afford to the vessels of the other, whether belonging to the State or to individuals, the same assistance and protection, and the same immunities which would have been granted to its own vessels in similar cases.

ART. XVII. It is moreover agreed between the two contracting parties, that the Consuls and Vice-Consuls of the United States in the ports of Belgium, and, reciprocally, the Consuls and Vice-Consuls of Belgium in the ports of the United States, shall continue to enjoy all the privileges, protection, and assistance usually granted to them, and which may be necessary for the proper discharge of their functions. The said Consuls and ViceConsuls may cause to be arrested and sent back, either to their vessels or to their country, such seamen as may have deserted from the vessels of their nation. To this end they shall apply in writing to the competent local authorities, and they shall prove, by exhibition of the vessel's crew list or other document, or, if she have departed, by copy of said documents, duly certified by them, that the seamen whom they claim formed part of the said crew. Upon such demand, thus supported, the delivery of the deserters shall not be refused. They shall, moreover, receive all aid and assistance in searching for, seizing, and arresting such deserters; who shall, upon the requisition and at the expense of the Consul or Vice-Consul, be confined and kept in the prisons of the country until he shall have found an opportunity for sending them home. If, however, such an opportunity should not occur within three months after the arrest, the deserters shall be set at liberty, and shall not again be arrested for the same cause. It is, however, understood that seamen of the country in which the desertion shall occur, are excepted from these provisions, unless they be naturalized citizens or subjects of the other country.

ART. XVIII. Articles of all kinds, the transit of which is allowed in Belgium, coming from or going to the United States, shall be exempt from all transit duty in Belgium, when the transportation through the Belgian territory is effected on the railroads of the State.

ART. XIX. The present treaty shall be in force during ten years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications, and until the expiration of twelve months after either of the high contracting parties shall have announced to the other its intention to terminate the operation thereof; each party reserving to itself the right of making such declaration to the other at the end of the ten years above mentioned; and it is agreed that, after the expiration of the twelve months of prolongation accorded on both sides, this treaty and all its stipulations shall cease to be in force.

ART. XX. This treaty shall be ratified, and the ratification shall be exchanged at Washington within the term of six months after its date, or sooner if possible; and the treaty shall be put in execution within the term of twelve months.

In faith whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the present treaty in duplicate, and have affixed thereto their seals. Brussels, the tenth of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty-five.

THOM. G. CLEMSON, [L. S.]
A. DECHAMPS, (L. s.]

DUTIES ON GOODS SOLD AT AUCTION IN NEW YORK.

The following is a correct copy of "An Act in relation to Duties on Goods sold at public auction, and to the Bonds of Auctioneers," passed April 11th, 1846, by "the people of the state of New York, represented in the Senate and Assembly," and signed by the governor of the state.

Sec. 1. All goods, wares, and merchandise, and every other species of personal pro. perty, which shall at any time be exposed to sale by public auction within this state, with the exceptions mentioned in the second section of this act, and in the fifth section of title one, chapter seventeen, part one of the Revised Statutes, shall be subject, each and every time they shall be struck off, to duties at the following rates, namely:

1. All wines and ardent spirits, foreign or domestic, at the rate of one dollar on every one hundred dollars.

2. All goods, wares, merchandise, and effects imported from any place beyond the Cape of Good Hope, at the rate of fifty cents on every one hundred dollars.

3. All other goods, wares, merchandise, and effects, which are the production of any foreign country, at the rate of seventy-five cents on every one hundred dollars.

The duties shall be calculated on the sums for which the goods so exposed to sale shall be respectively struck off, and shall in all cases be paid by the person making the sale. Sec. 2. No auction duties shall be payable upon the following goods and articles : 1. Ships and vessels.

2. Utensils of husbandry, horses, neat cattle, hogs, and sheep.

3. Articles of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, except distilled spirits.

Sec. 3. The account required by law from every auctioneer, shall hereafter be rendered semi-annually, on the first Mondays of July and January in each year.

Sec. 4. The bond required by law from every auctioneer shall be renewed on or before the first Monday in January in each and every year.

Sec. 5. Every auctioneer in the city of New York shall, within ten days after the bond required by law shall have been executed, and the certificate required by law endorsed thereon, file a copy thereof, and also a copy of saia certificate, certified by the officer taking the bond, with the clerk of the city and county of New York.

Sec. 6. The clerk of the city and county of New York shall keep a book or books, with an index alphabetically arranged, in which he shall cause to be recorded every bond so filed, for which he shall be entitled to a fee of fifty cents for every bond so filed, to be paid by the party executing such bond.

Sec. 7. Every auctioneer neglecting to file such certified copy within the time required by law, shall forfeit for every such neglect the sum of one hundred dollars, such penalty to be sued for and recovered by the district attorney, and when recovered, to be paid into the treasury of the state.

Sec. 8. Any person who shall act as auctioneer in selling any goods liable to auction duties, without filing the bonds required by law, or who shall neglect to make or render the accounts, or to pay over the duties required by law, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by imprisonment, not exceeding one year, or by fine, not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment.

Sec. 9. To entitle any goods, wares, or merchandise, or other property sold at auction in the city and county of New York, afer the passage of this act, to an exemption from the payment of auction duties to the state, as goods damaged at sea upon the voyage of importation, the auctioneer shall be furnished before sale with a proper certificate from the board of port wardens of the port of New York, that such goods were examined by a member of that board, at the proper time and in the proper manner, and that they were damaged at sea upon the voyage of importation, so as in the opinion of said board of wardens to be entitled to be sold at auction as damaged goods, and be exempt from the payment of auction duties; and also with a statement, upon oath of the president or secretary of the Marine Insurance Company in the city and county of New York, in which said goods shall have been insured, in case any insurance shall have been effected on said goods, stating the fact of insurance of the goods in such company, and the amount insured thereon, which said certificate shall be by the said auctioneer exhibited publicly at the said sale, upon the demand of any port-warden, or any other person interested in the said goods, or in the sale thereof; and without such certificates duly furnished to the auctioneer employed to sell the same, all such goods shall, from and after the passage of this act, be charged with the same auction duties as like goods are subject to which are not damaged or claimed to be so.

Sec. 10. Sections first and fourth of title first, chapter seventeenth, part first of the Revised Statutes, and all acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed.

Sec. 11. This act shall take effect immediately.

COMMERCIAL DECREE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF PERU,

IN REGARD TO WHALING AND SEALING SHIPS.

The Department of State, (Washington, April 23d, 1846,) has received from the Uni. ted States Consul at Payta, the following decree of the Government of Peru, which is of great importance to our whaling vessels in the Pacific.

"I, Ramon Castilla, president of the republic, considering

"1. That the residents at Tumbes are deprived of the advantages which they derived from the presence of the whaling and sealing vessels at that place; and

"2. That the government is bound to promote by every means in its power the welfare and advancement of all the places in the republic; having obtained the assent of the Council of State, do decree :

"ARTICLE 1.-Foreign, or national whaling or sealing vessels, may enter the harbor of Tumbes, on payment of the simple duty of ten dollars as anchorage, free from all duties of port, captaincy, roll, and health.

2. The captain of any whaling or sealing vessel may introduce, free of duty, into Tumbes, the quantity of oil which he may wish to sell in order to obtain the provisions and supplies required.

"Art. 3.-The captain, agent, or consignee, of any whaling or sealing vessel shall present the manifest on clear paper, as well as the order for her clearance.

"Art. 4.-The captain of the port of Tumbes shall, of his own authority alone, issue the license to depart, to whaling or sealing vessels, whether national or foreign.

"Art. 5.-Whaling or sealing vessels remain subject, in cases of clandestine introduction of merchandise, even of oil, to the penalties declared in the commercial regulation which they infringe.

"The minister of state of the treasury is charged with the execution of this decree. "Given at the palace of the supreme government, at Lima, on the 3d of January, 1846. "RAMON CASTILLA, Manuel del Rio."

NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE.

SEA-MARKS IN THE SOUND, GROUNDS, AND THE OUTER HARBOR OF COPENHAGEN.

THE following translation of notices to mariners, have been received from the Legation of the United States at Copenhagen, at the Department of State, and officially published under date, Department of State, Washington, April 22d, 1846.

"NOTICE TO MARINERS.-In conformity with the king's commands, the following seamarks will, in addition to those specified in the ordinance of the 3d of November, 1840, be laid down in the spring, in the Sound, the Grounds, and the outer harbor of Copenhagen, at the nine places specified below:

"A. On the eastern side. Floating buoys, with brooms turned downwards upon white poles :

"1 on the western side of the Middleground,' in 20 feet water.

"1 in front of the Saltholensgrund,' outside the Lusen, in 4 fathoms.

·

"1 in front of the Kraasebank,' in 4 fathoms.

"B. On the western side. Floating buoys with brooms turned upwards upon black

poles:

"1 in front of the "1 in front of the "1 in front of the

"C. At different

ets:

detached points. Floating buoys with balls or round wicker bask

"1 at the shallowest point of the Knollen,' in 14 feet water.

"1 northwest of the shallowest point of the Kyggen,' in 4 fathoms; and

"1 at the shallowest point of the Middelpulten,' in 20 feet water.

"The following alterations will be made in the old sea-marks:

a. The northern tun of the Middelgrund' will be replaced by a tun painted red, which will be more easily distinguished, and a flag will be placed upon it, instead of the former black tun, without a flag. At the Stubben,' a black tun will be fixed instead of the present red tun; and at Taarbeb's Reef,' near the wreck of the ship-of-the-line Neptune, a small black tun, with a broom and pole, will be substituted for the floating buoy, hitherto in that place.

"The various tuns will be marked with the following numbers, viz:

"The Dragoe' tun will be marked I, the Castrup' tun II, the Siider tun III, the

· Middle' tun IV, the Norder' tun V, the tun at the wreck of the ship' Neptune' VI, the Stubbe' tun VII, and the tun at the Kronen' VIII.

"b. At the wreck of the Provesteen,' two buoys will be placed larger than those now there.

"c. At the Bredgrunden' a floating buoy will be placed with a ball or a wicker basket, instead of two brooms, the one turned upwards and the other downwards.

"All these sea-marks will be, generally, laid out and taken in simultaneously with the light-ship in the grounds; but they will not be laid out until it can be done with safety, or until there shall be no reason to fear that the sea-marks may be lost or displaced by the floating ice.

"The buoys at the Sandrerotungen,' Suder Rysse,' and the Holmetungen' shall remain out throughout the year. At the point at which the Dragoe Sandreos tun lies, a buoy of the same description as the others on the western side will be placed whenever the former is removed in the autumn.

"All which is published for general information."

LIGHT-HOUSES OF SWEDEN.

The following translation of a notice to mariners relative to the erection of two lighthouses on the coast of Sweden, has been furnished to the Department of State, (Washington, April 22d, 1846,) by the acting Consul General of Sweden and Norway, at New York.

"NOTICE TO MARINERS.-The royal commissioners for the management of the maritime affairs in Sweden, do hereby notify all shipmasters and seafaring persons, for their guidance, that in the course of the present year, the following works are to be performed and carried into effect on the light-houses here below specified-viz:

"1.-The two coal-lights on 'Nidingen,' situated in the Cattegat 57° 19" north latitude, and 30° 6' east longitude from Fewoe, or 11° 56′ east longitude from Greenwich, are to be altered and reconstructed into perpendicular lentille-lights of the third class, a feu fisce, and the towers to be made considerably higher. This alteration will be commenced in April of this year, and the light is to be continued, pending the performance of the work, and until the new lentille-lights shall be exhibited, by means of the application of a sideral lamp of the larger size, suspended on each of the towers, and opening on the Cattegat. It is presumed that the alteration and reconstruction in question will be completed by the first of October next, when the lentille-lights will be immediately exhibited ; but should this (through unforeseen obstacles) not be the case, the provisional lights will be steadily maintained during the ensuing winter, and so until the lentille-lights are fairly under way.

"2.-The erection of a light-house is to be commenced early in the spring ensuing, on the southern point of Gottland, about three thousand Swedish yards from Hoberg's Point, on the mountain known by the name of Klefren.' In this light-house will be introduced a revolving reverberating light, or mirror-light.

"Further particulars respecting the time when the above-mentioned lights will be ready and exhibited for service, &c., will hereafter be communicated. "STOCKHOLM, 2d February, 1846."

The following translation of a notice to mariners has been received at the Department of State, Washington, from the Legation of the United States at Stockholm, Sweden: "MARINE DEPARTMENT.-Notice is hereby given that the following light-houses will be altered, or erected, during the present year.

"1.-The two light-houses on the rocky cluster in the Cattegat; Nidingen, situated in north latitude 57° 19', and longitude 30° 6', east of Fewoe, or 11° 56' east of Greenwich, are to be altered by giving greater elevation to the towers, and adapting them for a lentille-light, feu fisce' of the third order.

"2.-These alterations will be commenced in April; and during their continuance the light will be maintained by the suspension of a large sideral lamp, shining towards the Cattegat. It is anticipated that the towers will be completed by the 1st of October; but should the progress of the work be retarded by any cause later than that period, the same mode of lighting will be continued during the winter.

"3.-A new light-house (to be mounted with four spires) will be commenced early in the spring, on the southernmost extremity of the island of Gothland,) about 3,000 ells from the point called Hoberg, on the rock Klefren. This new structure will be lighted by a rotary lamp with powerful reflectors.

"More detailed information will be given hereafter, as to the number of revolutions and bearings of the light just mentioned."

WRECK OFF YARMOUTH.

Notice is hereby given that a green buoy, with the word "wreck," has been placed just to the eastward of a schooner sunk in the track of shipping abreast of the Victoria 'errace, at Great Yarmouth. The buoy lies in five and a half fathoms at low water spring tides, with the following marks and compass bearings, viz.: The northernmost mill, in line with the centre of Yarmouth workhouse, bearing north; Gorelston Church is t length open to the southward of the second mill at Gorleston, S. W. by W.

STATISTICS OF POPULATION.

PROGRESS OF POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES.

[WE copy from the "Farmer's Library and Monthly Journal of Agriculture," for January, 1846, the following article relative to the "Progress of Population in certain regions of the United States," prepared for that Journal, by William Darby, Esq., the well known author of a Universal Gazetteer. We cannot let this opportunity pass, without commending the valuable Journal from which this article is taken, to the attention, not only of those engaged in agricultural pursuits, but to mercantile men, whose interests are so intimately connected with the resources of our noble mother Earth. John S. Skinner, Esq., the editor of the Library and Journal, may be considered as the pioneer in the agricultural literature of the country. He projected, and edited with signal ability for many years the "American Farmer," and is the author of a great number of works on almost every subject connected with his favorite pursuit. We have said that Mr. Skinner was the pioneer in this kind of literature; he does not, however, rest in the practice of the past, but vigilantly collects the facts of all time, and keenly bent on his mission, embraces every discovery in scientific agriculture that is calculated to advance its interests and its growth. To be brief, the periodical of Mr. Skinner stands at the head of our agricultural works, and we are glad to learn that it is appreciated and supported by intelligent farmers and planters in every state of the Union.]

Few persons are aware of the peculiar advantages of the Atlantic Slope of North America. If we extend our views into a not very distant futurity, when the central part of the continent will teem with inhabitants, the Atlantic border will stand as the gateway between the great civilized nations of the Eastern and Western Continents. In some very essential respects, such is the case at present.

As population is the first, the last, and principal consideration on all statistical subjects, I have constructed the enclosed tabular, to serve as comparative data, as regards those parts of the Atlantic border where the facilities of commercial and agricultural, as well as manufacturing prosperity abound, and yet have remained stationary, or retrograde, whilst other parts, in no essential respect differing in natural advantages, have advanced in wealth and power.

It must be obvious that in these views I can have no sectional or other partial bias. My desire is to show, from actual experience, that there must exist either some inherent cause of discontent, or most alluring prospects of gain, to induce the people of the Atlantic border to abandon their place of birth, and cut asunder so many ties, so many domestic associations and that to an extent not only to prevent increase, but to produce a diminution of physical, intellectual, and moral power. Were we made acquainted with such a fact, founded on official data, in the political history of any monarchical state of Europe, we would at once set it down as a proof of the deteriorating effects of that form of gov

ernment.

In the case for our consideration, now before us, and applied to a region most favored by every facility to derive benefit from human labor, where nature itself has scooped many of the finest havens of the globe-havens on which cities have already risen, in a comparatively short period, vying with the great marts of Europe and Asia; such a country, also abounding in means of religious, moral and intellectual culture; what are the inducements offered by western or central settlements, to compensate for the sacrifice of so many advantages, already at command, on the Atlantic border? Land! more land! Does any one suppose that the expense of removal and obtaining new residences will not be as great, and the success more precarious as to resulting profit, than the same time, means, and labor, applied to the improvement of soil already possessed?

On such a subject, yourself and readers will pardon the introduction of a moment's allusion to my own experience, and also the confident tone of my remarks. I was removed into the interior when very young, but old enough to remember much consequent hardship felt and witnessed. It is true that many of the difficulties to which emigrants of more than half a century past were exposed, are now removed or greatly mitigated; yet I have no hesitation to say that, as a rule admitting very few exceptions, the first generation of emigrants are worn away with labor and care, and with no small share of regret, before the second can be placed in as happy homes as were left for shadowy hopes. Were the Atlantic border of the United States, like the Pacific border of China, teeming with an overcharged population, relief would be naturally and rationally sought, by removal to a wilderness, or thinly peopled region, with a productive soil and temperate climate, did such offer; but, from spaces where the maximum of distributive population falls far short