CHAPTER XXV.

THE CONTEST FOR THE DELAWARE RIVER. September-November,

1777.

Philadelphia of no military importance, 422 - Defences of the river,

422 Loss of the American frigate, 423 Billingsport deserted, 423

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Despondency, 423

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Howe's camp at Germantown, 423-Speech of

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Washington to his army, 424

Party with Washington, 425

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His plan of attack on the British, 424

Howe surprised, 425 Musgrave in

Chew's house, 425 Greene behind time, 425 Advance of Sullivan

and Wayne, 425 Attempt to take Chew's house, 426 Washington

advances to the front, 426 — Tardy arrival of Greene, 426 His bad dis-

position of his troops, 426 - Macdougall, 427 — Greene, 427

427- Woodford, 427 Armstrong, 427-Sullivan's men, 427-

talions with Cornwallis, 428 - Washington retreats, 428 Why victory

was lost, 428 Supplies to the British cut off, 428 — Inactivity of Penn-

sylvania, 429 British fleet in the Delaware, 429 - Red-bank and Mud

island, 429 — British abandon the passes in the Highlands, 429 — News

from Burgoyne, 429 Donop goes against Red-bank, 430 His attack,

430 His repulse, 431 - The British lose ships of war, 431 - Loss of

the Hessians, 431 Donop's death-bed, 431

Gates

Howe resigns, 432

fails in duty, 432 - Mission of Hamilton, 432 — Conduct of congress, 432

Congress lose their opportunity, 433 -Siege of Mud island, 433 -

Fleury, 433 Thayer, 433 British prepare for an attack, 434 Thayer

evacuates Mud island, 434. Cornwallis in New Jersey, 435 - Followed

by Greene, 435 Gallantry of Lafayette, 435 The states cannot be

subjugated, 435.

past, 436 Unity of the colonies, 437 No central authority, 437-

Principle of resistance, 437 Spirit of separation increases, 438- Extent

of the United States, 438- Citizenship, 438 Subject and citizen, 439

Citizen and free inhabitant, 439- Naturalization, 439— Intercitizenship,

439- Independence of each state, 439 Vote by states, 440- The

compromise, 440 The two-thirds vote, 440 Vote by majority, 441-

Congress has no power to levy taxes, 441 Post-office, 441 - Import and

export duties, 441 Influence of slavery on the distribution of the quotas,

441 Quota regulated by houses and lands, 442-Navigation laws, 442

Amendment proposed by New Jersey, 442- The confederation and

the slave-trade, 443- The domain within the states, 443 - The country

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northwest of the Ohio, 443 - Jealousy of military power, 443 — Effect

of the esteem for Washington, 444 - Thirteen armies and not one, 444

— Maritime affairs, 444 - Foreign relations, 444 — Joint powers of the

states and the United States, 445- Rotation in congress, 445

The com-

mittee of states, 445 - Congress has no veto power, 445 No judiciary,

445- No incidental powers, 446 - Mode of amending the confederation,

446- Character of the confederation, 446-Four great results, 446 -

A republican government and extent of territory, 447 - Elimination of

disfranchisements, 447-Free inhabitants free citizens, 447- Intercit-

izenship, 447 Opposition of South Carolina, 448- Overruled by con-

gress, 448

- Causes of the decision, 448- Who are members of a colony,

448 Definition of a citizen, 449 The free black, 449-Universal

suffrage, 449- Individual liberty secured, 449 Declaration of rights,

449 The Greek system, 450 — American system, 450 — The confedera-

tion a contradiction, 450 Elements of union, 450-

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Nationality, 451

A free people of the United States, 451 - Dangers to its nationality, 451.

CHAPTER XXVII.

WINTER-QUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. November, 1777 April,

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1778.

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Clamor for the capture of Philadelphia, 452 - Howe plans an attack

on Washington, 452- Washington at Whitemarsh, 453- First advance

of Howe, 453-Lts failure, 453-Second advance, 453 He fears to

attack, 454 — Returns to Philadelphia, 454 - Washington in winter-quar-

ters, 454

Conway cabal, 454- Washington's opinion of Conway, 454 --

Conway's discontent, 455 — Letter of Reed, 455 - Conduct of Wilkin-

son, 455-

Favors to Mifflin, 455 - Washington has an interview with

Conway, 455-Sullivan's opinion, 456 — Wayne, 456- Movements of

Conway, 456-Letter of Lovell, 456- Of Wayne, 456 - Conway and

Mifflin, 456- Lovell on Washington, 457 - Discontent of congress, 457

-Mifflin on Conway, 457- Gates to Conway, 457 Gates complains

to congress, 457-Promotion of Conway, 457-Condition of Washing-

ton's army, 458-Valley Forge for winter-quarters, 458-Sufferings of

the American troops, 458 They build huts, 458 Their privations, 459

- Remonstrance of Pennsylvania, 459 Reply of Washington, 459–

Absurd advice of Sullivan, 460 "New Jersey Gazette," 460- Congress

does nothing for the army, 460 - Remonstrances of Washington, 461-

Care to avoid jealousy of the military power, 461 — Rush plots against Wash-

ington, 461 Conduct of Patrick Henry, 462-Vote of Pennsylvania, 462

- Winter expedition against Canada, 462 — Conduct of Lafayette, 462 –

Incompetency of Gates, 463 - Washington suffers exquisite pain, 463

His letters to the historian Gordon, 463- His remonstrances to congress,

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Mifflin, 484- Cou-

Consequences

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464 His enemies shrink back, 464-Gates, 464

-The committee of congress repair to camp, 464

way, 464

of procrastination, 465 Comfort of the British in Philadelphia, 465-

Their passion for amusement, 465- Their dissoluteness, 465- The em-

barkation of Burgoyne's troops suspended, 466 - Conquest of Natchez,

466 Expedition of Saint Clair Clarke to the northwest, 467 — Of

Gist to the southwest, 467 American privateers, 467 · American

public ships, 467- Heroism of Biddle, 467- Weakness of the govern-

ment, 467 — More paper money, 468-Its depreciation, 468 - Washington

advises drafts from the militia, 468- Slaves of Rhode Island enlisted, 468

- Emancipation in Rhode Island, 468 The United States and defaulters,

469 Greene quartermaster-general, 469 Steuben inspector-general,

469 Conflict of opinion between congress and Washington, 470- Con-

gress for separatism, 470 — Washington for union, 470 — Congress jealous

of the army, 470- Washington on standing armies, 471 Submission of

the army to the civil power, 471 - Necessity of union between the army

and citizens, 471- People of the United States, 472 - Merit of the

soldiers, 472 - Unity of the country, 472.

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CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE UNITED STATES AND GEORGE THE THIRD.

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America independent in fact, 473- Policy of Russia, 473

eric, 473 Arthur Lee at Vienna, 473- At Berlin,,473 The British

minister employs a burglar, 474-Frederic favors American indepen-

dence, 474 Refuses the troops for America the transit through his do-

minions, 474 - Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, 474- His' bad bargain, 474

His loss of troops, 474 - Reception of his troops at Quebec, 474 - Des-

potic conduct of the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, 474 - Meanness of the

Brunswick princes, 474— Wish their troops sent to the West Indies, 475

— Failure of a treaty with Wirtemberg, 475 — With the elector palatine,

475 - England makes no new subsidiary treaties, 475 America and Ger-

man literature, 475- Goethe, 475" Price on Liberty," 475 - Lessing,

Schiller, 475 - Kant, 475 Address of Mirabeau to the peoples

of Germany and the soldiers, 476 Reply of the landgrave, 476- Mira-

Opening of parliament, 476 The king still for

reducing the colonies, 477 — Chatham, 477 — His despair, 477 — His opin-

ion that America cannot be conquered, 477 - His protest against the use

of German hirelings, 477— And of savage hell-hounds, 477 -

His policy,

477 Plan of the Rockingham party, 477 — Duke of Richmond on inde-

pendence, 477 - Chatham on Gibraltar, 477-Lord North hears of Bur-

goyne's surrender, 478 He desires to make peace, 478 Speech of

Richmond, 478 Of Burke, 478 - Of Fox, 478 - North follows the

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advice of George, 478 — His penitence in his old age, 478 — Burgoyne's

surrender known in France, 478 · Vergennes desires a treaty, 479–

Boundaries of the colonies, 479 The fisheries, 479-Louis the Sixteenth

On what conditions, 480-

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will support American independence, 480-

No propagandism, 480 — Promise of aid in money, 480- Ships for Amer-

ica to be convoyed, 480 Mischievous intermeddling of Arthur Lee, 480

-Lord Amherst's opinion on the conduct of the war, 480

The king

will not let Lord North flinch, 480 — A place in the ministry offered

Chatham, 481 - Whose friends the king courts, 481 Treaties between

France and the United States, 481 - Their principles, 481- Their condi-

tions, 481 The French claim to the fisheries acknowledged, 481 — Con-

traband goods, 482-When peace may be made, 482— Mutual guaran-

ties, 482 Spain, 482- The treaties in England, 482- Hillsborough

attacks Richmond, 482- The answer, 482- Richmond seeks the friend-

ship of Chatham, 483 - Eulogy of Chatham by Grenville, 483 — Franklin

gains public opinion for America, 483. Voltaire, 483-Difference be-

tween him and America, 483 The two on the same side, 484 — Vol-

taire's blessing on America, 484 - His homage to Lafayette, 484 - Lord

North's conciliatory bills, 484- He confesses his own want of policy, 484

- Effect of his speech on the commons, 484- Hartley's attempt with

Franklin, 485- Franklin's reply, 485 France avows her treaties with

America, 485 — Will protect commerce between France and the United

States, 486 State of war between England and France, 486 — Ambassa-

dor's recall, 486 George the Third and Chatham, 486

- Demands of Chatham, 486-Violence of the king, 487 -

ence, 487

Will risk his crown, 487 - Conway for treating with Frank-

lin, 487 Rockingham on independence, 487 - Shelburne for war with

His opinion of a change in the ministry, 487- Vehement

anger of George the Third, 488.

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France, 487-

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THE UNITED STATES AND FRANCE. 1778.

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His persist-

American commissioners presented to the king, 489 - Franklin's dress,

489-The commissioners presented to the queen, 490 - Peevishness of

the king, 490 - Character of Franklin's mind, 490 - Not overawed by

birth or authority, 490 His tranquillity, 490 - Why he was frugal, 491

His moral greatness, 491 His manners, 491 He wins universal re-

spect, 491-

His eulogy by John Adams, 491 - By D'Alembert, 492 — A

representative of opinion, 492- What Malesherbes said, 492 - Franklin
excites no jealousy in the privileged classes, 492 - His secret of states-
manship, 492 His prediction of the French revolution, 492 — He uses
his fame for his country's good, 492 Superior to envy, 493 - He is

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esteemed by the best men in England, 493 - Position of the king and

Chatham, 493 Chatham and Richmond, 493 - Chatham and the house

of lords, 194 - Speech of Richmond, 494 Chatham's reply, 494 — Rich-

mond rejoins, 495 Chatham struck with death, 495 - Indifference of

Mansfield, 495— Glee of the king, 495 Chatham in his last days, 495

- His eloquence, 496 His haughtiness to the last, 496 — IIis death,

496 The lords refuse to attend his funeral, 496-Influence of France

on the political institutions of England, 496- Powers of Europe favor

the United States, 497 — England insists on a preference from the United

States, 497-France asks no favor, 497- Agency of Hartley, 497

Frankness of Franklin, 497- Speech of Fox, 497 The British com-

mission to the United States a delusion, 498 — Opinion of Washington,

498-Resolution of congress, 498 - Opinion of Governor Clinton, 498 –

Of Jay, 498 Of Robert Morris, 498 A French fleet sails to the

United States, 499- Gerard embarks as minister, 499 - Alliance between

France and America riveted, 499 Franklin and Voltaire at the French

academy, 499 Cause of the alliance of France and America, 499

Free inquiry, 499 - System of Luther, 500 — Of Descartes, 500 - Dif-

ference between the systems, 500- The system of Protestantism con-

tinuity, 500 Of Descartes, revolution, 500 - Lutherans and Calvinists,

501-Philosophers, 501 Lessing, 501 - Calvinism in philosophy, 501

Kant in politics the counterpart of America, 501 Free thought in

France, 502 Why it had a spirit of revenge, 502 — Causes that con-

tributed to free thought, 502 - Influence of America, 502-Force of

public opinion in France, 503 - No free public opinion in Spain, 503 –

Contrast between French literature and Spanish, 503 — Natural science

and religion, 504- Religion in Spain subjected to materialism, 504 —

Spain intolerant, 504- Contrast between the French mind and the Span-

ish mind, 504 -- The Bourbon family compact annulled, 505 - Spain an

enemy to American independence, 505 — The offer of Florida rejected,

505 Gibraltar, 505 - France and the United States, 505- France

confers a priceless benefit, 506 Benefit of the American revolution to

France, 506.

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