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ARCHEOLOGY.

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FIG. 1.-SPECIMENS OF THE PREHISTORIC POTTERY-WORK OF SALVADOR. (REDUCED.)

hundred and sixty days, and this anomalous pe-
riod is at the foundation of the native calendar.
Dr. Brinton's linguistic analysis of the names
of the twenty days in the Maya, Tzental, and
Quiche-Cakchiquel dialects, and in the Zapotec
and Nahuatl languages, shows that they are all
identical in significance, and therefore must have
had one and the same origin. By arranging the
symbols represented by the day names in order
from one to twenty, it is found that they ex-
hibit
a sequence covering the career of human

Life from the time of birth until death at an old
age. Thus, in all the 5 languages and dialects,
the name of the first day signified birth or be-
ginning; that of the tenth day success (through
bardship or suffering); of the eleventh, difficul-
ties surmounted; of the thirteenth, advancing
years; of the twentieth, the sun or house of the

VOL. XXXIV.-2 A

soul. It appears, therefore, that the calendar conveyed a philosophical conception of life which may or may not, however, have originated contemporaneously with it. The period of twenty days was doubtless derived from the Vigesimal system of counting in use among the tribes employing the calendar. This number twenty is based on finger-and-toe counting, and Dr. Brinton points out that in the languages investigated its

name

"com

has the signification pleted" or "filled up." "In this way," he thinks, "the number came to represent symbolically the whole of man-his complete nature and destiny-and mystically to shadow forth and embody all the unseen potencies which make or mar his fortunes and his life." It is remarked also as a curious coincidence that the product of twenty by thirteen days is two hun

dred and sixty days, or approximately nine months-the period from conception to birth.

Another study of the Mexican calendar has been made by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, and was the subject of a paper contributed by her to the tenth International Congress of Americanists, at Stockholm. Her theory is based upon a distinct statement in an anonymous manuscript in the Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence, to the effect that the year always began with one of four day signs, and took its name accordingly. When it began on a day Acatl, the year was named Acatl, and so on. The fundamental conclusions reached by the author are that (1) the religious festival periods of the Mexican year must not be confounded, as heretofore, with the eighteen so-called months of the civil solar year, each of the latter of which began by a day of enforced rest, and contained set market days, at five-day intervals; (2) the religious festival periods were partly movable and partly ruled by the central ritual year contained in each solar year, the beginning of a festival period having been shown, in three well-authenticated instances, to have coincided with the first day of one of the thirteen periods of twenty days embraced in the ritual year.

British. In an ancient British village of marsh dwellings discovered near Glastonbury in March, 1892, the foundations of the separate houses were made by placing on the surface of the peat a layer or platform of timber and brushwood confined by numerous small piles at the margin. On this a layer of clay was placed, slightly raised at the center, where the remains of a hearth were generally found. The dwelling itself was composed of timber filled in with wattle and daub. The wall posts and the entrance threshold and doorstep were found in situ. Banks of clay and stone, mortised timber, hurdle work, a boat 17 feet long, quantities of wheel-made and hand-made pottery, sling stones, bones of animals, and a great number of objects of bronze and iron, horn, bone, and stone, including fibulæ, rings, knives, saws, weapons, combs, needles, pottery stamps, and querns, were found. In an account given to the British Association of the discovery, Prof. Boyd Dawkins dwelt upon the evidence it afforded that the people there had attained a high state of civilization. They had weaving looms and weaving combs, the latter being the origin, as the speaker undertook to demonstrate, of the comb used for the hair. He also showed that the Glastonbury lake dwellers understood the management of horses, though whether for riding or driving he could not say. They had needles and pins, particularly the safety pin, which was the ancestor of the present brooch. It had even been possible to find out something about their games, and to predicate with certainty that they indulged in cock fighting-a pastime to which Cæsar says the Gauls were passionately addicted. From comparison with Gallic relics of known periods, Mr. Arthur Evans fixed the date of the encampment as about 50 в. с. He added that while it was customary to represent the ancient Britons as barbarians who painted their bodies, they in fact enjoyed a degree of civilization in certain respects which left them little to learn from the

Romans. He had evidence that as far back as the fourth or fifth century before our era the Britons imported beautiful bronze brackets, Greek pottery, mirrors, and other objects of art from beyond the Alps. A further report upon this lake village was made at the Oxford meeting of the British Association in 1894, when the association's committee showed that the following facts have been established:

(a) That the village was originally surrounded by the water of a shallow mere. (6) That 5 feet of peat accumulated during its occupation. (c) That a strong palisading of posts and piles protected the village. (d) That the groundwork of the village, so far, at least, as its margin is concerned, is artificial for the depth of 5 feet. Numerous and important objects have been unearthed this season from the peat outside the village at all depths down to 7 feet 3 inches, and as far as 80 feet from the village border. Pottery -hand and wheel made clay pellets (so-called sling stones) baked and unbaked, and bones of animals are still met with at all points in great quantities. Recently a decorated wheel-made bowl of black ware has been found in perfect preservation and highly finished, 4 inches high and 5 inches across the rim, besides numerous other pieces of pottery elaborately marked with designs of circles, curved and flowing lines, and triangles. The find of greatest importance in bronze has been a well-preserved bowl measuring 41 inches across the rim. Among the other objects of bronze are two more spiral finger rings and a penannular ring brooch. In iron there is a reaping hook, together with its wooden handle, 16 inches in length, and a primitive sickle with riveted wood handle complete, in length 10 inches. More human remains have been met with this year than previously, including a complete skull showing several sword or axe marks; no other bones belonging to the body were discovered near it. There still remain two thirds of the village border to be traced, and nearly 50 dwelling mounds and about five sixths of the entire village area to be examined.

At the meeting of the British Archæological Association at Manchester in August, Dr. Phené, one of the vice-presidents, maintained that the pre-Roman occupation of Britain was a commercial and hence a civilized one, and proceeded to show that the pre-Roman roads of Italy bore the same peculiar features as the early roads of Great Britain. He cited a variety of evidence of close commercial intercourse between Britain and Italy in pre-Roman times. By the evidence of his own surveys and of the researches of other persons, he concluded that two Italian tribes the Vennones and the Senones-were domiciled in Britain long prior to the Roman conquest. These points were sufficient to prove Italian occupation at a very early date, and to account for the formation of roads in Britain, which might thus be correctly called Italian roads. The author then proceeded to give his evidence in detail.

German.-In relaying the pavement of the Church of Sainte-Foy, at Schlettstadt, in Alsace, a passage was found leading to a suite of two subterranean apartments, and farther on the vacant tombs and a fourth tomb containing a quantity of rubbish. A block of mortar in the rubbish heap attracted attention from its bearing an impression like that of a human body. On making a cast of this impression, a bust of a beautiful woman, represented in Fig. 2, was revealed. The expression of the face was calm and gentle, though sad, and the features bore

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garde's daughter Adelaide. Its existence is accounted for by referring to the plague which ravaged Alsace toward the end of the eleventh century, and from which Hildegarde, her son Conrad, and her daughter Adelaide died. It is supposed that the deceased was encased in mortar previous to burial as a prophylactic against the spread of the malady, and that the plaster, hardening quickly, took the impression of her figure and preserved it, after the body had decared. There are apparent evidences of haste in the disposition of the corpse, in the position of the head, which has sunken, the condition of the left side, and the distortion of the nose. The lower part of the figure was not recovered, having been broken up by the tools of the excavators. Grecian. At Athens, Dr. Dörpfeld, of the German school, has suggested, on the basis of a recent discovery he has made, a rectification of the accepted geography of the ancient city. Thucydides (II, 15) describes the ancient city as situated on the Acropolis and most directly south under it, and places here, too, the fountain Enneakrounos, or Callirhoë. Pausanias, too, in his tour of the city, mentions the EnneaArounos next after the Odeum, and as if close to the Areopagus. According to the universal Bcceptation, however, this fountain was by the liissus, southeast of the Acropolis, and far from its gateway. Dr. Dörpfeld has now discovered

a natural spring in the museum, or hill south of the Areopagus, with deep artificial hollows in the rock to gather the water, which flowed hence into the limnæ or basins. He has come upon traces of an old sanctuary to Dionysus in the long inscription of the Io Bacchoi, set up in Roman times within the sanctuary; he has uncovered the stone lenos or winepress, a square trough with an exit for the juice, into a large terra-cotta vessel; and he has found the great water conduits of the Pisistratidæ, leading to this spot, tunneled through the rocks in the same fashion as the contemporary conduit of Polycrates at Samos.

The excavations of the site of the Heræon, near Mycenæ and Argos, begun by the American school in 1892, have been carried on through three seasons. The explorations on the site of the older temple-of which nothing was visible save a few layers of the Cyclopean retaining wall supporting the platform on which it was built-revealed a pavement of large polygonal slabs, about 45 metres long by 35 broad, covering a considerable portion of the terrace supported by the Cyclopean retaining wall; but on foundations or other clews were found to make it possible to say whether the pavement lay in front of the temple or supported its columns. Beneath a certain line of a piece of wall that apparently formed a part of the substructure of the cella, in a position implying that they antedated the erection of the temple, were found fragments of primitive pottery, bronzes, rudely engraved stones, beads of glass and bones, "a very curious bronze goat," and other articles. the metal objects seeming to have been melted. On clearing the site of the later temple, the substructure was found preserved throughout its entire circuit, and displaying the plan and outline of the building. The superstructure had been wholly destroyed. Enough of the fragments, however, remain from all parts of the building to make a fairly accurate idea possible of its construction and architectural features. It was a Doric peripteral hexastyle, with 12 columns on the planes, and a stereobate measuring 39-60 by 19.94 metres. The columns were of Poros stone, with a fluting of twenty channels, and the echinus of the capital showing a delicate convex curve. The entablature was also of Poros stone, with the exception of the triglyphs, which, as well as the pediments, were of black marble. The sculptures in the metopes and pediments were of Parian marble. The clearance of the structures around this temple formed the principal task of the operations of the season of 1894. Beneath the Cyclopean wall were found vestiges of buildings of a very remote antiquity, a stoa with at least 19 pillars, some of which were in situ, and with bases of statues which once occupied it, and a curious system of water works at its western end; two large rectangular buildings, one of which is ascribed to the sixth century B. c.; another stoa; a tunnel cut through the rock of the mountain side, and two tombs similar to those of Mycenæ. Hundreds of works of primitive art-terra-cotta figurines, plaques, and images of animals, bronze statuettes, rings, pins, beads, scarabs, seals of g glass, amber, or porcelain, many of them Phœnician or Egyptian in type-were recovered; and besides these, fragments of sculpture belonging to the best period of Greek

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art.

The excavations of the American school at Argos have laid bare a large marble building which is believed to be the gymnasium, and a number of tombs of the Mycenæan age.

The British school at Athens began, in 1893'94, excavations on the site of Abæ, in Phocisa place famous for its oracle, and which was mentioned also by Sophocles, Herodotus, and Pausanias as having a fortress and a temple of Apollo. A few weeks of excavation failed to reveal much of great interest, and the place appeared to have been sacked. An encouraging report was made to the school on the prospects of archæological discovery at Alexandria,.but adequate funds for carrying on the work were wanting. There is, however, an active archæological society in that city, which has done a considerable amount of work with very limited funds.

In the excavation of Delphi by the French school and M. Homolle, sufficient data have been obtained for the determination of the main features of the topography of the town and its sanctuaries. One of the most important recoveries is that of the treasury of the Athenians, a building corresponding to the series of treasuries identified at Olympia, in which each of the more prominent cities set up offerings, carved inscriptions, and made deposits of value for maintaining the dignity of the city and the safety of its property. In restoring this building, the numerous inscriptions on the inner walls have helped, in the fitting together of the texts, to put the stones back in their exact places. According to Pausanias, the building was erected in commemoration of the battle of Marathon, but the finding of an inscription of such antiquity is not anticipated. One of the texts recovered from Delphi is a hymn or hymns inscribed on the inner wall of the treasure house, with the music noted over the text. The texts and music have been discussed and commented upon by M. Henri Weil and M. Theodor Reinach. The scale corresponds with that of C Minor in its melodic form, with some accidentals introduced in one passage. The pitch has not been fully determined. Its range appears, according to the present accepted determinations, too high for any chest voice, but it is believed by M. Reinach that the ancient practical pitch was one third lower than that which has been assigned to this scale by later theorists. The time is given by the metre, which is pæonic, a long syllable and three short ones, variously placed, or two long and a short between them-in every case in the bar-a measure strange to us and very difficult to ob

serve.

We fall naturally into. There is no harmony; and although there is rhythm, and a recurrence of phrases to mark the close of a period, melody in the modern sense has not been found.

In the course of the excavations at Corinth the actual level of the ground has been found to be so much higher than in ancient times that a good number of buildings have been preserved, with unusual height of walling. Thus a house of good Hellenic period was found, with the pavement and stylobate of the atrium entire, and covered by a Byzantine building which has preserved many architectural fragments belonging to the former.

The identification as the city of the Iliad with the city excavated as that by Dr. Schliemann on the now almost universally accepted site of ancient Troy has never been wholly satisfactory, on account of the small compass of that city and the rudeness of its work and its potteries, as compared with those of the fortresses of the contemporary Mycenæ and Tiryns, which Homer described as not superior to that of Ilion. It will be recollected that Dr. Schliemann found the remains of six successive cities on this site. Renewing the explorations there, Dr. Dörpfeld has found outside of this city-surrounding it, and on a higher and therefore more modern level -the fortifications of a town more exactly corresponding in these respects with the ruins of the two ancient Grecian capitals. He concludes that Dr. Schliemann's Troy is a far older foundation than this, which more closely corresponds to the idea of the Homeric Troy.

A study has been made by Arthur J. Evans of certain stones he found in Greece, three- and four-sided, perforated along the axes, and engraved with a series of symbols appearing to be a hieroglyphic distinct from the Egyptian and probably belonging to an independent system, of which a Cretan origin was traced. The investigation was continued on Cretan soil, where more than 80 different symbols were collected. The evidence supplied by these and other Cretan finds is interpreted by the author as showing "that long before the time when the Phœnician alphabet was first introduced into Greece, the Ægean islanders, like their Asiatic neighbors, had developed an independent system of writing. Of this writing there are two phases: one pictographic, and much resembling the Hittite; the other linear, and distinctly alphabetic in character. This latter system was certainly a syllabary, in part at least identical with that of Cyprus-perhaps, indeed, its direct progenitor. There are indications that both these systems extended to the Peloponnesus, though Crete seems to have been their chief center; and there

BASINEOSENBONTOSESΕΛΕΦΑΝΤΙΝ ΑΝVAMATIXO

AYANTOISYN

ΕΠΛΕΟΝΤΙΟΟΝΔΕ ΚΕΡΚΙΟΣ ΚΑΤUTEDΘΕ ΥΙΣΟΠΟΤΑΜΟΣ ΑΠΑΝΤΑΕΓΡΑΨΑΝΤΟΙΣΙΝΨΑΜΜΑΤΙXOITOLO FORMOS ΠΟΤΑΣΙΜΤΟ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΙΟSAERMASIS

ΕΠΙΠΛΟΜΕΣΟΤΟΝΑΜΟΙΒΙΑ Ο ΚΑΙΠΕΛΕΡΟ ΣΟΥΔΑΜΟ

FIG. 3.-GREEK INSCRIPTION AT ABU SIMBEL, ABOUT 600 в. с.

ARCHEOLOGY.

can be little doubt that they were made use of by such members of the Hellenic stock as came within the range of Mycenæan' culture."

The earliest Greek inscription to which

a date

can be given is at Abu Simbel, in Egypt, and is cut in the leg of one of the colossal statues which guard the entrance of the Greek temple. It is of the age of the Egyptian King Psammeticus, about 600 в. с., and records the exploration of the Nile up the second cataract, by by certain Greek, Ionian, and Carian mercenaries in the service of the king. It is illustrated in Fig. 3. There are other ancient inscriptions, probably earlier than this, as on the tombs at Melos and Thera, but

to

no clew is given as

ern side of the upper platform. He soon dis-
covered that the middle court ended at a thick
wall in which there are two doors. The western
one leads to a long, narrow hall, in the walls of
which the queen is represented making offerings
to Ammon. Her cartouch has everywhere been
erased or replaced by that of Thothmes II or
Thothmes III, which could easily be done, since
she is always seen in male attire, and often with
a beard. The eastern door leads to one of the
most interesting parts of the temple. Going
through a vestibule, in the ceiling of which there
are only three columns, we find an open court, in
the middle of which is a great altar in white stone,

to which access is given by a to their date,

while this is fixed to within the years of a single
reign. It is two hundred years earlier than
Herodotus. A noteworthy feature of the in-
scription, is that, while the boustrophedon method
of writing-alternately from left to right and
right to left-was in common use in the sixth
century B. c., this is all from left to right. In
usual Greek, the inscription reads:

βασιλεος ελθοντος ες Ελεφαντιναν Ψαματιχο
ταυτα εγραψαν τοι συν Ψαμματίχοι τοι Θεοκλ Θεοκλ[ε]ος.
επλεον, ήλθον δε Κερκιος κατύπερθε νις ο ποταμος
αντη. αλογλοσος δ'ηχε Ποτασιμτο, Αιγυπτιος δε Αμασις.
έγραφε δ'αμε Αρχον Αμοιβιχο, και Πελερος οΐδαμο.

Egyptian. A scheme which has been agitated by some English engineers to bar the Nile at the first cataract and make an immense reservoir for irrigation in Nubia has excited much acrimonious discussion. If carried out it would flood the island of Philæ, destroying the ancient temples there, and would submerge a large extent of country in Lower Nubia which is just beginning to yield valuable treasures of ancient art of great historical value. It is now understood, however, according to a representation made by Sir John Fowler at the annual meeting of the Egypt Exploration Fund, that there is little danger of the destruction of the temples at Phile. Communications have been made to the Foreign Office, which have been transmitted to Egypt, and further inquiry has shown that the material necessities of Egypt and the claims of archæology are capable of reconciliation. The temples of Philæ are now under the protection of the civilized world.

The report of the Egypt Exploration Fund, made at the annual meeting, Oct. 26, showed that the expenditures had exceeded the receipts by £642, and that the available assets on Aug. 1 were £3.101. This was the first year an actual deficit had been incurred. The receipt of £700 from American subscribers was acknowledged. The society had published the first memoir on the survey of Deir-el-Bahari in 1892-'93, and the hird memoir of the archæological survey, "El Bersheh." Part I. The "Atlas of Ancient Egypt" met a favorable reception, and a second edition was in preparation.

had

At the annual meeting of the fund, M. Édouard Naville gave an account of his continued exMorations at Deir-el-Bahari. After mentioning what was already known of the great temple of Queen Hatasu situated there, and what M. Mariette bad discovered, M. Naville said that when he arrived there in 1893 he began at once with the Fart which Mariette had not touched, the north

flight of steps.
This altar is the only one known in Egypt, and
it is dedicated to the god Harmakis. In 1894
M. Naville began with clearing the middle court,
which is now quite excavated. We can see now
the plan of the temple, which was restored er-
roneously in Mariette's work. He also obtained
valuable historical and artistic results, and dis-
covered inscriptions which would be interesting
if they had not been erased. A few bits have
been preserved, especially the portrait of the
mother of Hatasu, Queen Aahmes. Where the
original work has been left it is sculpture of the
most delicate and beautiful style. The north-
ern speos, or sanctuary, is in a perfect state of
preservation, with its painted ceiling and archi-
traves and its three rows of four columns. On it
opens a sanctuary dedicated to Anubis. One is
immediately struck by the great likeness of the
whole construction to a Grecian temple, and
the connection of Greek art with that of the
this raises again the ever-recurring question of
East.

Hundreds of fragments of a similar relief to
the one already known have been found along a
second terrace, below the first. The pieces are
carefully drawn and numbered; and if a long
enough continuance of the research is permitted,
it will be possible to set them up again more or
less completely and obtain further accounts of
the career of this energetic queen. Many lesser
shrines-an altar, etc.-the works of later kings,
have also been unearthed. The Coptic monas-
tery has yielded numerous ostraka, or shards of
limestone, inscribed by the monks, and giving
additional specimens of the southern Coptic
language.

The Treasure of Dashur.-M. de Morgan, considering that the pyramid of Dashur nearest to Memphis might be an enormous mastaba, built above the royal tomb, began digging in February, 1894, in search of the mouth of the shaft by which the burial must have been introduced. After digging into a number of chambers which were found empty, some appearing to have been rifled, the excavators found the remains of a silver-incrusted box-the first installment of a large and varied series of treasures. Among these treasures were a long necklace of amethyst beads; a second necklace of amethyst, turquoise, carnelian, lapis lazuli, and gold; a kohl pencil in exquisite gold-bead work; a bunch of gold rose petals; three finely cut scarabæi, the gold face of one bearing the name of Usertesen III; couchant lions, and other tiny pieces in gold; and, surpassing them all, two objects in mosaic work-a pendant or brooch, shaped like

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