The average cost for the period of 24 years from 1850 to 1873 may be. calculated at 187 florins per year and kilometre of state road.

The amount of the total costs of maintenance, that is, for the road surface and for the other constructions appertaining to the roads, amounted from 1847 to 1873 to au average of 284 florins per year and kilometre.

In Lower Austria alone the expenses for the maintenance of state roads were 484 florins per kilometre in the year 1866, and in the years 1870-'73, on an average, 608 florins per year.

The average wages of the road-keepers and their assistants in the years 1868-1873 amounted to 43 florius 86 kreutzers per year and kilometre of road.

The average price of the ballast in the year 1873 was 2 florins 28 kreutzers per cubic metre.

In Bohemia the expenses for the maintenance of the road on the part of the state were as follows:

1877
1879.

1881...

Of these sums the expenses for the ballast alone were:

1877...

1879
1881.

Florins.

Florins. 1,239, 197

1, 185, 396 1,074, 920

639, 706, or 52 per cent. of the total costs. 586, 464, or 50 per cent. of the total costs. 526, 521, or 49 per cent. of the total costs.

F. STATE ROADS-TOLL RECEIPTS

In Austria the receipts of toll, collected upon the state roads in the average of the years 1860-1873, amounted to 2,618,549 florius net per year, with the maximum of 2,678,827 florins in 1801 and the minimum of 2,461,240 florins in 1873.

The net toll-receipts per kilometre of state road in the year 1873 was 172 florins 50 kreutzers.

In Lower Austria the annual net receipts for tolls increased from 554,612 florins in the year 1847 to 654,814 florins in 1873, in which latter year the annual receipts per kilometre of state road amounted to 914 florins.

In Bohemia these receipts increased in the above period from 478,217 florins to 553,002 florins in 1873.

The toll collected upon the state roads, the same as that for entering the city limits of Vienna, is:

For a 2-horse vehicle...

For a 1-horse vehicle...

Kreutzers.

8

4

For one horse, not hitched

Per head of cattle

2

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2. COMMON PUBLIC (NOT STATE) ROADS.

All other public streets and roads, which are not state roads, are subject to the independent administration of the single respective provinces, and with regard to them the respective provincial laws are in force. The most important of these laws are the following:

Province law for Lower Austria concerning the construction and maintenance of roads, not belonging to the state. (November 3, 1868. L. G. Bl. No. 17.)

Province law for Lower Austria of January 8, 1873, concerning certain alterations of the law before cited. (L. G. Bl. No. 5.)

Regulations of the road police for the public roads, not belonging to the state, in Lower Austria, excluding Vienna. (Law of October 24, 1868. L. G. Bl. No. 15.)

Province law for Upper Austria of December 11, 1869, concerning the building and maintenance of roads not belonging to the state. (L. G. Bl. No. 31.) The same for Moravia (L. G. Bl. No. 4, excluding 1869); Styria (L. G. Bl. No. 22, law of June 23, 1866); Carinthia (L. G. Bl. No. 15, law of July 25, 1864); Tyrol and Vorarlberg (law of February 21, 1870, L. G. Bl. No. 16).

The different provincial laws classify the respective roads generally into provincial roads, district roads, and community roads.

The following provinces classify their roads differently:

Carinthia, into provincial roads, subventioned roads, and community roads. Styria into district roads first class, district roads second class, and community roads. Bukowina and the coast district, into provincial roads, competition roads and community roads, etc.

Provincial roads are those roads which according to their importance. have been declared as such by resolution of the diet; this refers in Lower Austria also to the district roads and in Styria to the first class district roads. District roads (second class in Styria) are those which have been appointed as such by the respective district authorities. All other roads (public) are community roads.

In Bohemia the total length of district roads in 1876 was 12,406 kilometres, and that of the community roads 4,675 kilometres; in 1881 these lengths were 13,492 kilometres and 4,894 kilometres, respectively; so that in the latter year there was an average of 0.260 kilometre of district roads and 0.094 kilometre of community roads per square kilometre of territory.

The provincial and district roads of Lower Austria as well as the provincial roads of Upper Austria are constructed in the manner of

regular highways, with a width of 6 metres; the community roads, however (Lower Austria), are built according to the requirements of the local teaming, with a width of at least 4 metres, and the smallest roads with a width of 3 metres.

The provincial and com petition roads (Tyrol, Dalmatia, coast district) also have a stone foundation and a width of at least 5 metres and at most 6 metres. In Bukowina the roads have a width of 8 metres. The provincial and subventioned roads of Carinthia are from 3.8 to 4.75 wide and in Salzburg the provincial roads are from 4 to 6 metres wide. In Bohemia (see Fig. 4 of the foregoing drawing) the provincial roads, must have a width of from 6.3 to 7.6 metres, and must have a stone foundation of 4.45 to 5.06 metres in breadth and 0.24 to 0.26 metre depth. The covering layer of ballast must be 0.1 to 0.13 metre, which is again to be covered by a layer of sand of 0.03 to 0.05 metre. Bottom width of the road ditch 0.47 metre, convexity of the road surface 0.13 to 0.16, with a width of road of 6.3 and 0.16 to 0.21 metre, with a width of road of 7.6 metre, i. e. 1 in 18 to 1 in 24.

For the district roads in Bohemia the following measurements are prescribed: Width of road surface, 5.7 to 6.7, or 3.8 to 4.75 metres; depth of stone foundation, 0.16 to 0.24 metre; covering of ballast, 0.8 to 0.10 metre; top layer of sand, 0.026; convexity, 1 in 21 to 1 in 27; bottom width of ditch, 0.40.

In districts where the stone for the foundation layer would be too expensive to get the road may be macadamized. In such cases the ballast must be put on in layers and rolled until it has reached a thickness of 0.26 to 0.32 metre with provincial roads and 0.21 to 0.26 with district roads. The road must in such cases be provided with bordering stones on either side, in order to prevent the ballast from leaving the road when being rolled.

Provincial and district roads are to be planted with trees in distances of from 20 to 25 metres (Lower Austria, Carniola, Carinthia). In Moravia, if possible, fruit trees must be planted along the roads in distances of 10 metres apart and 0.15 metre distant from the outside border of the road; otherwise these trees are to be planted on the adjoining ground at a distance of 0.60 or at the most 0.65 metre from the outside border of the ditch.

b. GRADIENT OF THE ROADS.

The gradient of provincial roads (in Bohemia) as a rule must not be any more than, and only with very unfavorable territory it may be. as much as. Steeper gradients are permitted as an exception only on nountain roads, and there only in lengths of at most 95 metres, when these ascents are interrupted by stretches of horizontal or nearly horizontal road.

1

The district roads of Bohemia are not to have a gradient of more than , and with very unfavorable territory not more than ; steeper ascents are only allowed as an exception on roads for less heavy teaming than the usual, and only by special permission of the board.

c. MAINTENANCE OF THE PUBLIC ROADS.

The respective regulations for Lower Austria, to which those of the other provinces are similar, are the following:

The building as well as the maintenance of the provincial roads is incumbent upon the provincial committee, and with district roads to the respective district road board or committee. The proceedings of the latter however are supervised by the provincial committee.

The different communities are obliged to attend to the building and the maintenance of the respective district roads under the supervision of the board or committee for district roads.

If the ballast necessary for the maintenance of the district roads can not be obtained by way of public proposal, or only at a very high price, the commmittee for district roads has the right to charge the communities with the furnishing of such ballast at a price to be fixed according to circumstances. The costs for carting away the dirt removed from the roads are paid by the district treasury; the communities, however, are obliged to furnish free of cost the dumping places and roads leading thereto. These places must not be farther than 1 kilometre from the respective parts of the road.

The removal of the snow from the roads has to be attended to by the communities, the territory of which is not more than 8 kilometres distant from the road. For this work they receive a proportionate remuneration.

d. Costs.

All costs for the building and maintenance of provincial roads (in Styria) of first-class district roads are paid from the provincial fund. The costs for the district roads, in so far as they are not otherwise covered, fall to the respective districts, which as a rule are identical with the court districts. The raising of the necessary money is prescribed to the different communities of the district in proportion to their direct taxes (with exclusion of the extraordinary addition tax). A levy of more than 10 per cent. and up to 15 per cent. of the total tax amount requires the permission of the provincial committee, and such of over 15 per cent. can only be imposed by way of legislation. According to circumstances subventions from the provincial fund may be granted for the building, reconstruction, and even maintenance of district roads.

The necessary means and work for community roads have to be furnished by the respective communities. For important community roads, however, subventions from the district road fund are permissible.

The construction of the roadway of a district road with 4.8 millimetres ballasted surface, a stone foundation of 0.20 millimetre, and a bed of ballast of 0.14 costs per kilometre about 3,800 florins, not including the value of the ground and the ground work, nor the costs of supervision. Buildings erected along provincial, district, and community roads

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must stand at least 2 metres away from the outside border of the road ditch in Upper Austria, Bohemia, and Carniola; while in Moravia, Silesia, and Lower Austria this distance must be at least 4.7 metres. For public houses (inns) this distance must be 4 metres in Upper Austria.

STREETS.

The essential rules for the construction of streets in cities and towns are contained in the different building regulations (Bauordnungen; B. O.).

Lower Austria, B. O. for Lower Austria and for the city of Vienna (laws of January 17, 1883, L. G. Bl. 12).

Upper Austria, building laws of March 13, 1875 (L. G. Bl. 7, 8). Salzburg, B. O. for the city of Salzburg of January 28, 1873 (L. G. Bl. 9).

For the province of Salzburg, excluding the capital, B. O. of July 7, 1879 (L. G. Bl. 10).

Styria, B. O. for Styria, exclusive of the city of Graz, of February 9, 1857 (L. G. Bl. 5); alterations of this law, of August 31, 1864 (L. G. Bl. 2); B. O. for Graz of September 7, 1881 (L. G. Bl. 14, etc.).

A. Construction of city streets and regulations relating thereto. New streets, if they are principal streets, must be at least 15 metres wide (Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Moravia, etc.); side streets and lanes must be at least 11 metres wide in Lower and Upper Austria, and at least 12 metres in Prague.

Besides a roadway sufficiently wide to permit the easy turning around of wagons, new streets must be provided on either side with a sidewalk, including which their entire breadth must be at least 15 metres (Graz).

In Vorarlberg the streets in cities and towns must be at least 12 metres wide, in country communities at least 9.5 meters, and lanes at least 8 metres.

In Linz, Wels, Steyer the streets to be considered as principal must be at least 16.20 metres wide, less frequented streets at least 14 metres, and side or cross streets or lanes at least 12 metres.

a. STREETS OF VIENNA.

The total square surface of all streets, lanes, and squares (including the sidewalks, walks, and riding paths) maintained by the imperial city of Vienna at the end of the year 1888 amounted to 5,075,596 square metres. Of these the roadways, squares, crossings, etc., occupy 3,663,740 square metres, or 72.2 per cent., and the sidewalks, walks, and riding paths 1,411,856 square metres, or 27.8 per cent.

Of the entire street surface 3,121,294 square metres, or 61.5 per cent., are paved. Of this paved surface 2,055,181 square metres, or 65.8 per cent., belong to the road ways, squares, crossings, etc., and 1,066,113 square metres, or 34.2 per cent., to the paved sidewalks.