mentary Education"; "The Care of the Poor"; "The Church in Country Districts"; "Secondary Education and Public Schools"; "The Present Relations between Morals and Politics"; "The Relations between Morals and Commerce"; "The Ethics of Amusements," including athletics, field sports, the theater and the music hall, and club life; "Church Reform and Discipline"; "Central Church Organization"; "Church Worship"; "Church Defense"; "Training and Studies of the Clergy"; "Clerical Ministration and Church Finance"; "Work among Soldiers and Sailors"; "Church Work and Workers"; "Sunday Schools," in the three aspects of catechizing, the keeping of scholars under religious influence, and the training and recognition of teachers; "The Care of the Poor"; " "Religious Life in the Church: (1) How affected by Party Spirit in Different Schools of Thought; (2) How best promoted in Ordinary Life"; Characteristics of Christian Ethics as compared with some nonChristian systems (Hinduism, Buddhism, Mohammedanism, Confucianism, and those of the Roman Empire in the third century after Christ); and Church Worship and Hymnology. The meeting of women workers considered the special characteristics of woman's work, "What Women can do to raise the Standard of Morality," temperance work among women, the training of women for the Church's work, the protection of working girls, and "First Principles in Women's Education." Prelimi ANTWERP EXPOSITION. nary. The great World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 had scarcely been fully inaugurated when the official announcement of an international exposition of arts, sciences, and industries, to be held in Belgium in 1894, was received. Antwerp, on the river Scheldt, the principal seaport of Belgium, and the outlet of much of the commerce of the Flemish Netherlands, the Rhineland, and the western provinces of Germany, was chosen as the most desirable place in which to hold it. Government appropriations were made, buildings were erected, and May 5 was designated as the time for opening. Exhibits from all nations were solicited, and as vessels of 8,000 tons could sail direct to the place, an important problem in transportation was easily solved. The opportunity so happily seized upon by California to hold a Midwinter Fair subsequent to the close of that in Chicago led to the transportation of many of the exhibits to San Francisco, and thence to Antwerp. Administration. The management of the Antwerp Exposition was in charge of an extended list of officials under the honorary presidency of the Count of Flanders, brother of Leopold II. It included Count Pret Rooze de Colesberg, president of the executive committee, M. Her togs, director-general, and Count de Ramaix, secretary-general. M. Hertogs, who is also a town councilor of Antwerp, devoted his chief attention to the erection of the buildings, while the Count de Ramaix, a deputy for Antwerp, was occupied in the work of securing exhibits. Location. The grounds selected for the fair were in the southern quarter of the city, bordering on the river Scheldt, and included the his toric site of the old South Citadel, built by the Duke of Alva. They covered an area of more than 200 acres, and besides being directly connected with the principal railways, were easily accessible from the city by means of street cars and omnibuses. Buildings. The main buildings, designed by M. J. L. Hasse, covered over 1,100,000 square feet and were continuous. They consisted of a hall devoted to the display of industrial and commercial products, from which it was possible to pass direct to a smaller building in which were the electrical exhibits, while by means of a raised corridor access was had to the hall assigned to machinery, besides which there was a festival hall covering 54,000 square feet and capable of seating 5,000 persons. These exhibition halls were built of iron and steel and were roofed with zinc. They were devoid of architectural features, for none of them were monumental in appearance or even elaborate in design. There was a certain amount of decoration on the long low façade that formed the principal front facing upon the beautiful Avenue du Sud, one of the great boulevards of Antwerp, but no money was spent on ornamental effects. The roofs were small in span and simple in construction, the result being a long series of welllighted galleries, unobstructed by heavy columns or springing of massive arches. The grounds, carefully laid out by a landscape gardener, contained exhibits of trees, shrubs, and other products unsuitable for exhibition in the principal halls, as well as minor buildings and pavilions. Among the popular attractions were a Street of Cairo, a Turkish village, a Chinese bazaar, a captive balloon, an Indian village, a Wild West show, Captain Boyton's water entertainment, and similar enterprises. Chief, however, among the outdoor exhibitions were the Congo settlement and Old Antwerp. The former included an admirable panorama of the Congo region; a very complete series of exhibits of the natural and artificial products of the Congo Free State; and an extensive open-air encampment copied in every particular from a Congolese village in which natives occupied the quarters prepared for them. Old Antwerp represented an entire quarters of the ancient city reconstructed with such consummate ingenuity and skill that the unaided eye could hardly detect the artificiality of the materials of which it was composed. The streets and monuments, the churches, theaters, and houses-90 famous old structures in all -presented as substantial an appearance as those of Antwerp of to-day, only the time was that of the sixteenth century. Realism was carried to the highest pitch in this quarter of the exhibition, for not only were the buildings perfect in every detail, but the most minute care was taken in preparing the costumes of all the occupants of the buildings, where the pursuits of the time were carried on. Here also were held at appropriate times many of those gorgeous historical fêtes and processions for which Belgium has long been famous. But this structure was unfortunately destroyed by fire before the close of the exposition. A special building belonging to the Royal Society of Fine Arts, also in the grounds, was used for an exhibition of paintings, sculpture, engravings, and architecture, to which artists of all countries had been invited to contribute. Opening Exercises.—Under the dome of the principal entrance of the main building, at 2 o'clock on May 5, were gathered the most distinguished civil and military authorities of Belgium. Gorgeous uniforms decorated with ribbons and orders of all kinds contributed to the splendor and dignity of the occasion. Contrasted with the imposing uniforms of statesmen and soldiers were the exquisite toilets of many ladies, some of whom carried bouquets for presentation to the Queen and princesses. The royal party, consisting of the King and Queen of Belgium, who had arrived from Brussels at 1 o'clock, included also the Count and Countess of Flanders, Princess Josephine, Princess Henrietta, ping first at the Belgian section, where they were received by the Count of Flanders. Visits were then paid to the foreign sections, at which the proper representatives received the King. After leaving the industrial sections in the right wing of the exhibition, the royal party went to the Salle des Fêtes, where a cantata entitled "Le Genie de la Patrie," by the Flemish composer, M. Peter Benoit, was performed by an orchestra of several thousand singers and musicians. Then followed a visit to the industrial sections in the left wing of the main building, and afterward a progress through Old Antwerp, closing with a brief view of the fine arts section. In the evening there was a torchlight proces Prince Albert of Belgium, and Prince Charles of Hohenzollern. Entering carriages, they were driven along the Antwerp boulevards, and reached the appointed place at 2 o'clock, where, amid the firing of salutes and the playing of the national anthem, the royal party alighted, and were received by Count de Pret, M. Hertogs, the Count de Ramaix, M. Mols, and other members of the committee. Then, passing under the dome, where on the right were the members of the diplomatic corps, and on the left the high officials of the kingdom, the Count de Pret read an address of welcome, to which the King replied in a short speech, in which he expressed the deep interest felt by himself and the Queen in the exhibition, and his hope that it might prove a spur to Belgian initiative, and encourage the enterprise of his subjects in all departments of industry and commerce. The royal party then proceeded to inspect the exhibition, stop sion through the city, which included symbolic and classical groups of much beauty. The American Building. The United States received the following allotment of space: In the industry building, 60,000 square feet; electricity building, 30,000 square feet; machinery building, 30,000 square feet; American building, 12,000 square feet for exhibits in models or small articles; and 14,500 square feet, divided into rooms for State and Government exhibits, which space, it is said, exceeds even that occupied by our country at the Paris Exhibition in 1889. The American building itself was of modern Renaissance architecture. Its dimensions were 240 feet long by 150 feet wide. Its façade on the south side was one of the most beautiful in the exposition. The approach was by a broad marble stairway, which led to the grand vestibule, 110 feet wide. From the floor of this vestibule it was possible to obtain a view of the entire exposition hall, which occupied the center of the building and covered 12,700 square feet. To the rear of the main exhibit hall was a model shoe-factory. On the east front, which was provided with a separate entrance, the entire space was assigned to rooms for the press, and a commercial room where catalogues and other literature of exhibitors could be had. The second floor was, in reality, only a gallery surrounding the main hall, which was open to the dome. From this gallery a view could be had of the models on exhibition below, and access was given to the exhibit rooms of the various States represented at the fair. The largest of these exhibit rooms-one apartment 82 feet long and 40 feet wide-was devoted to the exhibits of the United States Government. In the center of the main hall was an illuminated electric fountain. A band of twenty selected musical instruments had stations in the gallery. The entire building was of iron, steel, and glass. A triangular space near by was used as a fire station, in which American fire appliances were shown, including steam fire engines, fire alarm, and various electric devices used in connection with fire departments. An ambulance wagon was also included. The Exhibits.-Concerning these, the most imposing were naturally those of Belgium, and a brave showing was made by this little kingdom of her arts and industries. Conspicuous among these were the exhibits of the Vielle Montaigne zinc mines, which included not only zine in its forms as found in Nature, but also as shown in its many useful applications, novel among which was its employment for the prevention of the accumulation of oxidation in steam boilers; also it showed models of its works near Liége. Models of the porphyry quarries near Quenast made clear the methods of exploitation used there. Belgian glass, an early and important industry in that country, was exhibited by several firms, and notably by the Val.-St. Lambert Company, whose works were established in 1825. The pottery of Boch Frères, resembling the Delft ware, was shown in plates and tiles forming artistic pictures. Laces fine as spider's web, from Brussels and elsewhere, formed typical exhibits of a wellknown national industry. Iron tubes from Liége, used to conduct gas and water, were shown in profusion, with lists of the many places from Russia to South America-where they were used. The important coal industry, so valuable to the little country, had exhibits of its commercial articles, conspicuous among which were machines for making the "briquettes," "boulets," and "ovoids"-forms of pulverized pressed coal-as well as the products which are so largely used as fuel. The coal extracts, from the dark tar to the iridescent eosin, were also there. Then the coke industry was illustrated with photographs, models, and products. The Solvay process, invented by a Belgian, for obtaining soda, and the many uses dependent upon that chemical, were exhibited by specimens of soap, porcelain, glass, wood pulp and paper therefrom, mortar, and many articles requiring soda in their production. The beers and wines of Belgium formed a conspicuous exhibit, and contained not alone the crude grain or grape with the product, but the means of accomplishing the end with various appliances was freely illustrated as well. Metallurgy as practiced at Chatelineau was shown by the iron ore and castings, also by steel plates and iron in large sheets; while from Moulins came copper and brass wire, utensils, and plates. Sugar refineries had their displays, and guns, rifles, and cartridges exemplified an ability to destroy, while the piano and other musical instruments testified to a power to please. Inlaid floors, rich embossed leather for wall and furniture coverings, beautiful tapestries, quaint and tasteful furniture, afforded evidence of the skill of the makers in Antwerp and Brussels in household decoration. There were exceptionally fine exhibits of canned fruit and the national gingerbread, while a large space was devoted to the mineral-water exhibit from Spa. Imported industries-as that of sponges from the Mediterranean and the West Indies, with illustrations of their treatment were shown. Exported industries came in for consideration with the Congo exhibit, while from that remote colony were shown quantities of gum copal, caoutchouc extracted from the roots of plants, and elephants' tusks, both in the rough and cut into ornaments. These and many other exhibits were evidences of the commercial industries and enterprise of one of the smallest countries of Europe. It was a display in every way worthy of Belgium and her people. The colonial exhibits were unusually full. Specialties from the colonies of Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Holland showed that their products were receiving a wider distribution than formerly. Articles formeriy indigenous to special localities were shown to be obtaining a wider field of cultivation, and more and more the different colonies showed an ability to provide for their individual wants, thus making them independent of European and American markets. Coming so soon after our own Chicago fair, it was but natural that the exhibits should not represent that which was best in this country; and the exhibition, as far as the United States was concerned, was unsatisfactory. It included, according to competent authority, a pitiful array of "tobacco, varnishes, musical instruments from a firm in Chicago, cases of pills, the caligraph, steam radiators, some bathtubs, a few easy chairs, bottles of whisky, alarm clocks, bags of flour from the Northwest, drills from Ohio, and car-wheels from Buffalo." Yet withal a fair number of medals were received by American exhibitors. The day appointed for the end of the exposition was Nov. 12, and at that time it was closed. ARCHEOLOGY. Archæology, says Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, is making strides as rapid as those of physical science. Every year brings us not only new discoveries but new explanations of facts hitherto misunderstood, so that our whole appreciation of ancient life and manners is gradually changing. American.-A department of archæology and palæontology has been established in the University of Pennsylvania, for the furtherance of instruction in these branches and the pursuance of investigation in them by sending out exploring expeditions. Considerable collections have been secured for the museum, including photographic illustrations of objects at Copan, Hon duras; a series of Oriental games; other games; the Somerville collection of gems and talismans; a series obtained from the Sultan of Johore; Chinese porcelain images; masks, weapons, etc., from Ceylon; military banners from Corea; and Indo-Greek sculptures from Afghanistan. Excavations have been continuously carried on at Niffer, in Mesopotamia, where the temple of Bel has been nearly uncovered; many inscribed stones, cuneiform tablets, etc., of about 4000 в. с. have been secured, from which a collection of inscriptions has been published. Prehistoric relics have been found in Salvador, Central America, indicating the existence of both Mexican and Peruvian influences there; but it has not been determined certainly whether these relics are truly of Salvadorean origin or have been brought there from the north and the south. Really scientific excavations are not as yet practicable there, because of the jealousy of the Indians. The double vases called silvadores, Fig. 1, No. 7, are of a style classical in Peru, and the chicha drinker, No. 2, is also a Peruvian pattern. The balsam-tribute vessel. No. 6, may help solve the problem of origin. The precious healing balm, extracted long before the conquest from the bark of the Myroxylon pubescens and M. balsamiferum by the Nahuatl Indians of the balsam coast of Salvador, was for a long time an important article in the tribute which they paid to their Toltec and Aztec rulers. The Spaniards learned to appreciate its value, and, in order to avoid the filibusters, sent it to Europe by way of Callao, Panama, and Nombre de Dios-whence its name of balsam of Peru. The fragment No. 4 attracts attention by the appearance of tattooing, or rather, perhaps, as tattooing is not known to have been practiced in the region, of painted stripes, on the face. The relief head on the vase No. 8 appears as if covered with a mask of human skin. The figure on the vase No. 9 is remarkable for being bearded, while the Indians were beardless, and may lend apparent support to the story of America having been visited at times by foreigners. The vase No. 3 is of Peruvian style, and is marked with ornamental designs usually regarded as Grecian. The fact illustrates the resemblances often found between primitive human works in the most distantly separated regions. The type of the statue in lava, No. 5, with its posture of prayer, is frequently met in Central America. Such figures are found in dimensions varying from a few inches to 20 or 25 feet. The polychrome vase, No. 9, is 15 centimetres high, and represents some undetermined divinity of a type clearly Mexican. The native calendar of Central America and Mexico, which differs completely from the calendars of the ancient nations of the Old World, has been studied by Dr. D. G. Brinton from the point of view of linguistics and symbolism. The basis of this calendar is a month of twenty days. Each day is designated by a name of some object, animate or inanimate, and is numbered besides, but only from one to thirteen, when the numbering begins again at the unit. The result of this combination evidently is that a day bearing both the same name and the same number will not recur until thirteen of the months have elapsed. This gives a period or cycle of two |