from their fountain-what heart can refuse them its sincerest sympathy, what tongue its most encouraging word, what hand its most efficient aid?

"If there be an appeal for sympathy and encouragement which no patriotic or philanthropic breast can resist, it is that of young men struggling against the temptations which beset their path, and striving to prepare themselves, intellectually and morally, for discharging the duties which are about to devolve on their maturer life. And if there be a spectacle calculated to fill every such breast with joy, and to reward a thousand fold those who may have contributed in any way to the result, it is that of young men who have thus striven and struggled with success. There is a name in history. It is associated with some of the proudest achievements of the proudest empire of the world. It has been shouted along the chariot-ways of imperial Rome on occasions of her most magnificent triumphs. Whole volumes have been filled with the brilliant acts which have illustrated that name in three successive generations. But there is a little incident which takes up hardly ten lines on the historic page, which has invested it with a charm higher and nobler than all these. The Sybils, we are told, had prophesied that the Bona Dea should be introduced into Rome by the best man among the Romans. The Senate was accordingly busied to pass judgment who was the best man in the city. And it is no small tribute to the Roman virtue of that day, that all men are said to have been more ambitious to get the victory in that dispute, than if they had stood to be elected to the highest and most lucrative offices and honors within the gift of the Senate or the people. The Senate at last selected PUBLIUS SCIPIO; of whom the only record is, that he was the nephew of Cneus, who was killed in Spain, and that he was a young man, who had never attained to that lowest of all the public honors of the empire, for which it was only necessary for him to have reached the age of two-and-twenty years. We may admire-we must admire the resistless energy, the matchless heroism, of those two thunderbolts of warScipio, the conqueror of Hannibal, and Scipio, the destroyer of Carthage. But who does not feel, that this little story has thrown around that name a halo of peerless brilliancy; yes, one

Which shall new lustre boast,

When monarchs' gems and victors' wreaths
Shall blend in common dust!"

CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

The Zollverein, with a population of 29,066,000 souls, consumes annually 70,000 tons of cane, and 10,500 of beet-root sugar. Belgium, Holland, Oldenburgh, Hamburgh, Bremen, Lubeck, Hanover, and Meckburgh, with a gross population of 10,349,000, consume altogether 51,000 tons of cane, and 5,000 of beet-root sugar. Russia, with a population of 56,778,000, consumes 62,400 tons of cane, and 6,000 of beet-root sugar. France, with a population of 35,400,000, consumes 89,000 tons of French colonial sugar, 11,000 tons of foreign colonial sugar, and 28,000 tons of beet-root sugar. Portugal, with a population of 3,412,000, consumes 10,000 tons of sugar. Spain, with a population of 13,786,000, consumes 36,000 tons (36,000 tons of Cuba sugar in 1844.) Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, with a population of 6,509,000, consume altogether 12,000 tons of sugar. Great Britain and Ireland, with a population of 28,323,000, consumes 240,000 tons of sugar per year; the Ionian islands, Gibraltar, Cracow, and Switzerland, consume altogether about 46,000 tons of sugar. Turkey and Greece, with a population of 10,700,000, consume only 4,000 tons of sugar. Canada, and other colonies, with a population of 4,544,000, consume, it is estimated, about 15,000 tons; and the United States, with a population of 18,700,000, consumes 150,000 tons of sugar. The gross total population of the above sugar-consuming countries, amounts to 278,033,000 souls, and the total annual consumption of sugar amounts to 845,900 tons. In the Zollverein, the proportion of sugar consumed by each individual per annum, amounts to 6 1-8 lbs. ; in the German states, not therein included, to 12 1-16 lbs. ; in Russia, to 1 1-16 lbs. ; in France, to 8 2-10 lbs. ; in Portugal, to 6 6-10 lbs. ; in Spain, to 6 5-10 lbs. ; in Scandinavia, to 4 1-10 lbs. ; in Great Britain, to 19 lbs.; and in the United States of America to 18 lbs.

FIRST TRADING SETTLEMENT ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER.

It is stated by J. T. Buckingham, Esq., the editor of the Boston Courier, that Captain Jonathan Winship, of Brighton, projected and commenced the first attempt, by any civilized person, to establish a trading establishment on the Columbia river. Two ships were employed on the expedition, the O'Cain, under the command of Captain Winship himself, and the Albatross, commanded by Captain Nathan Winship, his brother. The latter sailed from Boston July 7, 1809, with about twenty-five persons on board, and with the proper outfit for such an undertaking. She had a long passage to Cape Horn, and arrived at the Sandwich Islands March 25, of the succeeding year. Here an addition of twenty-five persons, all islanders but one, was made to the party, and the ship was properly provisioned. She sailed for the Columbia April 18, and arrived at the mouth of the river May 25. The log-book of the ship describes her course up the river as one of great difficulty, through the strong current, the shallowness of some parts of the river, and ignorance of the channel, Vancouver's chart being quite incorrect. After cruising up the river ten days, a place was selected for the settlement, and preparations were made for the erection of a large trading and dwelling-house, land was cleared for cultivation, and some seeds were sown, when a rise in the river put a stop to their operations. The land was overflowed, and the house, which was nearly finished, was filled with water to the depth of eighteen inches. Of course the spot had to be abandoned.

At this time, Captain Jonathan Winship, in the O'Cain, was at Sir Francis Drake's Bay, California, and his brother determined to join and consult with him, before attempting another location. The settlement was temporarily abandoned, and the Albatross left the river July 18. The two ships continued trading and sealing upon the coast, but did not return to the Columbia, as Mr. Astor's projected settlement had become known; and as he had sent out force and material for the large establishment of Astoria, it was considered useless for a rival company, so much inferior in strength, to attempt to compete with him. The expedition, however, was not finally given up, until the breaking out of the war of 1812, when all thought of renewing it was abandoned.

DUTY ON, AND CONSUMPTION OF TEA.

In Great Britain, the consumption of tea is equal to one pound and a half to each individual of the population, per annum. Foreign coffee pays sixteen cents per pound duty in Great Britain, and Colonial eight cents. In 1821, the consumption per head to the inhabitants of the United States, was one pound and a quarter, and in 1830, the proportion had increased to three pounds per head. It is now more than four pounds per head. In the Island of Newfoundland, where the duty is about five cents per pound, the annual consumption is equal to five pounds per individual of the whole population; and in the Channel Islands, where the duty is also very low, the annual consumption is equal to four pounds and a half to each person. Coffee is admitted free of duty into the United States. A low duty of one or two cents per pound would add something to our revenue, without materially affecting the consumption, and enable the government to reduce the duty where it bears more heavily.

THE BRITISH REVENUE.

The last quarterly returns of the revenue of Great Britain show a decrease amounting to £800,000, as compared with the corresponding quarter in 1844. In order to understand the reason for such a decrease, it should be borne in mind that the reductions of Sir Robert Peel, in the session of Parliament, in the customs and excise duties, amounted to £3,000,000, viz.: sugar duties, £1,300,000; export duties, (coals,) £118,000; cotton, (about) £700,000; sundries, £320,000; auction duties, £250,000, and glass, £642,000.

THE BOOK TRADE.

1.-The History of Rome. By THOMAS ARNOLD, D. D., late Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, Head Master of Rugby School, and Member of the Archæological Society of Rome. Three volumes in two. Reprinted entire from last London edition. In two volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Philadelphia: G. S. Appleton.

It must be a satisfactory consolation to the admirers of Dr. Arnold, that his great unfinished history is published this side of the Atlantic, subsequently to the issue of his other interesting volumes. Whatever may be the opinions of critics of the fidelity with which he has copied Niebuhr, to whom Dr. Arnold expresses the deepest obligation, no one can deny that he has imparted to his history of that oft-storied land, a philosophic interest, that it has not yet received from an English pen. The first volume embraces the period from the founding of Rome, till its capture by the Gauls, in the 4th century before the Christian era. In the next, we are brought to the end of the first Punic war. The distinguished author intended to have carried the history to the coronation of Charlemagne, A. D. 800, but the last volume, published since his death, closes with the war of Scipio and Hannibal, in Africa. Thus unfinished, at the threshold of the period in the narration of which he would have displayed the historian's power, it gives but a fragmentary idea of what it would have been if completed. But as it is, it will be looked upon as a model of classical and philosophical history, gracefully scholarlike in style and execution, severely accurate and critically truthful in narration, most elegant in its original design, most beautiful even in its incompleteness, admirable not more from itself than its author. It is issued in two finished volumes of Appleton's best style. 2.-The History of New Netherlands, or New York, under the Dutch. By E. B. O'CALLAGHAN, Corresponding Member of the New York Historical Society. New York: D. Appleton & Co. This splendid volume gives a history of New York, from its first settlement, in 1609, until the year 1646. It also contains an account of the Dutch West India Company, and their attempts to find a passage to India, which resulted in the settlement of, and their subsequent connection with the colony. A map of New Netherlands, and many valuable papers, obtained from Holland through Dr. Brodhead. are also prefixed to the work. The author has evidently compiled this valuable matter from the most authentic sources, and principally, we believe, from the colonial annals in Albany. We are pleased to learn, that a continuation of the history of the colony, under Peter Stuyvesant, will follow, should the present volume be successful, which it certainly deserves to be, as its importance to our historical literature can only be discerned by an examination of its faithfulness and the valuable materials incorporated in it. It is a noble monument of the research and scholarship of its author, and a credit to the discriminating taste of its enterprising publishers.

3.-Christmas Holydays in Rome. By the Rev. WM. INGRAHAM KIP, author of the "Double Witness of the Church," "The Lenten Fast," etc. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

The writer of this work entered upon his task knowing how often the field had been occupied before him, but, by choosing novel and peculiar portions of the subject for his pen, has produced an interesting and delightful volume. In the description of the "eternal city" at Christmas-time, he has occupied a considerable part of the work, and with matter relating to the Romish church, in regard to which there is a spirit of much candor and judgment displayed. He neither lavishes indiscriminate abuse, or unwarrantable praise, but shows in what its good lies, and why it has so long ruled the minds of men. St. Peter's church mirrors itself to his mind in not an unworthy manner, and of the Vatican, Capitoline Hill, the papal court, and the country about Rome, he has sketched many beautiful features, that will make the oft-described city seem new to those who think themselves familiar with it.

4-A Practical Treatise on Healthy Skin, with Rules for the Medical and Domestic Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases. By ERASMUS WILSON, F. R. S., etc., etc., etc. Illustrated with six steel engravings. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Philadelphia: G. S. Appleton.

This department of medical science has long needed a work like this, for besides being scientific and analytical, it is adapted to the purposes of the physician, as well as that of the patient. The structure of the skin, its peculiarities, and the different kinds of eruptions, both those which impair the outward beauty, and those which spring from unhealthy affections, or cause them, and its relation to the general health of the system, are all carefully explained. The influence of diet, clothing, and exercise, upon it, and particularly the chapter on hydropathy, with that upon bathing, the different and best kinds of baths; all of this information is needed by almost every individual. 5-Chances and Changes; or, Life as it is; Illustrated in the History of a Straw Hat. By CHARLES BURDETT, A. M., author of Never Too Late," "The Elliott Family," "Trials and Triumphs," "The Adopted Child," etc. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

Those who have read and admired the previous stories of Mr. Burdett, should not forego the pleasure this will afford them, for it bears the marks of a growing mind and a more mature intellect. Like all the previous efforts of Mr. Burdett, it inculcates sound practical lessons of morality and religion in the form of interesting and agreeable narrative.

6.-Poems by Felicia Hemans, with an Essay on her Genius. By H. T. TUCKERMAN. Edited by RuFUS W. GRISWOLD. Philadelphia: Sorin & Ball.

If any attractiveness could be added to Mrs. Hemans's poems, which they did not intrinsically possess, it is offered here, in the beautiful essay by Henry T. Tuckerman, which follows the comprehensive memoir by Mr. Griswold. It is a masterpiece of criticism, and skilful appreciation of genius. Of the poems themselves, and the value of the volume, it would be almost detraction to speak; to read the one with which the volume ends, “A Poet's Dying Hymn," is enough for us not to wonder at the universal acknowledgment of her genius; and when we add that the execution of the volume is superior, and like many from the same publishers which we have received, almost unsurpassed, we trust that its claims upon the book-purchasing community will be duly acknowledged.

7.-The Poetical Works of James Montgomery, with a Memoir of the Author. By Rev. RUFUS W. GRISWOLD. In two volumes. Philadelphia: Sorin & Ball.

Few poets have been done up in more costly binding than is the dress with which these volumes are clothed. Besides the exterior, the elegant engravings and the distinct typography are highly creditable to the taste of the publishers. One of the best features of the contents, is the memoir, by Mr. Griswold, of the editor-poet's life, and critical view of his poems. Of Montgomery's poetry, we have always been admirers; in the poems not directly sacred and religious, there is a soul-elevating spirit which is productive of the best influence upon the heart. Though of a school little admired now, because shut out by the innovation of an energetic striving for novelty, his productions are sufficient to have given him an enviable rank among the poets of the day. These volumes should have . a conspicuous position on the shelves of the library, and we should consider it a great addition to literature, if editions of the most popular English poets could be published in a style uniform with these; for in mechanical beauty they have rarely been excelled.

8.-A Practical Manual of Elocution, Embracing Voice and Gesture, Designed for Schools, Academies, and Colleges, as well as for Private Learners. By MERRITT CALDWELL, A. M., Professor of Metaphysics, etc., in Dickinson College. Philadelphia: Sorin & Ball.

This is one of the most theoretical books on the subject of elocution, and at the same time most practical, we have ever seen. Professor Caldwell has suited his system to the philosophy of the hu man voice, as given by Dr. Rush, and embodied scientific principles, as well as the accurate precepts. The cuts are well adapted to illustrate these explicit rules, and in that part of the work which treats of pulpit and dramatic action, it will be seen how much depends upon the publishers for the correct issue of a work like this. In this respect, they have well discharged their task.

9.-The Life and Times of Henry Clay. By CALVIN COLTON, author of the "Junius Tracts," "Four Years in Great Britain," etc. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co.

It would be difficult for a political or personal friend of the subject of this memoir, to speak of it otherwise than in terms of eulogy; for who could write a life of Henry Clay without the enthusiasm which the subject would impart, were he ever so dull? But Mr. Colton has done his work-a great work-bravely and well. We consider Henry Clay the first indigenous noble fruit of our republic, to have produced whom were worthy a sacrifice by any country-him, to whom the present has done dishonor, that the future may do him glory. This is the first successful life of Henry Clay, yet written; this describes the man, not as a politician, orator, statesman, alone, but as all, and that hon. estly, candidly, thoughtfully, and the darkest and deepest passages intelligibly and philosophically. The chapters of his early life and personal character, are beautiful, and the account of his political rise, intensely interesting. Mr. Clay's political principles and views are clearly and accurately given, and the ingratitude of the American people powerfully suggested, but little touched upon. Mr. Colton has, in short, done his work well; and as hallowing time cleaves more closely to these glorious events -the gold and jewels of our history-his labors will not be forgotten. The memoir is comprised in two as noble volumes as ever emanated from the American press.

10.- Williams' Statistical Companion and Pictorial Almanac for 1846. With Sixteen Portraits. New York: Homans & Ellis.

This is decidedly the best manual of the kind that we have ever seen published. It contains the usual calendar pages of an almanac, the most interesting statistics of the United States and European countries, accurately compiled, and presented in a very concise, and at the same time comprehensive form; and although an almanac, it will be useful as a book of reference in all time to come. It contains sixteen portraits of the reigning sovereigns of Europe, and other distinguished functionaries at home and abroad. It is worth a dozen of the Doggett's New York Almanac.

11.-A Picture of New York in 1846, with a Short Account of Places in its Vicinity; Designed as a Guide to Citizens and Strangers; with Numerous Engravings and a Map of the City. New York: Homans & Ellis.

Corresponding in size, style, etc., with the Statistical Almanac by the same publishers, it is emphatically what its title designates, a "Picture of New York." The numerous engravings of churches, banks, etc., and the various public buildings that ornament the city, are all beautifully executed, and add not a little to the interest of the letter-press information with which the volume abounds. We may refer to this in a future number of the Magazine.

12-The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. By THOMAS CARLYLE. In two volumes. New York: Wiley & Putnam's Library of Choice Reading.

A modest title, truly, for a great and extraordinary work, in which it can be seen how materials. such as speeches and letters, old and dead, like the "dry bones" of the prophets, can be so arranged, revivified, and infused with life, by the breath of genius and power, as to form a living, beautiful work. Mr. Carlyle has not merely been an editor of these, but with these, he has been the first biographer of Cromwell and most philosophical historian of the time. He has supplied the interstices of the history, and an introduction and conclusion, saying little, save by way of deduction, in that expressive, condensed, odd-eminently odd-style of his. He admires Cromwell, and wishes to make us do the same, not after his own dictum, but from the true graphic picture of the man, as expressed in his public writings, his social and political deeds, and his private letters and prayers. To us, this crabbed, fearless philosophy of his, these lashings of the mercenary spirit of the now decaying, but once heroic commonwealth, for which he writes so patriotically, has much refreshing nobleness. 13.-Memoirs of Benevento Cellini, a Florentine Artist, Written by Himself; Containing a Variety of Information respecting the Arts and the History of the Sixteenth Century. With the Notes and Observations of G. P. CARSSARI. Translated by THOMAS ROSCOE, Esq. In two volumes. Foreign Library, Nos. I. and II. New York: Wiley & Putnam.

Mr. Roscoe, as a translator of Italian works, has given to this most perfect of autobiographies, all the clearness of the most recherche English work. Benevento, at once a soldier, musician, and poet, was long engaged in the humble occupation of goldsmithing and bronze-casting, out of which material he made himself a distinguished artist. Intimate with the artists and statesmen of that time-the age of "Medici" the magnificent, he has rendered a lasting benefit to posterity, by giving it so much of interest concerning them. After he fixed their portraits upon the canvass, he transferred to his record the reflection their characters had painted on his mind; and even the adventures of his own life, in the description of which he unconsciously portrays his power, have an interest that is surprising. It is seldom that an artist and genius, as well as man of action, bravery, and independence, is equally industrious to do for his contemporaries in his own autobiography what Cellini has done in his.

14.-The Rhine. By VICTOR HUGO, in Two Parts. Foreign Library.

New York: Wiley & Putnam.

These graphic pictures of the Rhine, are written in the form of letters to a friend, and partake rather of the art and judgment of an experienced scholar, and man of the world, than of the poet. They embody many historic legends and associations of the middle ages, connected with the castled river whose banks are lined with the ruins of times full of chivalry and poesy. Hugo's mind blends the grotesque, fantastic and romantic, in descriptions of truthful detail, that admirably adapt the book to the purposes of guide and reference for those who travel through that beautiful region. With a clear and observing intellect, and brilliant imagination, he wants that deep noble enthusiasm, so characteristic of the Teuton and Saxon, and always deficient in French writers.

15-Lectures on the English Poets. By WILLIAM HAZLITT. From third London edition, edited by his son. New York: Wiley & Putnam's Library of Choice Reading.

The introductory lecture is on "Poetry in General," and is doubtless one of Hazlitt's most labored and discriminating efforts. In the subsequent lectures, he takes up successively, and in his most philosophical and yet engaging style, Chaucer and Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton, Dryden and Pope, Thompson and Cowper, Swift, Young, Gray, Collins, Shenstone, Chatterton, Burns; and of the living poets, Rogers Campbell, Moore, Byron, Scott, Wordsworth, Southey, and Coleridge; in addition, appendixes on Milton's Lycidas and Eve, Wordsworth's Excursion, and Pope, Bowles, and Lord Byron. 16-Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. Godfrey of Bulloigne, or the Recovery of Jerusalem, done into English Heroical Verse from the Italian of Tasso. By EDWARD FAIRFAX. First American, from the seventh London edition, reprinted from original folio of 1600. To which are prefixed an Introductory Essay, by LEIGH HUNT, and the Lives of Tasso and Fairfax, by CHARLES KNIGHT. New York: Wiley & Putnam's Library of Choice Reading.

Few poets have been more fortunate in their translators, than he who sang the high and chivalrous deeds of the crusaders in his "Jerusalem Delivered." Lord Fairfax had a poet's taste and appreciation, which the greatest critics of England have placed but little below Tasso's genius. The grand, magnificent poem, needs no remark, but that, with the life of the mighty fabricator, and of his elegant translator combined, offer attractions very rarely presented so conveniently to the public. 17.-The Pilgrim in the Shadow of the Jungfrau Alp. By GEORGE B. CHEEVER, D. D. New York: Wiley & Putnam's Library of American Books, No. XI.

What we said in our notice of Dr. Cheever's previous work, "Wanderings of a Pilgrim under the Shadow of Mont Blanc," in a former number of this Magazine, will apply with equal force to the present volume. The descriptions of whatever is wonderful, sublime, gloomy, or terrible in nature, embracing the Jungfrau, the Grand Scheideck, the pass of the Furca, the romantic St. Gothard, the sky gazing brow of the Righi, the Wallenstadt passes, the amazing pass of the Splugen, and all that Dr. Cheever the author conld see, are fully appreciated, and graphically and powerfully described goes "moralizing all the way upon icy texts, and wishing to make a volume more of thoughts than things." The only fault that we find with Dr. Cheever, is the sticking-outness of his puritan piety, which is not always the most tolerant.