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FORMULA FOR RECORDING STATE OF THE
WEATHER.

B denotes Blue Sky, i.e. clear or

hazy atmosphere.

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Cloudy

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detached

opening clouds.

Drizzling Rain.

Fog-FF Thick Fog.
Gloomy-dk. weather
Hail.

Lightning.

Misty or Hazy—so as
to interrupt the view
Overcast-i.e., whole
sky covered with an
impervious cloud.
Passing Showers.

u denotes Ugly, with a heavy

V

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W

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appearance of the
weather.

Visibility of distant
objects.
Wet dew.

Dot under any letter, an extra-
ordinary degree.

By the combination of these letters all the ordinary phenomena of the weather may be recorded with certainty and brevity.

BCM-Blue sky, with detached opening clouds, but hazy round the horizon.

Rain-continuous rain. GV-Gloomy dark weather, but

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Q

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Squally.

Snow.

T

Thunder.

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distant objects remarkably visible.

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In other Latitudes substitute South or Southward for North, &c.

Much inequality of atmospheric pressure or temperature, great depression or elevation of the barometer, sudden or rapid alternations, great falls of rain or snow-indicate more or less change, more or less wind, with its usual accompaniments, either in some places only, or throughout an extensive area of hundreds of miles, if not thousands.

Speaking generally, there is far less occasion to give warning of southerly storms by signal than of northerly, because those from the southward are preceded by notable signs in the atmosphere, by a falling barometer, and by a temperature higher than usual to the season; whereas, on the contrary, dangerous storms from a polar quarter (N. W. to N. E.) are sometimes sudden, and usually are preceded by a rising barometer, which is often misleading, especially when accompanied by a temporary lull, of perhaps a day or two, with an appearance of fine weather.

THERMOMETER.

Fahrenheit, Réaumur, and the Centigrade Scales.

CNT. FAHR. RMR. CNT. FAHR. RMR. CNT. FAHR. RMR. CNT. FAHR. RMR.

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Zero Fahrenheit corresponds with minus 1778 Centigrade, and minus 14°22 Réaumur.

1424

15'21

32

THE SHIPPING WORLD YEAR BOOK.

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1 cubic ft. of sea water = 64lb.

61 gallons.

=

61 gallons.

I imperial gallon = 10lb. = 277 cubic inches.

224 gallons= 20cwt. = 36 cubic feet.

A column of water 12 inches high, rin. square ='434lb.
A similar column, 1in. diameter='341lb.

1 cylindrical foot 4'9 gallons ='49lb.

An inch rainfall = 14 million gallons per square mile.
Current requires minimum fall 1-10th inch per inch.

IMMERSION IN SALT AND FRESH WATER.

To find the difference of immersion or draught in salt and fresh water. If from salt to fresh, multiply the draught of salt water by 36, and divide the product by 35. If from fresh to salt, multiply the draught of fresh water by 35 and divide the product by 36.

=

Example :-Required the draught of a vessel in fresh water when drawing 20ft in salt water: 20ft x 36 720 ÷ 35ft. = 20 5 in. Table of draughts worked out by the above formula :

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The Southern Ocean below Cape Horn reaches a depth of 5,500 yards, and off Cape of Good Hope, 5,700 yards. The average depth of the Bay of Biscay is 1,200 yards.

BEAUFORT NOTATION, FORMULA, AS USED FOR INDICATING THE DISTURBANCE OF THE SEA.

o Calm.

1 Very Smooth.

2 Smooth.

3 Slight.

4 Moderate.

5 Rather Rough.

6 Rough.

7 High.

8 Very High.

9 Tremendous

TIME, AT FULL AND CHANGE,

WHEN THE FOLLOWING LIGHTSHIPS SWING FROM FLOOD

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SPHEROIDAL TABLES,

SHOWING THE LENGTH OF EACH DEGREE OF LATITUDE IN STATUTE MILES AND OF LONGITUDE IN MINUTES OF LATITUDE OR NAUTICAL MILES UNDER EACH PARALLEL OF LATITUDE.

LATITUDE.

Length of one Degree in Statute Miles.

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To find the height at which a Light should be put above the sea level to show a given number of miles :

Multiply the number of miles by itself, and by 4, and divide
the product by 7. Thus, a lamp required to show ten
miles- 10 x 10 = 100 × 4=400
7)-
55 feet.

Should be 55 feet high above the sea level.

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