Section 2.

THE MARINER'S COMPASS, ITS ERRORS AND THEIR

CORRECTION.

THE LOG LINE AND TIME GLASSES,
PATENT LOGS, ETC.

LEADS, LEAD LINES, AND SOUNDING
MACHINES.

THE QUADRANT AND SEXTANT, ADJUSTMENTS,

ETC.

LIGHTS AND BEACONS.

LIGHT HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.

LIGHT HOUSE DISTRICTS.

BUOYAGE OF CHANNELS.

DEPTH OF WATER IN CHANNELS, RIVERS AND HARBORS OF THE UNITED STATES.

A Table of the Angles

WHICH EVERY POINT AND QUARTER POINT OF THE COMPASS MAKES WITH THE MERIDIAN.

Opposite or Back Bearings. Points. Degrees, &c Points. Opposite or Back Bearings.

N.O.

P.M.

N.W.bW.N.O.quart O. M. quarto P. N.O.cuarto O.
Maestro.
N.O.

W.S.W.
W. zu S.

West.
W. zu N.
W.N.W.

N.W.zu W.

N.W.zu W.
N.N.W.

N. zu W.

N.W.

Noord.
N. ten O.
N.N.0.
N.O. ten N.
N.O.
N.O. ten O.
O.N.O.
O. ten N.

Oost.
O. ten Z.
O.Z.O.
Z.O. ten O.
Z.O.
Z.O. ten Z.

Z.Z.O.
Z. ten O.

Zuid.
Z. ten W.
Z.Z.W.
Z. W. ten Z.

Z.W.
Z.W.ten W.

W.Z.W.
W. ten Z.

West.
W. ten N.

W.N.W.

gian, Danish.

Nord. N. til O.

N.N.O. N.O.tilN. N.O. N.O.til O. O.N.O. O. til N.

Ost.
O. til S.
O.S.O.
S.O. til 0:
S.O.
S.O. til S.
S.S.O.
S. til O.

Syd.
S. til V.
S.S.V.
S. V.til S.

S.V.
S.V.til V.
V.S.V.
V. til S.

Vest.

V. til N.

V.N.V.

N.W.
N.W.b N. N.O.quart N. M. quarto T. N.O.cuarto N.
N.N.W. N.N.0.
M.T. | N.N.0.
N. b W. N.quart N.O. T. quarto M. N.cuarto N.O.
In the French Compass the abbreviation is q as N. q N.E. or N. 4 N.E.

N. ten W.

q as T. q G. or T. 4 G.

N.N.V.

N. til V.

c as N. c N.E. or N. 4 N.E.

z as N. z O.

THE mariner's compass consists of three principal parts—the card, the needle attached to it, and the bowl or case.

The whole is enclosed in a compass box or binnacle. The surface of the card is divided into thirty-two parts, each containing 11° 15′these constitute the points of the compass; the half points and quarters are subdivisions of the same.

The north pole is denoted on the card by a fleur-de-lis; and the line which joins the north and south poles passes through the axis of the needle.

The card is directed by the needle, which, with it, is pivoted on a vertical axis, and is usually suspended on a central jewelled cap, the point of suspension being of a similar hard material. On the inside