuge in the town of San Martin, about a league from Roa, and there they demanded assistance. Thirty soldiers accompanied the authori ties of the city and town to Roa, to restore order there. They reached the square where the insurrectionists had assembled; and the alcade of San Martin mounted some steps and proceeded to harangue them. He reproached them for their disloyalty and disobedience to the best of kings; but they would not even allow him to finish his speech. He was stopped by insulting cries against the person of the monarch; and the mutineers declared that neither the people nor the soldiery would submit to any authority that came in his name. There was no longer any means of resistance; and the inhabitants of San Martin, with the volunteers of that town, were forced again to seek safety in flight. Such was the authority of Ferdinand with his own army, such was the humility of the apostolic priesthood, and such were the troops to whom was intrusted in Spain, the maintenance of public order.

Nor, in fixing their empire over opinion, did the clergy neglect those means of influence which flow from wealth. Under the constitutional government, all the estates of the monasteries and convents had been sold, or declared, at least, to be national property, to be appropriated to the payment of the public debt. Persons who held property under them at a quitrent, had been allowed to redeem it, and become absolute proprietors, on making payment to the govern