the country, among the villages at large, nor shall they repair to publle marts for the purpose of disposing of goods unlawfully, and in fraud of the revenue. And, in order to the preservation of the public peace, the local officers of government at each of the five ports, shall, in concert with the consuls, define the limits beyond which it shall not be lawful for citizens of the United States to go.

ART. XVIII. It shall be lawful for the officers or citizens of the United States to employ scholars and people of any part of China, without distinction of persons, to teach any of the languages of the empire, and to assist in literary labors; and the persons so employed, shall not, for that cause, be subject to any injury on the part either of the government or of individuals; and it shall in like manner be lawful for citizens of the United States to purchase all manner of books in China.

ART. XIX. All citizens of the United States in China, peaceably attending to their affairs, being placed on a common footing of amity and good-will with subjects of China, shall receive and enjoy, for themselves, and everything appertaining to them, the special protection of the local authorities of government, who shall defend them from insult, or injury of any sort on the part of the Chinese. If their dwellings or property be threatened or attacked by mobs, incendiaries, or other violent or lawless persons, the local officers, on requisition of the consul, will immediately despatch a military force to disperse the rioters, and will apprehend the guilty individuals, and punish them with the utmost rigor of the law.

ART. XX. Citizens of the United States who may have imported merchandise into any of the free ports of China, and paid the duty thereon, if they desire to re-export the same, in part or in whole, to any other of the said ports, shall be entitled to make ap. plication, through their consul, to the superintendent of customs, who, in order to prevent frauds on the revenue, shall cause examination to be made by suitable officers, to see that the duties paid on such goods as entered on the custom-house books correspond with the representation made, and that the goods remain with their original marks un. changed, and shall then make a memorandum in the port clearance of the goods, and the amount of duties paid on the same, and deliver the same to the merchant; and shall also certify the facts to the officers of customs of the other ports; all which being done, on the arrival in port of the vessel in which the goods are laden, and everything being found, on examination there, to correspond, she shall be permitted to break bulk, and land the said goods, without being subject to the payment of any additional duty thereon. But, if on such examination, the superintendent of customs shall detect any fraud on the revenue in the case, then the goods shall be subject to forfeiture and confiscation to the Chinese government.

ART. XXI. Subjects of China, who may be guilty of any criminal act towards citizens of the United States, shall be arrested and punished by the Chinese authorities according to the laws of China; and citizens of the United States, who may commit any crime in China, shall be subject to be tried and punished only by the consul, or other public functionary of the United States thereto authorized, according to the laws of the United States. And, in order to the prevention of all controversy and disaffection, justice shall be equitably and impartially administered on both sides.

ART. XXII. Relations of peace and amity between the United States and China being established by this treaty, and the vessels of the United States being admitted to trade freely to and from the five porrs of China open to foreign commerce, it is further agreed, that in case at any time hereafter, China should be at war with any foreign nation whatever, and for that cause should exclude such nation from entering her ports, still the vessels of the United States shall not the less continue to pursue their commerce in freedom and security, and to transport goods to and from the ports of the belligerent parties, full respect being paid to the neutrality of the flag of the United States; provided, that the said flag shall not protect vessels engaged in the transportation of officers or soldiers in the enemy's service; nor shall said flag be fraudulently used to enable the enemy's ships, with their cargoes, to enter the ports of China; but all such vessels so offending, shall be subject to forfeiture and confiscation by the Chinese government.

ART. XXIII. The consuls of the United States at each of the five ports open to foreign trade, shall make, annually, to the respective governor general thereof, a detailed report of the number of vessels belonging to the United States which have entered and left said ports during the year, and of the amount and value of goods imported or exported in said vessels, for transmission to, and inspection of the board of revenue.

ART. XXIV. If citizens of the United States have special occasion to address any communication to the Chinese local officers of the government, they shall submit the same to their consul, or other officer, to determine if the language be proper and respectful, and the matter just and right; in which event, he shall transmit the same to the appro

priate authorities, for their consideration and action in the premises. In like manner, if subjects of China have special occasion to address the consul of the United States, they shall submit the communication to the local authorities of their own government, to determine if the language be respectful and proper, and the matter just and right; in which case, the said authorities will transmit the same to the consul or other officer for his consideration and action in the premises. And if controversies arise between citizens of the United States and subjects of China, which cannot be amicably settled otherwise, the same shall be examined and decided conformably to justice and equity, by the public officers of the two nations acting in conjunction.

ART. XXV. All questions in regard to rights, whether of property or person, arising between citizens of the United States in China, shall be subject to the jurisdiction, and regulated by the authorities of their own government. And all controversies occurring in China, between citizens of the United States and subjects of any other government, shall be regulated by the treaties existing between the United States and such governments respectively, without interference on the part of China.

ART. XXVI. Merchant vessels of the United States, lying in the waters of the five ports of China open to foreign commerce, will be under the jurisdiction of the officers of their own government, who, with the masters and owners thereof, will manage the same without control on the part of China. For injuries done to the citizens or the commerce of the United States by any foreign power, the Chinese government will not hold itself bound to make reparation. But if the merchant vessels of the United States, while with. in the waters over which the Chinese government exercises jurisdiction, be plundered by robbers or pirates, then the Chinese local authorities, civil and military, on receiving information thereof, will arrest the said robbers or pirates, and punish them according to law, and will cause all the property which can be recovered to be placed in the hands of the nearest consul, or other officer of the United States, to be by him restored to the true owner. But, if by reason of the extent of territory and numerous population of China, it should, in any case, happen that the robbers cannot be apprehended, or the property only in part recovered, then the law will take its course in regard to the local authorities; but the Chinese government will not make indemnity for the goods lost.

ART. XXVII. if any vessel of the United States shall be wrecked or stranded on the coast of China, and be subject to plunder or other damage, the proper officers of the government, on receiving information of the fact, will immediately adopt measures for their relief and security; and the persons on board shall receive friendly treatment, and be enabled at once to repair to the most convenient of the free ports, and shall enjoy all facilities for obtaining supplies of provisions and water. And if a vessel shall be forced, in whatever way, to take refuge in any other port than one of the free ports, then in like manner the persons on board shall receive friendly treatment, and the means of safety and security.

ART. XXVIII. Citizens of the United States, their vessels and property, shall not be subject to any embargo; nor shall they be seized or forcibly detained for any pretence of the public service; but they shall be suffered to prosecute their commerce in quiet, and without molestation or embarrassment.

ART. XXIX. The local authorities of the Chinese government will cause to be apprehended all mutineers and deserters from on board the vessels of the United States in China, and will deliver them up to the consuls or other officers for punishment. And if criminals, subjects of China, take refuge in the houses, or on board the vessels of citizens of the United States, they shall not be harbored or concealed, but shall be delivered up to justice, on due requisition by the Chinese local officers addressed to those of the United States.

The merchants, seamen, and other citizens of the United States, shall be under the superintendence of the appropriate officers of their government. If individuals of either nation commit acts of violence and disorder, use arms to the injury of others, or create disturbances endangering life, the officers of the two governments will exert themselves to enforce order, and to maintain the public peace by doing impartial justice in the premises.

ART. XXX. The superior authorities of the United States and China, in corresponding together, shall do so in terms of equality, and in the form of mutual communication (chau hwui.) The consuls, and the local officers, civil and military, in corresponding together, shall likewise employ the style and form of mutual communication (chau hwui.) When inferior officers of the one government address superior officers of the other, they shall do so in the style and form of memorial (shin chin.) Private individuals, in addressing superior officers, shall employ the style of petition (pin ching.) In no case shall any terms or style be suffered which shall be offensive or disrespectful to either

party. And it is agreed that no present, under any pretext or form whatever, shall ever be demanded of the United States by China, or of China by the United States.

ART. XXXI. Communications from the government of the United States to the court of China, shall be transmitted through the medium of the imperial commissioner charged with the superintendence of the concerns of foreign nations with China, or through the governor-general of the Liang Kwang, that of Min and Cheh, or that of the Liang Kiang. ART. XXXII. Whenever ships of war of the United States, in cruising for the protection of the commerce of their country, shall arrive at any of the ports of China, the commanders of said ships, and the superior local authorities of government, shall hold intercourse together in terms of equality and courtesy, in token of the friendly relations of their respective nations. And the said ships of war shall enjoy all suitable facilities on the part of the Chinese government in the purchase of provisions, procuring water, and making repairs, if occasion require.

ART. XXXIII. Citizens of the United States, who shall attempt to trade clandestinely with such of the ports of China as are not open to foreign commerce, or shall trade in opium, or any other contraband article of merchandise, shall be subject to be dealt with by the Chinese government, without being entitled to any countenance or protection from that of the United States; and the United States will take measures to prevent their flag from being abused by the subjects of other nations, as a cover for the violation of the laws of the empire.

ART. XXXIV. When the present convention shall have been definitely concluded, it shall be obligatory on both powers, and its provisions shall not be altered without grave cause; but, inasmuch as the circumstances of the several ports of China open to foreign commerce are different, experience may show that inconsiderable modifications are requisite in those parts which relate to commerce and navigation; in which case, the two governments, will, at the expiration of twelve years from the date of said convention, treat amicably concerning the same, by means of suitable persons appointed to conduct such negotiation. And, when ratified, this treaty shall be faithfully observed in all its parts by the United States and China, and by every citizen and subject of each. And no individual state of the United States can appoint or send a minister to China, to call in question the provisions of the same.

The present treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, shall be ratified and approved by the president of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the senate thereof, and by the august sovereign of the Ta Tsing empire; and the ratification shall be exchanged within eighteen months from the date of the signature thereof, or sooner if possible. In faith whereof, we, the respective plenipotentaries of the United States of America, and of the Ta Tsing empire, as aforesaid, have signed and sealed these presents.

Done at Wang Hiya, this third day of July, in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ one thousand eight hundred and forty-four; and of Taou Kwang the twenty-fourth year, fifth month, and eighteenth day. TSIYENG.

C. CUSHING.

MEXICAN COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS.

In the Diario of October 1st., 1845, we find the official promulgation of the new tariff of Mexico. The details of this tariff were published in the Merchants' Magazine for December, 1845, (Vol. 13, No. 6, page 566,) but the following articles have since been added, and we therefore place them on record for the benefit of commercial men engaged in the Mexican trade:

ART. I. All vessels of whatsoever nation, that shall be on terms of friendship with the Mexican nation, notwithstanding no special treaty of commerce shall have been ratified between them, shall be admitted to all those ports open for foreign commerce. The captain or supercargo, as well as the muniment and cargo of said vessel, shall be held subject to the prescribed laws for the collection of duties, and to all penalties existing at the time of their arrival, from the very moment of their anchorage in the waters of the port. ART. II. Vessels coming from foreign ports, being other than national vessels, cannot be admitted at any other port save that to which they may be consigned. If they do so, (save under the 72d article of this enactment,) the vessel as well as her cargo, shall be considered forfeited. All the surplusages of the cargo over that manifested, will be liable to the penalty of the 84th article, being considered in the light of contraband.

ART. III. The following are the ports which are open to the entrance of foreign vessels: Gulf of Mexico, Sisal, Campeachy, Tobasco, Vera Cruz, Tampico, Matamoras, (Mata

gorda, Velasco, and Galveston, when they shall have returned to the obedient control of the supreme government.)

On the Pacific Ocean-Acapulco, San Blas, and Mazatlan.

In the gulf of California-Guayama, and Montery.

ART. IV. In case any of the above mentioned ports shall be occupied by forces not in obedience to the supreme government of Mexico, it shall remain shut, not only to foreign commerce, but also to coasting vessels, under the terms provided by the decree of the 22d February, 1832.

NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE.

TEIGNMOUTH HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE.

Notice is hereby given, that the Lighthouse which has been for some time past in the course of erection on the south-west end of a certain place called the Den, at Teignmouth, in the county of Devon, and on the northern side of the entrance to the harbour of Teignmouth, under the direction of the Teignmouth Harbour and River Teign Improvement Commissioners, is now completed, and that the light therein, with the sanction of the Trinity Board, will be first exhibited on the evening of Saturday, the 1st day of November, 1845, from sunset to sunrise.

The light, which will be of brilliant gas, and will appear red in all directions, will be fixed and burn at an elevation of 31 feet 2 inches above the level of high water mark at ordinary spring tides.

By Compass bearings, Hope's or Bod's Nose bears S. by W. W. distant 6 miles, and Streight Point near the entrance to Exmouth Harbor, E. by N. also distant 6 miles.

HARBOR LIGHTS OF SLIPSHAVN.

The following notice of the Harbor Light of Slipshavn, at the entrance of the Gulf of Nyeborg, in the Great Belt, is dated at the Danish Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.

The Danish government has announced, that a harbor light is now established on the battery of Slipshavn, near Slipsodde Point, at the entrance of the Gulf of Nyeborg. The light is fixed; its elevation above the level of the sea, is 19 feet, and it may be seen clear of the land of Knudshead, on the bearing of E. S. magnetic, and round about by the southward to N. by E. E.

ALDBRO' RIDGE BUOY.

The following notice to mariners and navigators, is published under date of Trinity House, London, 22nd July, 1845:

The Ridge off Aldbro' having grown up in an E. N. E. direction, the buoy thereof has been moved about two cables' length to the eastward, and now lies in four fathoms at low water, spring tides, with the following marks and compass bearings, viz: Oxford Church and Castle, in line W. N. A small red tiled house, being the eastern-most house but one, at Slauden, on with a remarkable grove of trees N. W. Oxford light-house W. S. W; Aldbro' church N. E.; Aldbro' Knapes buoy E. S.

BEARINGS OF A ROCK NEAR MONTE VIDEO.

Bearings of a rock not visible, but seen breaking at intervals only, by her Majesty's ship Comus, in August, 1845, on which the French brig Sophie, and the British brig Jonathan, were wrecked, marked in the Admiralty chart, as seen by her Majesty's ship Ranger, in 1827. Lat. 34 30 S., long. 53 3 W. Bears N.N.E. from the Great Castillo Rock, 5 miles off the shore. Mark, to avoid it is by keeping the Great Castillo Rock, which appears like a ship under sail, open to the eastward of the smaller and southern

most one.

SUNKEN WRECK OFF DUNNOSE.

A letter has been received at Lloyd's from the Admiralty, announcing that the wreck of a small vessel had been fallen in with south of Dunnose, by Commander Sherringham, of her Majesty's steamer Dasher. Bearings: St. Catherine's light-house, N. 58 W., 8 miles; Ashleydown Sea Lark, N 2 W., N. 22 30 E., 64 miles; 43 miles from the nearest point of Dunnose.

RAILROAD, CANAL AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS.

RAILROADS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.

From the returns recently completed by order of the British Parliament from documents in the possession of the Board of Trade, and other public departments, it appears that the total amount of capital that has been expended in the construction of railways in different countries, stood as follows at the close of 1843:

For railways in actual progress in Great Britain, an estimated capital of £74,407,520 was raising in order to construct 3,543 miles of lines, sanctioned by Acts of 1844 and 1845. In France £44,866,970 for new lines extending over 2,410 miles. In Germany, £18,000,000 for 2,347 miles; and in America, £26,995,000 for 5,624 miles. This calculation shows that England contributes £138,646,150 out of the whole capital of £277,858,850, expended and expending, or exactly 50 per cent, the length of the projected railways being 5,612 miles in England, out of the grand total of 22,574 miles, or close upon 25 per cent of their united lengths.

BRITISH STEAM VESSELS.

The British Government has lately caused to be published a statement of the number and tonnage of the mercantile sailing and steam vessels, belonging to the several ports of that country. The number of the last description of vessels has greatly increased within the last seven years, and the tonnage in a still greater proportion. The number and tonnage of the several classes of vessels at the two periods were as follows:—

Number.
.23,000
.23,116

Tonnage. 2,650,000

2,931,000

This last number of vessels is supposed to be of a collective power of 70,000 horses. There are 390 vessels of less than 50 tons burthen, and 510 above that size, the latter averaging 204 tons. Of these vessels, 679 are owned in England, 137 in Scotland, and 84 in Ireland. Vessels owned in the colonies are, of course, not included. These are 69 in number. There are belonging to the port of London 260 steam vessels, to Newcastle 147, Liverpool 45, Bristol 27, Hull 25, Sunderland 23, Southampton 22, 70 in Glasgow, 36 in Dublin, &c. The whole number of steam vessels belonging to the French commercial marine is only 110. The French military marine is equal to the English, in the number and tonnage of vessels.

APPLICATION OF THE STEAM WHISTLE.

One of the most common causes of the explosion of steam-boilers has been the want of a sufficiency of water in the boiler at the time that the heat underneath was very large. In many instances the deficiency of water has resulted from the negligence of the attendant engineer, combined with the fact that no alarm was given, previous to the moment of explosion, of the exact state of the water in the boiler. Happily an efficient and simple exponent of the depth of water in the boiler at the time of working, and which act as a powerful alarum in case of danger, has just been applied to the steamboilers at one of the largest manufacturing establishments in the neighborhood of Leeds in England. By affixing a small pipe in communication with the interior of a boiler at that point below which it is well known to be unsafe to allow the water to be consumed