were successful for the first time in many years. The vote for Governor, as unofficially announced, was: Murphy, 5,273; Herndon, 4,210; O'Neill, 2,402. For Councilman: Doran, 5,318; Campbell, 4,796; Woy, 1,512. The Territorial Legislature of 1895 will stand as follows: Council-Democrats, 6; Republiccans, 6. House-Democrats, 8; Republicans, 16. ARKANSAS, a Southern State, admitted to the Union June 15, 1836; area, 53,850 square miles. The population, according to each decennial census since admission, was 97,574 in 1840; 209,897 in 1850; 435,450 in 1860; 484,471 in 1870; 802,525 in 1880; and 1,128,179 in 1890. Capital, Little Rock. Government. -The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, William M. Fishback, Democrat; Secretary of State, H. B. Armistead; Auditor and Insurance Commissioner, C. B. Mills; Treasurer, Richard B. Morrow; Attorney-General, James A. Clarke; Land Commissioner, C. B. Myers; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Josiah H. Shinn; Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, George M. Chapline; Chancellor, D. W. Carroll; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, H. G. Bunn; Associate Justices, Burrill B. Battle, Simon P. Hughes, Richard H. Powell, and W. W. Mansfield, who resigned on May 9, and was succeeded by James E. Riddick, appointed by the Governor May 9; Clerk of the Supreme Court, W. P. Carroll. Finances. The treasury receipts for the past two years were as follow: For general revenuefrom taxes, $711,869.76; liquor licenses, $187,264.68: insurance licenses and taxes, $30,401.75; sales of lands and books and officers' fees and commissions, $43,190.78; expenses of inmates in the State charitable institutions, $8,701.59. Sinking fund-from taxes, $173.053.04; sales of books, $724.25; sales of real-estate bank lands, $4,158.36; Woodruff judgment, $34,840. Receipts for common-school fund from taxes, $670,090.56. Receipts for pension fund-from taxes, $82,778.43. The total amount collected for these funds is $1,947,083.21, and the amount disbursed during the two years out of the general revenue fund is $912,334.29. The cost of State government from Oct. 1, 1892, to Oct. 1, 1894, was $916,369.76. The bonded debt in detail, Oct. 1, 1894, was as follows: State bank bonds, 5-per-cent., $3,000, interest $8,662.50; State bank bonds, 6-per-cent., $109,000, interest $340,080.09; real-estate bank bonds, 6-per-cent., "A," $530,000, interest $1,525,200; real-estate bank bonds, 6-per-cent., "C," $43,000, interest $136,740; funded bonds, 1869 issue, 6-per-cent., $238,000, interest $299,100; funded bonds, 1870 issue, 6-per-cent., $371,000, interest $447.640; Loughborough bonds, 1875, 6-per-cent., $506,000, interest $199,170; ten-year 10-per-cent, bond, $100. Total bonded indebtedness, $4,812,732.50. State scrip is valued at par. Railroad Assessment. - The railroad assessment for 1894 is $19,932,353. The total mileage of the various roads is 2,343.9 miles, an increase of 32-02 miles over 1893, and an increase in valuation of $626,886. The Iron Mountain heads the list as a corporate taxpayer, and is assessed at $8,966,209, an increase of $386,061 over 1893. Liquor Tax.- The annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, shows: Number of gallons remaining in bond in district warehouses, 94,583; number of gallons produced during the year, 82,734; total tax on spirits withdrawn from warehouse, $74,023.20. The same items in 1893 were as follow: Gallons in bond, 92,102; gallons produced, 92,095; tax paid, $67,913.10. The increase in tax received this year is $6,110.10. The Woodruff Defalcation. The case of the State of Arkansas against William E. Woodruff, defaulting State Treasurer, and his bondsmen, was decided Feb. 8, 1894, by the Pulaski County Chancery Court. The chancellor confirmed the master's report except as to the second bond, which he declared invalid on account of the erasure of the name of one of the sureties, J. H. Anderson, of Howard County. The liability on this bond was $1,809.25, and judgment against Woodruff personally was rendered for the amount. The total amount of the judgment was as follows: Fourth bonds, $1,880.17; fifth bonds, $40,177.47, less $8.72 due the Treasurer on his first term, and $1,500 to $2,000 on account of scrip on hand. The costs and interest will make a total of nearly $50,000 in favor of the State. Levee Act. - The courts have sustained the constitutionality of the act of the Legislature of 1893, authorizing the construction of a levee on Mississippi river from the Missouri line to the mouth of St. Francis river, and on April 6 it was decided that the taxes assessed on the lands in the levee district must be paid. re Congressional Appropriations.-From the river-and-harbor appropriation Arkansas ceived $640,000, a little more than was received last year. For the improvement of the customhouse at Little Rock $58,000 was appropriated, and an expenditure of $194,000 for the establishment of a military post at Little Rock was authorized. Of this amount $60,000 was voted by the Fifty-second Congress. State Pensions. The amount of pensions this year is $35,116. On account of a deficiency in the funds on hand, a reduction of 15 per cent. has been necessary. The State Board of Pensions granted 195 applications for pensions, and rejected a like number. Census Statistics. The second volume of the compendium of the eleventh census was issued this year. It gives the following statistics for Arkansas: are The population of the State is 1,128,179, of whom 698 are insane, 1,481 are feeble-minded, 705 deaf, 682 are deaf and dumb, 1,951 have lost an eye, and 1,025 have lost both eyes. The foreign-born population is 14,264, nearly all of whom are naturalized citizens, the majority engaged in agricultural pursuits. The debt is reported to be $10,828,809, which is $9.60 per capita. The total debt less the sinking fund is $8.671,782. The total number of pupils enrolled was 239,675, of which 178,026 were white (93,336 male) and 61,649 colored (31,446 male, 30,203 female). The number of prisoners in Arkansas was 1,410, of which 777 were colored and 78 were Indians. There were 223 paupers, 49 of whom were negroes. The total value of the mineral products of Arkansas was $567,683. The value of the product of the zine mines was $3,250, and of the lead mines $400. There is $1,215,000 invested in the mining of manganese, the total value of the product for the census rear being $23,173. The total production of coal was 79.554 tons, which were sold for $395,836. The capital invested in the coal-mining industry is $1,289,. The total paid in wages during the year was $252,679. In the State there are 213,620 homes and farms. Of the 66,650 homes, 21,896 are owned by the families iving in them, and of these 1,280 are mortgaged. The debt on owned homes is $1,081,425, bearing interest at an average rate of 9.6 per cent. The num her of families renting houses is 44,754. The number of farms is 146,970; total acreage farms, 14,891,356; number of acres improved, 5,475,043; value of land, fences, and buildings, $118,574,422; of farming implements and machinery, $5,672,400; of live stock, $90,772,880. The number of families renting farms is 67.695; number of farms owned by families operating them is 79.275; of these, 3.314 are mortgaged, the amount of encumbrance being $2,032,345, which is 44:35 per cent. of their value; the average interest charged is 9-35 per cent., making the average annual interest charge $57 to each family. Each owned and encumbered farm is worth, on the average, $1,382. Arkansas produced 54,325,673 gallons of milk, 15,724.144 pounds of butter, and 21,328 pounds of cheese, It planted 1,700.758 acres in cotton, which produced 691,494 bales; 2 acres in flax, which yielded 12 bushels of seed and 26 pounds of fiber; 2,470 acres in rye, which yielded 15,181 bushels; 140,464 acres in wheat, the yield being 955,668 bushels; 1,648,443 in corn, from which was harvested 33,982,318 bushels. The crop of oats consisted of 4,810,877 bushels grown on 256232 acres : 7,110 pounds of rice were also produced. Church Statistics. The number of church organizations in Arkansas is 4,874; the number of edifices is 2,791: seating capacity of church buildings, 1,041,040; value of church property, $3.266,663; number of church members, 296, A little more than one fourth of the popuation of Arkansas are members of some religious organization. Penitentiary. In accordance with the law passed at the last session of the Legislature, the State assumed charge of the Penitentiary May 7. 1893, with an appropriation of $30,000. For twenty years prior to that date it had been Leased. In August, 1894, the superintendent reported that the institution, through the hiring cut of convict labor, had become more than selftaining, and that the death rate of convicts bad decreased nearly 50 per cent. The cost for transportation of convicts from the county jails during 1892 was $36.84 per capita. Under the present law, from May 7, 1893, to May 7, 1894, 359 convicts were brought to the Penitentiary at cost of $7.334 each. This includes the salary of the transportation agent and all other expenses. The Penitentiary leases or works on shares the land that it cultivates. In August it had 2,800 acres planted in cotton in Chicot County, and 600 in Lonoke County, which it was farming on shares. On 400 acres of rented and enough corn was in cultivation to furnish feed for stock and bread for convicts for the next year. The Penitentiary cost the State $12.523.40 for the twenty-two months from Oct. 1. 1892, to Aug. 1, 1894. In addition to this sim. between Oct. 1, 1892, and Oct. 1, 1894, $5.691 was paid for the apprehension of fugiives, and $1.118.70 for inquests on convicts. By a cyclone, Oct. 2, the Penitentiary buildings were damaged to the amount of $20,000; 1 convict was killed, 7 were injured, and 2 guards were severely hurt. Education. - The total enumeration of school children for 1894 was 425,349; the enrollment was 285,159, or 67 per cent. The common-school fund apportionment was $310,504.77, and a balance of $1,657.14 remained in the State treasury. The expenditures for 1893 and 1894 were: For teachers' salaries, $1,171,454.16 in 1893, and $1,051,608.91 in 18943; for houses, sites, building, repairs, apparatus, and commissions, $166,528.61 1893, $193,209.56 in 1894; for Arkansas Industrial University, $20,350 in 1893, and $22,550 in 1894; for district normal schools, $4,920 in 1893, and $3,000 in 18943; for branch normal schools, $6,375 in 1893; for School for the Blind, $30,079.55 in 1893; for Deaf Mute Institute, $32,528.15 in 1893; and, for the last three, the same amounts in 1894. The appropriations by the Legislature to the various educational institutions of the State for 1893 and 1894 were $199,905.39, making a total revenue for school purposes of $1,280,041.91 in 1893, and $1,283,715.11 in 1894. Except the Legislative appropriation, this was derived as follows: From State tax, about three twelfths, $301,743.10 in 1893, and $331,070.02 in 1894; poll tax, about two twelfths, $168,139.09 in 1893, and $155,361.45 in 1894; local tax, about seven twelfths, $699,065.12 in 1893, and $676,459.76 in 1894; other sources, $16,789.90 in 1893, and $26,231.19 in 1894; total, $1,185,729.21 in 1893, and $1,189,122.42 in 1894. The property valuation on which the tax was estimated was $177,011,247 in 1893, and $175,708,834 in 1894. Lunatic Asylum. The expenses of the State Lunatic Asylum for 1894 were $159,791.12. The cyclone of Oct. 2 destroyed the male side of the main building and the annex of the asylum. Dr. Jacob T. Ingate, second assistant physician, was crushed to death in the ruins. Drs. Robertson and Wells lost all their personal effects. There were 260 patients in the asylum when the crash came. The damage to the asylum buildings was estimated at $100,000. Mineral Discoveries. - In southern and southeastern Arkansas apparently inexhaustible beds of clay and ocher have been found. The ocher shows an unusually heavy body, and has been made up in over 40 different tints. In Bradley County 52 varieties of clays have been secured; it possesses the best material for common and pressed brick, vitrified brick, tile, terra cotta, pottery, and vitrified piping. Silicates of alumina also have been found, and in Columbia County extensive deposits of kaolin of the best quality. Cyclone. On the evening of Oct. 2 a cyclone, lasting about three minutes, swept over Little Rock, killing 4 persons, injuring 37, and damaging property to the amount of $1,000,000. Political. At the November election the Democrats carried the State by a majority of about 30,000 in a total vote of 120,000, and elected the six members of Congress. ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. American. The forty-third meeting of the American Association was held in Brooklyn, N. Y., during Aug. 15-24, 1894. The officers of the meeting were: President, Daniel G. Brinton, of Media, Pa. Vicepresidents of sections: A, George ('. Comstock, Madison, Wis.; B, William A. Rogers, Waterville, Me.; C, Thomas H. Norton, Cincinnati, Ohio; D, Mansfield Merriman, South Bethlehem, Pa.; E, Samuel Calvin, Iowa Cit City, Iowa; F, Joseph A. Lintner, Albany, N. Y.; G, Lucien M. Underwood, Greencastle, Ind.; H, Franz Boas, Worcester, Mass.; I, Henry Farquhar, Washington, D. C. Permanent Secretary, Frederick W. Putnam, Cambridge (office Salem), Mass. General Secretary, Herman L. Fairchild, Rochester, N. Y. Secretary of the Council, James Lewis Howe, Louisville, Ky. Secretaries of the sections: A, Jefferson E. Kershner, Lancaster, Penn.; B, Benjamin W. Snow, Madison, Wis.; C, William McMurtrie, New York; D, John H. Kinealy, St. Louis, Mo.: E, Jedediah Hotchkiss, Staunton, Va.; F, John B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; G, Charles R. Barnes, Madison, Wis.; H, Alexander F. Chamberlain, Worcester, Mass.; I, Manly Miles, Lansing, Mich. Opening Proceedings. The usual regular preliminary meeting of the council with which the association begins its sessions was held in the St. George Hotel, which was the headquarters of the association, on Aug. 15, at noon. At this DANIEL G. BRINΤΟΝ. session the final details pertaining to the arrangements were settled and the reports of the local committees acted on. Also the names of 158 applicants for membership were favorably considered. The first general session with which the public meetings began was held in the large hall of the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute at 10 A. M. on Aug. 16. As is the custom, President Harkness called the meeting to order, and with a few words introduced his successor, Prof. Daniel G. Brinton, who then took the chair and presented the Rev. W. H. Ingersoll, who made a prayer. The Hon. Charles A. Schieren, Mayor of Brooklyn, was to have welcomed the association, but he was absent, and a letter from him was read by Prof. George W. Plympton, secretary of the local committee of arrangements. Truman J. Backus, principal of Packer Institute and a vice-president of the local committee, then delivered an eloquent address of welcome, closing with "Our city, stirred by the spirit of inquiry, reverent toward learning, and ready to receive the gifts you bring, hails your coming and bids you welcome. May you give illustrations of the power and dignity and glory of high learning, such as shall uplift our people and impel our men of wealth to begin the building of a fitting superstructure upon the broad and strong foundation already laid!" President Brinton replied: "We begin to-day the forty-third annual meeting of our organization. For nigh half a century it has sought to bring together once a year the active workers in all the leading branches of scientific investigation, that they might learn to know each other as individuals, that differences of opinion might be the more readily harmonized, that the good work might be pushed forward by united effort, and that from all quarters of our vast country students could look to our central organization as one in which all are at home with equal rights and privileges." proved In the course of his remarks he spoke of the influence of the association as being in the highest and best sense of the word educational; that the goal toward which the members were striving was the attainment of scientific truth: and that the aims of science are distinctly beneficent. "Its spirit is that of charity and human kindness. From its peaceful victories it returns laden with richer spoils than ever did warrior of old. Through its discoveries the hungry are fed and the naked are clothed by an improved agriculture and an increased food supply; the dark hours are deprived of their gloom through methods of ampler illumination; man is brought into friendly contact with man through means of rapid transportation; sickness is diminished and pain relieved by the conquests of chemistry and biology; the winter wind is shorn of its sharpness by the geologist's discovery of a mineral fuel; and so on, in a thousand ways, the comfort of our daily lives and the pleasurable employment of our faculties are increased by the administrations of science." brought The annual report of the association was then read by its secretary, including the necrology of the year. Announcements by the officers and election of 158 new members followed. Address of the Retiring President.-The association met in the Academy of Music on the evening of Aug. 16 to hear the retiring address of President William Harkness. After a welcoming address from the President of the Board of Aldermen, Jackson Wallace, who was acting Mayor, President Brinton introduced the retiring president. He said, in opening: "Nature may be studied in two widely different ways. On the one hand, we may employ a powerful microscope which will render visible the minutest forms and limit our field of view to an infinitesimal fraction of an inch situated within a foot of our own noses; or, on the other hand, we may occupy some commanding position, and from thence, aided perhaps by a telescope, we may obtain a comprehensive view of an extensive region. The first method is that of the specialist, the second is that of the philosopher, but both are necessary for an adequate understanding of Nature. The one has brought us knowledge wherewith to defend ourselves against bacteria and microbes, which are among the most deadly enemies of mankind, and the other has made us acquainted with the great laws of matter and force, upon which rests the whole fabric of science. All Nature is one, but for convenience of classification we have divided our knowledge into a number of sciences, which usually regar as quite distinct from each other. we "To the popular mind there are no two sciences farther apart than astronomy and geology. The one treats of the structure and mineral constitution of our earth, the causes of its physical features, and its history, while the other treats of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, order, and of the causes of their various phenomena. And yet many-perhaps I may even say most-of the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies are merely reflections of the motions of the earth, and in studying them we are really studying it. Furthermore, precession, mutation, and the phenomena of the tides depend largely upon the internal structure of the earth, and there astronomy and geology merge into each other. This evening I shall invite your attention to the present condition of our knowledge respecting the inagnitude of the solar system, but in so doing it will be necessary to introduce considerations derived from laboratory experiments upon luminiferous ether, others upon ponderable matter, still others relating both to the surface's phenomena and the internal structure of the earth, and thus we shall deal largely with the border land where astronomy, physics, and geology merge into each other." Then discussing the instruments used in astronomical observations from the time of Pythagoras, more than five hundred years before Christ, and referring to the work of Galileo, Copernicus, and others, he brought his subject down to modern times. He directed special attention to the fact that - The gravitational results which enter directly or indirectly into the solar parallax are six in number, to wit: First, the relation of the moon's mass to the tides; second, the relation of the moon's mass and parallax to the force of gravity st the earth's surface; third, the relation of the solar parallax to the masses of the earth and moon; fourth, the relation of the solar and lunar parallaxes to the moon's mass and parallactic inequality; fifth, the relation of the solar and unar parallaxes to the moon's mass and the Parth's lunar inequality; sixth, the relation of the constants of nutation and precession to the moon's parallax." Each of these relations he discussed in detail, and then took up the photo-tachymetrical methods, notably those by which the velocity of light has been measured. Having discussed the astronomical, geodetic, geological, and physical quantities considered in finding the solar parallax, he advocated the application of the method of least squares to these various relations. In this connection he said: "It appears that the method required for adVOL. XXXIV.-3 A justing the solar parallax and its related constants is in all respects the same as that which has so long been used for adjusting systems of triangulation, and as the latter method was invented by astronomers, it is natural to inquire why they have not applied it to the fundamental problem of their own science? The reasons are various, but they may all be classed under two heads: First, an inveterate habit of overestimating the accuracy of our own work as compared with that of others; and, second, the unfortunate effect of too much specialization." After briefly referring to the recent advances in astronomy and the insufficiency of instruments, he closed with the statement: "With almost any system of weights the solar parallax will come out very nearly 8-809 seconds plus or minus 0.0057 seconds, whence we have for the mean distance between the earth and sun 92,797,000 miles, with a probable error of only 59,700 miles, and for the diameter of the solar system, measured to its outermost member, the planet Neptune, 5.578,400,000 miles." Proceedings of the Sections. The association is divided into nine sections, each of which is presided over by an officer having the rank of vice-president of the association. Subsequent to the opening proceedings, each section meets by itself and effects its organization by electing a fellow to represent it in the council, a sectional committee of 3 fellows, a fellow or member to the nominating committee, and a committee of 3 members or fellows to nominate officers of the section for the next meeting. As soon as this organization is effected the secretary of the section reports to the general secretary, who then provides him with a list of papers that, having been considered suitable by the council, may be read and discussed before the section. On the first day the proceedings are usually confined to organization and the delivery of the inaugural or vice-presidential addresses. Sections.-A. Mathematics and Astronomy. -This section was presided over by George C. Comstock, of Washburn University, Madison, Wis., who was present at the beginning of the meeting, and then was succeeded by Edgar Frisby, of the United States Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. The subject of Prof. Comstock's address was "Binary Stars," and it included a brief sketch of the development of double-star astronomy, followed by a consideration of the peculiar errors affecting the observations of these bodies. These errors he showed to be of physiological origin, and to constitute the most serious difficulty to the advancement of knowledge in this direction. He said that observations of binary stars had been made during a period of about a century, and for the more rapidly moving binaries-e. g., those which complete a revolution in less than two centuries-fairly reliable orbits were derived upon the supposition that the Newtonian law of gravitation is applicable to such cases. The orbits of 44 of these pairs of stars had been obtained. These orbits were comparable in size with those of the more remote members of the solar system. Invisible stars have been shown to exist by their effect in disturbing the orbital motion of adjacent visible stars, and the study of their motions and influences constitutes a new field in double-star astronomy. He also gave an account of the recent investigation upon the dark companion of Zeta Cancri, also of that upon the mass brightness or candle power by the ton of binary stars, and of some recent investigations upon some curious results arising from the fact that the rays of light by which a star is seen require an appreciable interval of time for their propagation through the celestial spaces. through This circumstance may be employed in some cases to determine the dimensions of the orbits of the binary stars and their distance from us. In conclusion, he directed attention to various new problems presented by the application of the spectroscope to binary stars and to the relation borne by increasing knowledge of these bodies to the formation of a rational cosmogony. The following-named papers were then read and discussed before the section: "On Some Attempts to photograph the Solar Corona without an Eclipse," by George E. Hale; "On the Control of the Equatorial Driving Clock," by George W. Hough; "Requisites for governing the Motion of Equatorial Telescopes," by Worcester R. Warner; Latitude Determination at the Savre Observ atory," by Charles L. Doolittle; "Preliminary Notice of Results of Observations made at Columbia College Observatory for Variation of Latitude and Constant of Aberration," by John K. Rees; "A Simple Proof of Radares Symmetrical Form of the Differential Equations of Relative Motion of the Planets," by Ormond Stone; " A Configuration of 36 Points, 27 Lines, 36 Planes, a Special Case of which lead to Klein's Hyperelliptic Configuration of 40 Points, 90 Lines, 40 Planes," by E. Hastings Moore; "Stellar Photometry," by Henry M. Parkhurst; "The Crank Curve," by John H. Kinealy; "An Extension of the Gaussian Potential Theory of Terrestial Magnetism," by Louis A. Bauer; "Sketch of Zone Observations at the Naval Observatory," by Aaron N. Skinner; and "Gilliss's Catalogue of Southern Stars," by Edgar Frisby. B. Physics. The presiding officer of this section was Prof. William A. Rogers, who fills the chair of Astronomy and Physics in Colby University, Waterville, Me. The subject of his address was "Obscure Heat as an Agent in producing Expansion in Metals under Air Contact." At the outset he said: "Whatever may be said of the advantages offered, either by liquid contacts of the metals investigated, or by freedom from exposure to the air in the comparison of standards of length, the fact remains that a useful purpose will be served by a study of the forces under which the expansion and contraction of metals take place under the condition in which they are used in every-day experience." Then, after describing the precautions necessary to follow when the two metals are either wholly or partly immersed in water, he proceeded to discuss in detail the methods of investigation that he pursued on this somewhat obscure subject, giving many tables of figures showing results obtained and the progress made in the research. One phase of his work may be quoted. He found that "after a mass of metal had remained at a nearly constant temperature for a considerable time, the inertia, which must be overcome by any change of temperature before a variation in molecular action takes place, seems to be much greater than after harmonic molecular action had begun." In other words, "the inertia of comparative molecular rest is much greater than the inertia of established molecular motion." He referred to the existence of varying thermal forces which seem to govern the process of cooling, and suggested that this ought to furnish an explanation of the periodic variations in the readings of thermometers when the comparisons are made at regular intervals of time. The discussion of the results will be deferred until a future occasion, but in the meantime additional observations will be made especially with improved appliances, the construction of which has been suggested by the work already accomplished. The following-named papers were read and discussed before the section: "A Problem in Stereoscopic Perspective," by W. Le Conte Stevens; "On the Directed Velocity of the Particles in the Electric Arc," by Benjamin W. Snow; "Aluminum Violins," by Alfred Springer; "The Photography of Manometric Flames not yet decided," by William Hallock; "A New Form of Spectrophotometer," by Edward L. Nichols; "The Thermal Con ductivity of Cast Iron," by I. Thornton Osmond; ture," by Robert W. Quick and B. S. Lanphear; "The "Thermal Conductivity of Copper at Low Tempera Influence of Heat and Electricity upon Young's Modulus for a Piano Wire," by Mary C. Noyer: "The Influence of Temperature upon the Transparency of Solutions," by Edward L. Nichols and Mary C. Spencer; "Studies of the Lime Light," by Edward L. Nichols and Mary L. Crehore; "A Calorifie Etfect of the Velocity of Migration of Hydrogen Ions," by Samuel Sheldon; "On the Radiation of Obscure Heat by a Metallic Bar," by Benjamin W. Snow; "The Infra-red Spectra of Metals," by E. P. Lewis and Ervin S. Ferry; "On Magnetic Potential," by Frederick Bedell; "On Electric Strength," by George W. Pierce; "A Phonographic Method for recording the Alternating Current Curve," by C. J. Rolleson; "On the Solution-Tension of Metals," by Harry C. Jones; "A New Recording Thermometer for Closed Spaces," by William H. Bristol: "On Some Magnetic Characteristics of Iridium," by Solomon H. Brackett; "Lighting as a Case of the Dissipation of Energy, by N. D. C. Hodges; "Some Peculiar Lightning Flashes," by Alexander McAdie; "The Attributes of Matter" and "Definition of Motion," by John W. Powell; and "Device for Comparing Natural with Tempered Musical Scales," by Morris Loeb. C. Chemistry. --Prof. Thomas H. Norton, who fills the chair of Chemistry in the University of Cincinnati, in Cincinnati, Ohio, chose as the subject of his address, "The Battle with Fire." in which, differing with his predecessors, who have discussed subjects in pure science, he presented a matter which had to do with certain economie aspects of chemistry. He began by pointing out that of $200,000,000 representing the total annual loss of insured property by fire, nearly one half, or $90,344,075, occurs in the United States. Our total loss of property by fire amounts to one fifth of the net profits of all the industries of the country. In the matter of protection against loss by fire there are two distinct lines of action: prevention and cure, or the adoption of such measures as to render an outbreak of fire difficult and a conflagration practically impossible, and provision of the proper facilities for the rapid subjugation and limitation of a fire under full headway. Under the head of fire extinguishers, such agents as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, chemical engines of various kinds, including such as the well-known forms of Babcock. Harkness, and Climax extinguishers and hand grenades. |