be resisted. Be this, however, as it may, it is certain that the divine authority of that book is no more impaired by this theory, than the divine authority of the books of Samuel, or Kings, is invalidated by the frequent reference of the compilers to the exist ing chronicles from which they profess to have derived their information; and where authentic documents might be referred to it is as absurd, as it is unnecessary, to suppose that any facts, the knowledge of which the historian might have acquired by the exertion of his own faculties, with common research and diligence, would be imparted to him by an immediate divine inspiration. The history of the creation must originally have been communicated to man by God himself; and as the whole law was subsequently delivered by his mouth, sanctioned by the clearest manifestations of his presence and power, and recorded in writing by his express command, we must, on this hypothesis, acknowledge that the fulness of divine authority is stamped on every part of the book of Genesis, unless we can believe that the Almighty would permit his holy word and law to be mixed up and incorporated with the fallible productions of human imbecility and error. The true reason, then, of the assumed silence of Moses, concerning the divine or human origin of sacrifice is, that it was not mentioned in the record which he translated, and prefixed, without diminution or addition, to his own history; and the reason of his mentioning the sanctification of the sabbath is, that he found it recorded in the original document. But now mark the difference. The sabbath had fallen into disuse; the rite of sacrifice had never been discontinued; nor is there the smallest reason to suppose that either its divine origin, or its atoning import, had ever been forgotten. We find, accordingly, the observance of the sabbath enjoined to the Israelites by a positive divine command, and with an explicit reference to a fact, which they seem to have forgotten, its original sanctification by the Creator but, in the very first chapter of Leviticus, expiatory sacrifice is spoken of as a customary and familiar act of worship; without any allusion to its origin, because that was notorious; and without any new command for its observance, because the uninterrupted practice of the rite rendered such an injunction needless.

We conclude, therefore, that the hypothesis of the human origin of sacrifice receives but small support from the silence of Moses; but that the presumption which it affords in favour of the divine institution is very striking. The passage also, Levit. xvii. 11, which is the palmary argument of Mr. Davison to prove that the doctrine of sacrificial atonement was peculiar to the Mosaic law, affords, as we agree with Mr. Molesworth in thinking, a very decisive presumption that it was known to the primeval and

patriarchal dispensations. "The life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you, upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls. For it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul." This Mr. Davison calls "a new doctrine, of which we find no probable vestige in the primeval religion;" and thereupon he concludes that sacrifice, having been originally invented by man, to denote his guilt and his repentance, was adopted by God into the Mosaic ritual, and had this expiatory character then first impressed upon it. But

"Not a hint," says Mr. Molesworth, "is there in this passage of a CHANGE in the import of sacrifice; not a syllable of adopting a human rite, or of exalting a mere eucharistic offering to the character of expiatory and vicarious sacrifice. Neither the expressions nor the manner of its introduction give the slightest countenance to the idea of the novelty of its doctrine. As to the expressions, God says, 'I have GIVEN.' When did he give? Why should it be assumed that he gave it under the law, and not from the beginning? Why should he say 'I have GIVEN,' if he had merely adopted it? Again, as to the manner of its introduction: how is it introduced? as new information respecting the character and authority of sacrifice? No; merely as a REASON for abstinence from blood. Is this like the introduction of a new doctrine on the important subject of expiatory sacrifice? Let the reader see the passage, and its context. Let the plainest man say, whether Mr. Davison be warranted in assuming from it, that expiation by blood was a new 'doctrine?"-pp. 48, 49.

We here close our extracts. Enough has been adduced to show that the divine appointment and expiatory intent of primitive sacrifice rest on very tenable ground; the very silence of the book of Genesis favours the position; the book of Leviticus confirms it; and the references made to the sacrifice of Abel in other passages of scripture, advance it to a high degree of probability. To contend that the silence of scripture, were that silence greater than it is, is decisive against the hypothesis, and that the doctrine must be rejected, because it is nowhere expressly said in scripture that God appointed the rite of sacrifice to our first parents, will appear to be attended with no little danger; if we consider that the doctrine of the Trinity, the most important of all the funda'mental doctrines of Christianity, is nowhere expressly asserted; and that the Unitarians have on that very account rejected it; though it is established by the most solid proofs of analytical and synthetical theology, and by the concurrent, uninterrupted testimony of the universal church, from the days of the apostles to our

own.

ART. V.-The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright. Edited by his Niece, F. D. Cartwright. 2 vols. 8vo. Colburn,

London.

We are indebted to Major Cartwright for a great deal of amusement during his lifetime, and the sum of our obligation is certainly increased by his present Biography. The kind-hearted old gentleman (for such he was in eminence) never failed to remind us, in his political vagaries, of Prior's Squirrel, "spending his little rage,' and twirling his wheel in perpetual gyrations, without advancing one step onward towards his object; yet all the while imagining, with the most contented self-complacency, that his progress was proportionate to his bustle. If the record now before us confirms the judgment which we had previously formed, of the scale by which Major Cartwright's " enlightened mind and profound Constitutional knowledge" (they are the words of no less a man than Fox himself, and they are chosen as one of the mottos of this work) are to be measured, we receive a far more gratifying assurance from it, that in all the charities of domestic and social life we had by no means overrated his excellence.

John Cartwright was born on the 17th of September, (old style,) 1740, at Marnham, in Nottinghamshire. His family, which was respectable for its antiquity, had diminished its possessions by exertion in the Royal cause during the great Rebellion; and, as a burned child proverbially dreads the fire, it is not impossible that their descendant, whom we are now considering, might derive some of his hyper-democracy from the opposite excess of his forefathers. He was one of ten children, and consequently was to be the author of his own fortunes; for which object his education does not appear to have been by any means, well calculated. At five years of age, he was sent to a Grammar-school at Newark, and afterwards to Heath Academy, in Yorkshire, both barren soils, from which he is said not to have reaped more than a very slight knowledge of Latin; the only language besides his own with which during the course of his long after-life he possessed even this distant acquaintance. His holidays were spent under the roof of Lord Tyrconnel, who had married his father's eldest sister; and this kind aunt, who was greatly attached to him, and who resided during her widowhood in her brother's family at Marnham, anxiously wished to bring her nephew up to agricultural pursuits at home. But his mind was of too mercurial a cast to be thus tamely controlled; and, in a moment of boyish enthusiasm, turning his dungfork into a halberd, he set off to join the armies of

Frederic the Great as a volunteer. On his route to Spandau, however, he proceeded no farther than Stamford, and having been seized once again, as a waif and stray, by the disconsolate steward, who had been despatched in pursuit of him, he returned home with unabated martial ardour. His family no longer restrained his passion for arms, although directed to a new element; a berth was procured for him on board his Majesty's ship the Essex, employed off Cherbourg ;

Quæsitisque diu terris ubi sidere detur,

In mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis.

In this ship he was present at the capture of Cherbourg, and on his transfer to the Magnanime, in 1759, he appears to have been much distinguished by her commander Lord Howe, an officer for whom he ever entertained the utmost gratitude and admiration. During the same year he was actively concerned in the engagement between Sir Edward Hawke and Conflans; so actively indeed, that of the twenty-six men whom he commanded at his gun, thirteen were killed by his side, and the crew to which he belonged became known among their brother tars by the truly nautical soubriquet of "the fighting Mags."

In 1766, he was appointed first lieutenant of the Guernsey, on the Newfoundland station. While on that coast, he filled the high offices of Deputy or Surrogate within the districts of Trinity and Conception Bays, and Deputy Commissary to the Vice-Admiralty Court; he discovered a lake, which proved to be the source of the river Exploits; and he constructed a chart of its vicinity. from which an engraving is now published. On his return he brought over with him eight dogs for his friends, five of which died on the voyage; and a "horribly ugly" Esquimaux woman for himself, who fortunately survived. She was the first of her countrywomen who visited England, and the impression made upon her by the wonders to which she was introduced is very effectively described in the following brief anecdote

"On being shewn the interior of St. Paul's, she was so struck with astonishment and awe, that her knees shook under her, and she leaned for support on the person who stood next her. After a pause of some moments, she exclaimed, in a low and tremulous voice, 'Did man make it, or was it found here?""Vol. i. p. 41.

In 1770, he quitted the Newfoundland station, and on the commencement of the war with Spain, relative to the Falkland Islands, he was very honourably invited by Lord Howe to become one of his lieutenants. On the adjustment of that dispute, he returned home for the benefit of his health, which had been se

verely affected by the hardships of his long services in an inclement climate. It is probably to some particular moment during this period of his life, that the great work of his political new birth might be traced; and that, in the language of sectarians and enthusiasts of another class, he felt himself graciously indulged with a sweet sense of his union to, and ingraftation on the fertile and good stock. We should have been pleased to find his first awakening recorded as faithfully as are his manifold subsequent experiences-but this satisfaction is denied us.

Certain it is, however, that in 1772, he commenced projector, by suggesting to Government a plan for a perpetual supply of English oak for the Navy. This plan was first submitted to Lord Sandwich, and as Mr. Cartwright had signified his intention of calling at the Admiralty, and repeating his visits till he was admitted, his lordship thought it would save time if he received the applicant at once; so he paid him many handsome compliments on his scheme, informed him that it was not within the limits of his department, and when Mr. Cartwright asked if he had any objection to his presenting it to Lord North, he acquiesced with great readiness. With Lord North accordingly it was left; Lord North referred it to the Board of Admiralty, and the Board of Admiralty referred it to the Navy Board; and its author waited upon each of the Commissioners separately and personally, to communicate the substance of his project before it was openly discussed. Thirty years afterwards we find it once again proposed to Mr. Hiley Addington with similar success.

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The eruption of the American volcano, as might be expected, kindled all Mr. Cartwright's most "combustible and fuell'd entrails." He broke out in print; he drank tea with Mr. Platt," the rebel, traitor, and pirate," of whom he had heard a very favourable account," and who was at that time lodged in Newgate; he suggested the expediency of an union between Great Britain and her Colonies under separate legislatures; he distributed "a short argument" at the doors of Parliament to every Member indiscriminately; and he commenced those complaints against the want of public honesty which he continued for forty-nine years afterwards so incessantly and so ineffectually. "Would I could find in those I have to deal with," he wrote most emphatically to one with whom he had to deal, a moderate portion of integrity. I want but half a dozen honest men to save a city!"

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In 1775, he was appointed Major of the Nottinghamshire Militia, and forthwith he very meritoriously employed himself in organizing a new regimental button. The design consisted of a cap of Liberty resting on a book, over which appeared a hand, holding a