a retrospect and a forecast, by T. A. Spalding; Rev. H. W. Clark published "A History of Tithes"; and Dean Luckock "The History of Marriage, Jewish and Christian, in Relation to Divorce." "The Industrial and Social Life and Duties of the Citizen" were handled by J. Edward Parrott in the "Waterloo Series," and John MacCunn wrote on the "Ethics of Citizenship." "Toward Utopia " was the title of speculations in social evolution by A Free Lance; English Commons and Forests," ts," by G. Shaw-Lefevre, told the history of the thirty years' struggle for public rights; and from Prof. Edward Jenks we have an admirable "Outline of English Local Government." "Appearance and Reality" was a metaphysical essay by F. H. Bradley; "Philosophical Remains of George Croom Robertson" were edited by Alexander Bain and T. Whittaker; "Historical Philosophy in France, and French Belgium and Switzerland," by Prof. Robert Flint, is the first volume of a contemplated great work on the "History of the Philosophy of History"; Prof. James Seth made a "Study of Ethical Principles"; Prof. William Knight explained the difference between "The Christian Ethic" and other moral systems; and Rev. J. D. Robertson published an essay toward a new analysis, deduction, and development of "Conscience." Prof. Alexander Campbell Fraser collated and annotated "An Essay concerning Human Understanding," by John Locke, of which there had been hitherto no ample and worthy edition, with biographical, critical, and his torical prolegomena, the whole filling 2 volumes. "The Riddle of the Universe," by E. D. Fawcett, was an attempt to determine the first principles of metaphysics. William Samuel Lilly examined "The Claims of Christianity"; Charles B. Upton delivered the Hibbert Lectures in 1893 upon "The Bases of Religious Belief"; "None like it: A Plea for the Old Sword" emanated from Joseph Parker, the author of the "People's Bible"; "The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments" were confronted with each other by Rev. Archibald H. Sayce; Rev. Luke Rivington wrote on "The Primitive Church and the See of Peter"; Dr. Alexander Balmain Bruce, on "St. Paul's Conception of Christianity"; Dr. James Stalker, in "The Trial and Death of Jesus Christ," supplied a devotional history of our Lord's passion; "Fishers of Men" was the title of addresses by the Archbishop of Canterbury; and "Church Work" had its means and methods scanned by the Bishop of Manchester. "Rectorial Addresses delivered at St. Andrew's" were edited by Prof. Knight; the anonymous author of "Supernatural Religion" made a study of "The Gospel according to St. Peter"; "Sacerdotalism, if rightly understood, the Teaching of the Church of England" was by Canon W. J. Knox-Little, who published also "Labor and Sorrows," a volume of sermons; "The English Church in the Nineteenth Century, 1800-1833" came from Rev. John H. Overton; Rev. Robert B. Fairbairn published "The Oblation and the Invocation"; "Christ and Skepticism" was the theme of 13 essays by S. A. Alexander; and among other works on religion may be mentioned "The Theology of the New Testament," by Walter F. Adeney; "The Tenderness of Christ," by Dr. Anthony W. Thorold; "The Acts of the Apostles," by F. Denison Maurice; "Judaistic Christianity," by Dr. Fenton J. A. Hart; "The Resurrection of the Dead," by Dr. W. Milligan; "College and University Sermons," by Arthur Temple Lyttelton; "God's City and the Coming of the King dom," by Canon Scott Holland; "The Book of Revelation," by Rev. Frederick Shaw: "Clerical Life and Work," by Canon Liddon; a second series of "Sermons preached at Whately," by Rev. R. W. Church; "The Natural History of the Christian Religion," by Dr. W. Mackintosh; the Bampton Lectures for 1894, by Rev. J. R. Illingworth, upon "Personality, Human and Divine"; and "The Supernatural in Christianity," considered by Dr. R. Rainy, Prof. J. Orr, and Dr. Marcus Dods, with special reference to statements in the recent Gifford Lectures.

T. Harwood Pattison wrote "The History of the English Bible"; Rev. C. J. Ellicott, “Plain Introductions to the Books of the Bible"; "I Peter-Revelation" was a new volume of "The Sermon Bible"; "The Epistles of St. Peter," by Dr. J. Rawson Lumby, appeared in the new sixth series of the "Expositor's Bible," while the new seventh series included. The Book of Numbers," by Dr. Robert A. Watson; "The Book of Chronicles," by W. H. Bennett; "The Seeond Book of Kings," by Canon Farrar; "The Second Epistle to the Corinthians," by James Denney; "The Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans," by C. G. Handley Moule; and the second and third volumes of "The Psalms," by Dr. Alexander Maclaren, who also published 4 volumes on the several gospels in the "Bible Class Expositions Series." In the Present Day Primers" we had "The Printed English Bible, 1525-1885," by Richard Lovett, and "Early Church History," by J. Vernon Bartlett, and in the "Handbooks for Bible Classes," "The Last of the Prophets," by J. Feather. Rev. C. L. Marston made notes on "The Psalms at Work"; "Heroes of Israel" were commemorated by Dr. W. G. Blaikie; Rev. F. B. Meyer sketched the character of "Jeremiah, Priest and Prophet"; and from Dr. Horton we had "The Cartoons of St. Mark." Among collections of sermons may be mentioned: "Christ and our Times," by Archdeacon Sinclair; "God and Christ," by Rev. Stopford A. Brooke; "The Spiritual World," by Principal Cave; and "Lombard Street in Lent." by Archdeacon Farrar, Canon Scott-Holland, the Dean of Ely, and others. Lectures by Spurgeon on "The Art of Illustration" in preparing sermons were also printed. "If Christ came to Chicago" was a sensational review of the wickedness of that city by William T. Stead. An anonymous writer touched upon "The Jewish Question and the Mission of the Jews." Books of a general character, which may as well be included here as anywhere, were "The British Fleet," the growth, achievements, and duties of which were traced by Commander Charles N. Robinson; and "Britain's Naval Power," by Hamilton Williams; "Our Railways," in 2 volumes, by John Pendleton; "British Locomotives," by J. C. Bowen Cooke; "The Tower Bridge," by J. E. Tuit; "The Book of the Lifeboat," edited and arranged by J. C. Dibdin and John Ayling; "Ancient Ships," the first installment of an exhaustive work by Cecil Torr; "Notes on Docks and Dock Construction," by C. Colson; the Howard Lectures for 1893 "On the Development and Transmission of Power from Central Stations," by W. C. Unwin; "Tidal Rivers," by W. H. Wheeler, in the "Civil Engineering Series"; "The Water Supply of Towns and the Construction of Water Works," by W. K. Burton, of the Imperial University of Tokio, Japan; E. Henry Davies's treatise on "Machinery for Metalliferous Mines"; "Cotton Manufacture," by J. Lister, and "Cotton from Field to Factory," Factory," by J. Mortimer; "A Text-Book of Ore and Stone Mining," by Clement Le Neve Foster; "Mining Royalties," by Charles A. James; Vol. II of The Tannins," by Henry Trimble; and "Animal and Vegetable Fixed Oils, Fats, Butters, and Waxes," by Charles R. A. Wright. "Secrets of the Prison House," by Major Arthur Griffiths, contained the experience of a quarter of a century, and with it may be mentioned "Reminiscences of an Indian Police Official," by T. C. Arthur; "Suicide and Insanity" was a physiological and sociological study, by Dr. S. A. Strahan, in the "Social Science Series," and Dr. George W. Balfour wrote upon "The Senile Heart." "Scotch Deerhounds and their Masters," by the late George Cupples, was edited, with a biographical sketch of the author, by James Hutchinson Stirling; J. P. Hore wrote a "History of the Royal Buckhounds"; Rawson B. Lee continued his history of "Modern Dogs," with a nonsporting division: Major Glyn Leonard embodies sixteen years of experience in his book upon "The Camel"; and "The Arabian Horse" received generous treatment at the hands of Maj.-Gen. W. Tweedie. In the "Fur and Feather Series" appeared

"The Grouse" and "The Partridge," by Rev. H. A. Macpherson, and others; while in the "Badminton Library""" Yachting" was handled by Sir Edward Sullivan, Lord Brassey, and others; "Archery," by C. J. Longman and Col. H. Walrond; and 2 volumes were devoted to "Big Game Shooting," by Clive Phillipps-Wolley, with contributions from the most noted sportsmen; "Ladies in the Field" was edited by Lady Greville; "The Rugby Union Game" (football) was described by C. J. Marriott and others; and to the literature of cards were added "English Whist and English Whist Players," by W. Prideaux Courtney: "The Whist Table," edited by Portland; "Modern Scientific Whist," by C. D. P. Hamilton; and R. F. Foster's "Duplicate Whist."

Poetry." Astrophel, and Other Poems," by Algernon Charles Swinburne, demand, of course, the first rank among volumes of verse, though they had already been given to the public in magazines; and a warm welcome was extended also to "Odes, and Other Poems," by William Watson. Lewis Morris published characteristic "Songs without Notes," and Edmund Gosse picturesquely termed his realizations of the lengthening shadows "In Russet and Silver." "Ballads and Songs" of John Davidson aroused enthusiasm among reviewers, and "A London Rose, and Other Rhymes," by Ernest Rhys, suggested, as did the author's name, a Welsh origin. Andrew Lang displayed his airy fancy and exquisite command of verse in "Ban and Arrière Ban"; Grant Allen entitled his reminiscences of excursions round the base of Helicon, undertaken for the most part in early manhood, "The Lower Slopes"; May Kendall sent out "Songs from Dreamland"; Norman Gale celebrated a national game in "Cricket Songs," and also published "A June Romance"; "Poems" of Thomas Gordon Hake were selected and published with a prefatory note by Alice Meynell; and "Songs, Poems, and Verses," by Helen (Lady) Dufferin, were edited, with a memoir and some account of the Sheridan family (to which she belonged), by her son, the Marquis of Dufferin. She wrote the song of "The Irish Emigrant." "Homeward: Songs by the Way," by "A. E.," and "The Land of Heart's Desire," a tiny drama by W. B. Yeats, are also of Celtic origin. Laurence Binyon published "Lyric Poems," which, with "Sonnets of the Wingless Hours," by Eugene Lee-Hamilton, will please meditative minds; "Poems and Carols," by Selwyn Image, appeared toward the close of the year; Oscar Wilde unriddled "The Sphinx"; the "Second Book of the Rhymers' Club" contained some very good verse; Richard Garnett and Lewis Brockman published, respectively, respective volumes of "Poems"; "Cuckoo Songs" came from Katharine Tynan Hinkson; "Poems, Old and New," from George Cotterell; "Persephone, and Other Poems," from K. MeCosh Clark; "Poems, Sonnets, Songs, and Verses," from the author of "The Professor, and Other Poems;" "The Feast of Cotytto, and Other Poems," from C. T. Lusted; "The Burden of Belief, and Other Poems," from the Duke of Argyll; "A Book of Song," from Julian Sturgis; "The Rescue, and Other Poems," from Henry Bellyse Baildon; while "Adriatica," by Percy Pinkerton, and "Idylls and Lyrics of the Nile," by H. D. Rawnsley, were evidently suggested by foreign travel. "The Odes of Horace and the Carmen Sæculare" were translated into English by the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P., and promptly parodied as "The Hawarden Horace," by Charles L. Graves. "Our Poets" were rather roughly handled generally by Arthur Lynch in satirical rhyme: while J. M. Bulloch's College Carols" were superior to the ordinary run of such. H. A. Morrah was also heard from "In College Groves." Herbert Hailstone published "Songs and Psalms"; Clifford Brooks, "The Wanderer in the Land of Cybi, and Other Poems," written between the years 1886 and 1893; and George Anderson, "The Agnostic, and Other Poems," of which the prevailing mood is philosophical, as was that of "Two Lives, by Reginald Fanshawe. Other

volumes which remain to be noticed are "Seven Love Songs, and Other Lyrics," by Mrs. T. Percy Cotton; "A Monk's Love, and Other Poems," by J. D. Hosken; "Lyrics and Tales in Verse," by J. A. Goodchild; and "Mediæval Records and Sonnets," by Aubrey de Vere. Among collections are "Bards and the Birds," selected and arranged by Frederick Noel Patton; "The Poets' Praise, from Homer to Swinburne," accompanied with notes by Estelle Davenport Adams; "Ballads of Bairnhood," edited by Robert Ford; Vols. I and II of "Popular British Ballads, Ancient and Modern," chosen by R. Brimley Johnson, to be followed by two more; "Border Ballads," with an introductory essay by Andrew Lang; the final part of Vol. VII of "The Roxburghe Ballads," edited by J. Woodfall Ebsworth; and Vols. V and VI of "Scots Minstrelsie," which we owe to John Greig. "Roundheads and Cavaliers, or the Pretty Puritan" was a drama by Arthur Bridge; and "Tiberius: A Drama," by Francis Adams, had an introduction by W. M. Rossetti. "The Complete Plays of Richard Steele" were issued for the first time during the year, with an introduction and notes by G. A. Aitken; Israel Gollanez edited "Charles Lamb's Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who lived about the Time of Shakespeare," in 2 volumes; while the colossal work of Rev. Walter W. Skeat, in editing "The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer," from numerous manuscripts, in 6 volumes, called forth the highest commendation, and completed the labor of love of a quarter of a century.

Voyages and Travels. - No part of the globe, habitable or uninhabitable, seems to have escaped the adventurous Englishman in 1894. "Glimpses of Four Continents" were caught by Lady Plantagenet, Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, and commemorated in letters; Sir Edwin Arnold's "Wandering Words" were rescued from the oblivion of newspaper files; Mrs. Archibald Dunn described "The World's Highway," with some first impressions while journeying along it; John Dale went "Round the World by Doctor's Orders"; and Clement Scott recorded "Pictures of the World" seen by him on his roundabout route to the World's Fair. "Polar Gleams" was an account of a voyage on the yacht "Blencathra," by Helen Peel, which had a preface by the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, her godfather, and "From Edinburgh to the Antarctic" recorded W. G. Burn Murdock's notes and sketches during the Dundee Antarctic Expedition of 1892-193. Vice-Admiral Lindesay Brine's "Travels among North American Indians," though made during 1870, were not committed by him to paper until this year, but lost nothing in interest by the delay; "Texan Ranch Life" was described by a lady, Mary J. Jaques; and Eden Philpotts found himself at home "In Sugar-cane Land," as he terms the West Indies. "Travels in India a Hundred Years Ago," by Thomas Twining, reissued during the year, included a visit to the United States; "India in Nine Chapters" was described by A. M. O. Richards; "Gold, Sport, and Coffee Planting in Mysore," by R. H. Elliot, recorded the experience of thirty-eight years; "Eha" was "A Naturalist on the Prowl" in the jungles of India; and Mrs. Tyacke told "How I shot my Bears" on its frontiers. Edward G. Browne described the impressions of " A Year among the Persians"; "Climbing and Exploration in the Karakorum-Himalayas" were the theme of William Martin Conway, as "Chin-Lushai Land" was of Col. A. S. Reid; Capt. Hamilton Bower kept the "Diary of a Journey across Tibet"; and Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop found herself "Among the Thibetans." Walter B. Harris made "A Journey through the Yemen"; Henry Lansdale, D. D., visited "Chinese Central Asia"; "Korea and the Sacred White Mountain" was a brief account of a journey made in 1891 by A. E. J. Cavendish; Capt. G. J. Younghusband went "On Short Leave to Japan"; Robert K. Douglas pictured "Society in China"; and "Chin-Chin," by R. H. Sherard, describes the sports and pastimes of that country. "The

430 LITERATURE, BRITISH, IN 1894.

Exploration of Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo" comes to us from John Whitehead, as " A Descriptive Dictionary of British Malaya" did from N. B. Dennys, Ph. D.; a memorial edition was issued of. Sir Richard F. Burton's "First Footsteps in East Africa," edited by Lady Burton; "Travel and Adventures in the Congo Free State, and its Big Game Shooting," by H. Bailey, termed by the natives Bula N'zau (Elephant Smasher), was illustrated from his own sketches; Col. A. B. Ellis described "The Yorubaspeaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa"; "The British Mission to Uganda in 1893," by Sir Gerald Portal, was edited, with a memoir, by Rennell Rodd; Lord Wolverton told of "Five Months' Sport in Somaliland"; and "Letters from the Western Pacific and Mashonaland, 1878-1891," by Hugh H. Romilly, were edited, with a memoir, by his brother, Samuel II. Romilly. "On the Wallaby, or, Through the East and across Australia," by Guy Boothby, was eminently 'readable; Albert F. Calvert wrote upon "The Aborigines of Western Australia" after an acquaintance formed as a mining engineer among them; E. H. Canney entitled Australia "The of the Dawning"; "In the Land of the Tui: My Journal in New Zealand" was published by Mrs. Robert Wilson; and A. Fraser Hill wrote upon "The Land and Wealth of New South Wales." Mrs. Howard Vincent journeyed from "China to Peru," and J. J. Aubertin went" By Order of the Sun to Chile to see the Total Eclipse, April 16, 1893." George E. Thompson pictured "Life in Tripoli, with a Peep at Ancient Carthage," and "Pioneering in Morocco" was a record of seven years' medical mission work in the palace and the hut of Dr. Robert Kerr. The Egyptian Exploration Fund published an "Atlas of Ancient Egypt" and Parts I and II of "Beni Hassan"; the Palestine Exploration Fund issued "A Mound of Many Cities," by Frederic Jones Bliss, describing the excavation of Tell El Hesy; while "Tell el Amarna," by W. M. Flinders Petrie, contained chapters by Prof. A. R. Sayce, F. Ll. Griffeth, and F. C. J. Spurrell. Mrs. Lewis gave "A Lady's Impression of Cyprus in 1893"; Mrs. Louise Jordan Miln was interesting in her description of "When we were Strolling Players in the East"; and returning once more to the Continent, we have the second and final volume of " France of To-day," a survey, comparative and retrospective, by M. Betham-Edwards, as well as Vol. II of II. Sutherland Edwards's "Old and New

Paris," which contains more than 200 illustrations, and completes a beautiful and admirably written book; "Two Summers in Guyenne," by Edward Harrison Barker; "The Deserts of Southern France," to which 2 volumes are devoted, by Sabine BaringGould; "The Peasant State," an account of Bulgaria in 1894, by Edward Dicey; “A Winter Jaunt to Norway," by Mrs. Alec Tweedie; "Cruising in the Netherlands," by J. Christopher Davies; "The Gypsy Road," which was followed on a bicycle, by Grenville A. J. Cole, through Poland, Hungary, Moravia, Bohemia, and Germany, in company with Edmund H. New, who supplied the illustrations. "Scrambles in the Alps," by Edward Whymper; "Dolomite Strongholds," the last untrodden Alpine peaks, which were successfully assaulted by Rev. J. Sanger Davies; and "Notes on Tobogganing at St. Moritz," by Theodore Andrea Cook. "Sunrise Land," by Mrs. Alfred Berlyn (Vera), described rambles in Eastern England; Edward Porritt informed Americans concerning "The Englishman at Home"; George Augustus Sala's latest book brought "London up to Date"; W. P. Haskett Smith was an authority upon "Climbing in the British Isles"; J. J. Hissey carried us "Through Ten English Counties"; "Twelve Years' Residence on the West Coast of Scotland" contained the shooting and fishing experiences of J. Mason; John Bickerdyke spent "Days in Thule with Rod, Gun, and Camera"; John Geddie went around "The Fringes of Fife"; "Somerset Highways, Byways, and Waterways יי were followed by C. R. B. Barrett; "Flamborough: Village and Head

;,

LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL.

land," the work of various writers, was edited by Robert Fisher; "The Marches of Wales," by Charles G. Harper, recorded notes and impressions on the Welsh marches from the Severn Sea to the Sands of Dee; and "Picturesque Old Chester," in 2 parts, consisted of etchings by T. Piper and notes by Mrs. H. Stanford and J. Taylor. "The Historical Geography of the Holy Land" was written by Dr. George Adam Smith with special reference to the history of Israel and the early Church; and Vol. VIII of "An Historical Geography of the British Colonies," by C. P. Lucas, was devoted to West Africa.

The following are the figures of book production in Great Britain during 1894, from the columns of the "Publishers' Circular":

Belgium. In the department of history perhaps the most important work is Charles Duvivier's "La Querelle des d'Avesnes et des Dampierre," a masterly study of the French and Germanic influences at work in Belgium in the thirteenth century. The same topic has been touched upon by Félicien Cattier in "Evolution du Droit pénal germanique en Hainaut jusqu'au 15o Siècle." Vol. III of "Belgique illustrée" finishes that comprehensive and valuable work; "Jansenius, Évéque d'Ypres," published under the auspices of the Catholic University of Louvain, is a fresh attempt to settle the question of that prelate's last moments and his submission to the Pope. There have appeared also Vol. X of the correspondence of Cardinal de Granvelle, edited by Ch. Piot, and Vol. I of the "Cartulaire de l'Eglise de St. Lambert à Liége," edited by St. Bormans and E. Schoolmeesters. A charming anonymous book on Emile de Laveleye (the first series of whose "Essais et Études" has been published) is based principally on valuable family papers and letters; Mgr. Lamy has found a subject in the Conte de Mérode, Gen. P. Henrard in Baron Kervyn de Lettenhove, A. Nyssens in Eudore Pirmez, and Mesdach de ter Kiele and A. Giron in the Procureur-Général Faider; finally, Ferdinand van der Haeghen has issued a bibliography of Erasmus. Books of national interest in their field are E. Cruderlier's "L'Alcoolisme en Belgique,” J. Mommaert's "La Sincérité du Régime représentatif en Belgique," and A. Heins's "Les Ouvriers gantois"; while among the other noteworthy works in the domain of political and social science are V. Brants's "Le Régime corporatif au 19o Siècle dans les États germaniques"; 0. Pyfferoen's "Berlin et ses Institutions administratives"; "Les Origines du Droit international," by E. Nys; C. Van Overbergh's "Les Inspecteurs du Travail dans les Fabriques et les Ateliers"; G. de Greef's "Les Lois sociologiques"; Ed. Romberg's "Des Belligérants et des Prisonniers de Guerre"; E. Mahaim's "Les Syndicats professionnels"; and Léo Errera's "Les Juifs russes." O. Laurent has written of "Les Universités des États-Unis et du Canada et spécialement leurs Institutions médicales." Valuable or interesting additions to the literature of the fine arts are Alph. Wauters's Bernard van Orley"; "Sept Études pour servir à l'Histoire de Hans Memling, by A. J. Wauters; Henry Hymans's "Lucas Vorsterman..."; Jules Helbig's Lambert Lombard"; J. G. Fréson's "L'Esthétique de Richard Wagner"; Maurice Kufferath's elever analyses of "Le Théatre de Wagner"; a life of Orlando di Lasso, by Jules Declère; and E. vander Straeten's curious" Charles-Quint, Musicien." "Les Salons: Études de Critique et Esthétique" is signed Thoré-Burger. Ferdinand Loise is the author of a monograph on the charming poet Abrassart; and P. Wauwermans has published "Le droit des Auteurs en Belgique...." The history of Belgian literature in Tournai has been traced by Joseph Hoyois; Maurice Wilmotte has written of the development of Walloon literature; and the greater part of Vol. II of Francis Nautet's important "Histoire des Lettres belges d'Expression française" is devoted to "La jeune Belgique, the group of writers which came into prominence about a decade and a half ago. Ch. Potvin, by the publication of the private correspondence of Charles de Coster (died 1879), has thrown much light upon the life of that noted forerunner of this new school, two other precursors of which, Camille Lemonnier (a monograph on whom has been written by Louis Delmer) and Edmond Picard, are in evidence, the first (living in Paris) with "L'Arche: Journal d'une Maman" (more "restful and delicate in character" than most of his other works), the second with "El Mogreb el Aksa," an account of his experiences while taking part in a Belgian embassy to the court of the late Sultan of Morocco. The "Jeunes" appear to be gaining more general recognition. The Académie Royale de Belgique, that stronghold of literary conservatism, has thrice awarded the Government prize to prominent exponents of the new spirit, and now the quinquennial prize of 5,000 francs for French literature in Belgium has been awarded to Georges Eckhoud for his "La nouvelle Carthage" (a vivid picture of the characteristics and vices of Antwerp life), while Georges Rodenbach's play "Le Voile" has been perforined at the Comédie Française, Paris. The last-named writer has issued also the "Musée de Béruines," describing the life led by the "béguines" of Bruges, and "Le Voyage dans les Yeux," syinpathetic, though slightly obscure. Other young authors coming to the fore are Max Elskamp, José Hennebicq, Maurice Desombiaux, André Fontainas, Edmond Rassenfosse, and Émile Verhaeren among poets; and Arnold Goffin, Victor Remouchamps, Léopold Courouble, Arthur Daxhelet, and Eugène de Molder writers of prose. "Alladine et Palomides," "La Mort de Tintagiles," and "Intérieur," published under the title "Trois petits Drames pour Marionnettes," are written in the usual manner of their author, Maurice Maeterlinck. Finally there "Du Canal à la Forêt." by Émile Greyson, and "Autour d'un Chevalet: Scenes de la Vie romaine," by Xavier de Reul (a vigorous writer), both of the old school.

are

Among the works in the Flemish language the historical monographs by J. Broeckaert, Huys, Stockmans, Th. Sevens, Thys, and De Raadt, on various towns and villages in Flemish Belgium, are of special interest. Julius Vuylsteke, in "Een Handvol MissLagen." points out the errors in Potter's "Gent van de vroegste Tijden tot Heden"; and Aug. Gittée

picturesquely describes Holland and its people in his "By onze Noorder broeders"; while J. Staes draws a somber picture of " De Sans-Culotten te Antwerpen." Max Rooses has written an admirable biography of Verlat, a fine Belgian colorist, recently deceased. E. Soens is the author of an interesting essay upon the devil as represented in Flemish plays of the Middle Ages. Pieter Geiregat, one of the pioneers of modern Flemish literature, has compiled a popular handbook of " Maatschappelijke Vraagstukken." Miss Virginie Loveling, one of the foremost Flemish writers of prose, has issued a volume of short stories, "Een Vonkje van Genie," and prose fiction of note has been produced also by Is. Teirlinek ("Naar het Land van Belofte "), C. Lanckriet, Fr. van den Bergh, and Aug. de Vreught. Cyril Buysse, “Ilet Recht van den Sterkste," while showing a tendency toward Zolalike descriptions of low life, gives evidence of a powerful talent. In the realm of poetry, beside new works by the veterans Emmanuel fiel and the Abbé Guido Gezelle (who writes in the western Flemish patois), there have been volumes of verse from younger writers, such as G. de Mey and J. Noterdaeme. However, Pol de Mont's "Claribella" and Hélène Swarth's "Verzen," both marked by "beauty of form and richness of imagery," are the most important poetical publications of the year.

Bohemia. Social history-the history of the people -has in Bohemia a capable contributor in Zikmund Winter, whose "From Old Prague: Historical Pictures," offers the results of sound historical research in graphic language. "Vlastiveda Moravská," a historical and statistical account of the country, is in course of publication. A large number of books of travel have appeared. P. Durdík gives an interesting description of "Five Years in Sumatra"; J. Guth has published "Wanderings through France" and "Silhouettes from the Lake of Geneva"; Guido Mansuet has written a noteworthy work on Palestine; Rutte is the author of a finely illustrated book on Switzerland; while "The Caucasus" has been described by Em. Fait. Here may be mentioned also the notes of the American journey of J. Smaha, an actor; J. Bittner, who follows the same profession, has written a little volume of "Recollections." The Bohemian Academy is publishing monographs on various subjects, helping to fill up the many gaps that exist in the scientific literature of this country. The publication of works like J. Gebauer's "Historical Grammar of the Czech Language" is hailed with much satisfaction. This excellent guide is to be followed by a "Dictionary of Old Bohemian." The "Bohemian Bibliographical Catalogue for 1892" (fourth annual issue) was published in 1894. Of books on art and finely illustrated works, so numerous last year, there are few to record. The Bohemian Academy has issued an illustrated essay by Mares on Bohemian glass. Piner's series of pastels, "The Demon of Love," has been finely reproduced, with poetry by J. Vrchlický. The first volume of V. V. Zelený's "Essays and Memoirs," dealing with Fred. Smetana, has been published.

Historical novels are very popular, but the younger exploiters of that vein of romance have not produced any really noteworthy work. In this field the writings of Jirásek exercise a great influence upon the public by their national spirit. While most of the older novelists abstain from psychological studies and theorizings on social questions, the younger men are agitated by the new ideas that are stirring the literature of all Europe. And although much of the newer fiction is criticised as showing a lack of skill in properly controlling plots, yet there is much that is interesting in the attempts of the younger devotees of realism. The life of to-day is often graphically described in their works, but in the multiplicity of scenes and character sketches the main idea is apt to become blurred; it is in short stories that the younger element is mainly winning its spurs. V. Mrstík, in his novel "Santa Lucia," describes the ups and downs in the life of the impecunious student in Prague, which city is the scene of action in Ignat Herrmann's "Domestic Bliss" ("A Happy Husband," "A Happy Wife"), stories enforcing the old adage, "Marry in haste "; Slejhar essays psychological analysis in "Impressions of Nature and Society" and "Florian Bílek, the Miller of Bysic"; F. A. Simácek's "Two Loves" offers details of the life of employees on country estates and in sugar manufactories; Herites has again sought subjects in the small towns for his "Two Tales" and "Commonplace Scenes," as has Stech in " Small-Town Pepper"; the brothers Mrstik have issued further interesting descriptions of Moravian life in "Shadows" and "Pictures"; and Kuffner probes the sore points of Bohemian life with a light touch in "Times and Questions," a collection of articles. Mention must be made also of Braun's posthumous "Historical Tales"; the charming "Slovak Pictures" of Fr. Horenský; Merhaut's "Serpent, and other Tales"; Horica's "Tales" of military and social life; Svoboda's "Poems of Romance"; K. L. Kukla's "From all Corners of Prague ."; J. L. Hrdina's "Stories, Pictures, and Humoresques"; F. Procházka's "From Various Memoirs"; and F. J. Rubeš's "The Best Humoresques and Stories." An improvement is taking place in literature for children, who have been hitherto supplied with very trashy publications; some competent writers have begun to turn their attention to this field, such as Jirásek ("Old Bohemian Historical Tales") and Dolenský (an illustrated Bohemian history under the supervision of Prof. Rezek). Less poetry has been published, and not very much by the older writers. Vrchlický has issued "Wanderings of Queen Mab," "Fragments of an Epopee," an enlarged edition of his "E Morta," and an interesting "Anthology" of 300 pieces chosen by himself from the immense number of his productions; a master of form, he is more at ease in classical subjects than in homely ones of national and contemporary life. Zeyer's three comedies, "The Brothers, "" The Play of Love," and "The Time of Roseate Morn," are quite in the spirit of his former work. One of the strongest of the younger generation, the skeptical Machar, continues his pessimistic strain in "Tristium Vindobona," in which he lashes the fatuity of party strife. The exactly opposite tendency is represented in the remarkable "Sursum Corda," by X. Dvorák, a talented Roman Catholic priest, whose poems breathe enthusiasm and religious faith. Sova, Táborský, Mokrý, and Klásterský also have issued poems of more or less merit. The drama is said to give promise of a new era through the infusion of fresh ideas by the efforts, crude though they be, of the younger writers. The work of F. X. Svoboda, of F. A. Šimáček ("Another Air"), and especially of the brothers Mrstik "Marysa"), is to be noted in this connection.

Denmark. The Danes read much, and consequently the literary production of Denmark is usually large in proportion to the size of the country; it includes numerous translations. In historical literature noteworthy publications are to be recorded. J. A. Fredericia's valuable "Adelsvældens sidste Dage: Danmarks Historie. ., 1648-'60" deals with the bloodless political revolution which took place in 1660, when King Frederick III was invested with full sovereignty. A. D. Jörgensen's "Peter Schumacher Griffenfeld" (chancellor under Christian V) tends to place the "excessive ambition and greed" of this great statesman in a clearer light. Not a few false ideas respecting earlier Danish history have been thus corrected through the research carried on especially by younger historians, such as Edvard Holm, Steenstrup, Fredericia, Erslev and Troels Lund. The last named is author of a series of voluminous monographs on the vie intime of the Danes in the sixteenth century, which won warm admiration, although Dr. Schäfer, a Tubingen professor, attacked the historian and his manner of writing the history of civilization rather than that of the state. To this Lund published a spirited answer. Further historical works of interest are: T. Lund's "Christian den Fjerde's Skib paa Skanderborg Sö"; A. Larsen's "Dansk-norske Heltehistorier, 1536-1648"; О. Н. Aagard's "Til Minde

om Hs. Maj. Kejser Alexander II"; and N. P. Jensen's "Napoleons Felttog i Rusland, 1812." Alfred Lehman traces the history of witchcraft and superstitions. J. Juel describes "En Rejse til Rusland under Tsar Peter," and "Fra Michigansõen til Kronborg" is by H. B. Rasmussen. H. Höffding has written "Den nyere Filosofis Historie"; A. Anderson, "Mennesket's Sön"; and H. Jensen, "Apostelen Paulus." "Danmarks Folkehöjskoler og Landbrugsskoler, 1844-194" is the interesting topic chosen by H. Rosendal. A. Wilde's "Memoirer, 1850-153," and N. Bögh's "Christian Winther" are new works of biography. G. Brandes writes of " Udenlandske Egne og Personligheder." In literary history we find F. Jónsson's "Den oldnorske og oldislandske Litteraturs Historie"; T. Lundbeck's "Dryden som Tragediedigter"; A. Dolleris's " Danmarks Boghandlere"; and J. Vahl's "Dansk Bogfortegnelse for 1881-'92."

"Jonathan og andre Fortaellinger," by F. Rist, is said to add nothing to the reputation of this popular author of the military novels "A Recruit of 1864" and "After Düppel." The poetical traditions of Danish literature, which has ever included especially notable work in meter, are being continued by younger writers, such as Niels Möller, Föns, Johannes Jorgensen, and Drachmann. This may be regarded as one phase of the reaction in favor of idealism. Sophus Michaelis, of the newer school, shows a refined, delicate style in his volume of poems "Solblomster," and, has also issued a graceful translation of the old French poem of "Aucassin and Nicolette." Other new publications in the field of belles-lettres include: H. Bergström's "Vendepunkter"; O. Borchsenius's "Hjemlige Interiörer"; P. Nansen's "Julius Dagbog"; J. Exsul's "En Studie"; H. Drachmann's "Bonifacius Skæret"; K. Hamsun's "Ny Jord": K. G. Brondsted's "Frihed"; M. Ottosen's "Alavastégir"; K. Gjellerup's "Kong Hjarne Skald"; V. Bergsöe's "Julefortællinger"; J. Möller's "Hugo Stelling"; G. Heiberg's "Kunstnere: Komedie"; Е. Juel-Hansen's "Terese Kærulf"; J. Schjörring's "Familien paa Sögaard"; and I. Ring, "I. Bölgegang."

They have been discussing copyright in the Danish Parliament, where a bill directing that Denmark should join the Convention of Bern was rejected by a few votes. It is reported also that Danish authors have organized a union similar to those formed in Sweden and Norway, between which latter country and Denmark there appears to be a sort of friendly communion in literary matters.

France. The newly awakened great interest in everything relating to Napoleon developed into a veritable cult, and formed a characteristic feature of the literary activity of the last two years. Among the new literature on this subject are Frédéric Masson's "Napoléon chez lui," in which every particular of the Emperor's private life is described in detail; "La Captivité de Sainte-Hélène, d'après les Rapports inédits du Marquis de Montchenu, Commissaire du Gouvernement du Roi Louis XVIII dans l'île, par G. Firmin-Didot"; a translation of Gen. Wolseley's "Le Déclin et la Chute de Napoléon"; Albert Vandal's "Napoléon I et Alexandre I" (Gobert premium of 10,000 francs); Constant's" Mémoires sur la Vie privée de Napoléon I, sa Famille et sa Cour"; and A. Guillois's Napoléon..." Vol. III of "La France sous Louis XVI," by A. Jobez, has appeared; Imbert de Saint-Amand has edited the remarkable "Journal de Marie Thérèse de France." M. Loir's "La Marine Royale en 1789," A. Babeau's "La Province sous l'ancien Régime," and Georges Bertin's scholarly volume on the fascinating Madame de Lamballe are valuable contributions to the history of the period immediately preceding the Revolution; the latter event is treated in Aulard's "Etudes et Leçons sur la Révolution française"; and Celestin Port, în " Légende de Cathelineau," aims to delineate the famous Vendéen in his proper proportions. Général du Barail's "Mes Souvenirs" offers a spirited picture of the