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they should be restored to office. A force of 50 marines with 2 Gatling guns was landed and posted on the bluff to prevent disturbances, and the "Cleopatra" sailed away to cable for instructions from London.

The United States Government ordered the "Kearsarge" to the spot, and when that vessel was wrecked on the voyage another was dispatched. Meanwhile the United States ambassador in London asked for information from the British Government regarding the landing of a British force, and learned that it had been done without special instructions, with the result of restoring tranquillity pending an understanding as to the questions involved. Lord Kimberley reaffirmed Lord Salisbury's note of March 7, 1889, to the effect that "no protectorate over the Mosquito Indians, in substance or in form, nor anything in the nature of a protectorate, is desired or intended by the British Government."

A collision occurred between the natives and the Nicaraguan soldiers in Bluefields, who numbered about 400, in the night of March 5. In attempting to make arrests 2 of the soldiers were killed. The British troops were brought into the town in the morning. A conference was held between the British, the Nicaraguans, and the Mosquitos, the result of which was that 120 of the Nicaraguan troops embarked on the British war ship "Cleopatra," for Greytown.

The British force was increased to 200, and other conferences took place, the outcome of which was that a provisional government was constituted, consisting of a council of 5 men, 3. of whom were selected by Gen. Lacayo and 2 by the United States consul. The latter appointed Samuel Weil and Samuel Lampkin. Gen. Lacayo appointed Nicaraguans, who could reach no agreement with their American colleagues. The council, therefore, disbanded, while the English, who had arrested Nicaraguan troops that remained and seized their arms, patrolled the city. The Americans refused to recognize the authority of the Nicaraguan commissioner, and the British commander, Capt. Assheton G. Curzon Howe, assumed control of the government, as far as any government existed. The President of Nicaragua, who had directed Gen. Lacayo to place 50 men in the streets to serve as police, offered to send 1,000 men, but Gen. Lacayo, warned by the British commander, declined to receive them. The British force was finally withdrawn, and the "Cleopatra" steamed away on March 18, Gen. Lacayo being left in charge of affairs. Chief Clarence and his attorneygeneral, a British creole, were conveyed away on a British steamer. When Gen. Lacayo brought soldiers down from Rama, the Americans and creoles, to the number of 1,000, armed themselves and threatened to exterminate the Nicaraguans. The American consul, S. C. Braida, induced Gen. Lacayo to disarm the soldiers and keep them in his house, the Americans promising to confine themselves to passive resistance pending the action of their Government. They sent Vice-Consul B. B. Seat, Samuel Weil, and another to Washington to present their case.

On March 22 an American, William Wilson, in an altercation, was shot and killed by the Nicaraguan governor at Rama, Aguello. The governor general at Bluefields appointed a new

governor with orders to arrest Aguello, who nevertheless was allowed to escape. He was afterward arrested, but was not tried, and soon escaped from prison. The new governor was removed to give satisfaction to the United States after the fugitive had got away into Colombia. The Nicaraguan Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived at Bluefields as special commissioner, and, in consultation with the British vice-consul, E. D. Hatch, endeavored to reconcile the people and the planters and traders to incorporation, guaranteeing existing property rights, religious liberty, and exemption from military service. extending the reciprocity treaty with the United States to the reserve, and restoring the taxes to what they were before. He proposed to install a provisional government, offering 2 places in the council of 7 members to Americans, but reserved the right to appoint the customs officers and to veto any act of the provisional government deemed to conflict with the Constitution and laws of Nicaragua. Although the increase of 33 per cent. in the duty on bananas was remitted, still the Americans were not willing to accept his proposals. Gen. Lacayo, whose meas ures vexed the American residents, was recalled by the Nicaraguan Government, and Gen. Cabe zas appointed commissioner. Suddenly an insurrection broke out in the town on July 5. Some Jamaicans who were employed as policemen demanded their pay from the commissioner, and attacked him when he offered them scrip instead of money. The whole police force was joined by the other Jamaicans of the town in an attack upon the Nicaraguan soldiers, who had been summoned from the bluff by Gen. Cabezas, and fighting continued through the night. There were only 14 soldiers left at the bluff. A party of 60 men armed with rifles landed from a steam launch in the middle of the night and attacked the unsuspecting Nicaraguans as they were lounging around the camp. Another body of Jamaicans fired from an ambush as they fled, and the survivors threw down their arms and ran into the forest. The attacking party gathered up the stores and arms, including a Krupp gun, and went down into the town. A meeting of residents was called, and Clarence was declared to be reinstated chief of the reserve. Capt. O'Neill, of the United States ship "Marblehead," landed 60 sailors and marines to protect United States citizens and their property. He refused to interfere when requested to do so by Gen. Cabezas, but arranged a compromise whereby the latter remained as commissioner after sending away the troops. A few days later. yielding to threats, he and the rest of the Nicaraguans took refuge in Rama. The arms captured by the insurgents were delivered over to the United States naval authorities for safe keeping. The Nicaraguans supposed the whole affair to have been planned by the Americans residing in Bluefields, and that the arms placed in the hands of the Mosquitos and Jamaicans were imported by them for the purpose. The leaders of the attacking party were said to be Americans. Chief Clarence issued a proclamation declaring that he had assumed his rightful authority, and calling upon all law-abiding residents to obey his authority and that of his office as Chief of Mosquito. A force of 150 Nicaraguan soldiers was stationed on the bluffs where the British troops had been, and a few days later 180 more arrived and were quartered in the town. The American consul, who was invited to participate in the institution of a provisional government, but refused, had his exequatur withdrawn by the Nicaraguan Government for interference in politics, as was that of the British consul, H. F. Bingham, which, however, was restored at the demand of the British minister, after which Consul S. C. Braida was again accepted. The Government was organized under the direction of Gen. Lacayo. Chief Clarence was brought back from the Mosquito settlement at Pearl lagoon by a British war vessel on May 21, and placed under the protection of the Spanish commissioner. The Nicaraguan soldiers were withdrawn, as the excitement and apprehension seemed to subside, until only 50 were left as a garrison. In the conflict 30 persons were killed and 100 wounded.

A fight took place on Corn island, where the Nicaraguan governor and his guards were beaten by Jamaicans, who hoisted the British flag. Procuring re-enforcements, the troops returned and evicted the Jamaicans from the government house and reinstated the governor.

Toward the end of July, Gen. Ortiz, the VicePresident of Nicaragua, advanced upon Bluefields, and on Aug. 5 he drove the Indians from the bluffs and occupied the place. Gen. Cabezas marched down simultaneously from Rama. The combined force was 1,100 men. American and British marines had landed to protect foreign interests. The cruiser "Columbia," the "Marblehead," and the British cruiser "Mohawk" were in the harbor. On Aug. 8 the Nicaraguans entered Bluefields. The Mosquito flag was hauled down and the town reoccupied in the name of the Nicaraguan Government. The British war vessel and a passenger steamer gave refuge to 600 Jamaicans and others who were stricken with panic. The Americans who had a hand in the political intrigues made their escape. Martial law was proclaimed throughout the reservation. Several Americans and British subjects, among them Vice-Consul Hatch, were placed under arrest by Señor Madriz, special commissioner, and ordered to be sent to Managua for trial. Eventually they were banished. Chief Clarence and 54 of his adherents were conveyed on a British vessel to Jamaica. The country was organized under the laws of Nicaragua to the satisfaction of most of the inhabitants after martial law was abolished in September. Municipalities were formed in Bluefields, Pearl lagoon, and Corn island, and elections were held on Sept. 18, the right to vote being restricted to men owning property or possessing $500. Andrew Hendy, a full-blooded Mosquito Indian, was elected hereditary chief in the place of Clarence in November. The actual authority continued to be exercised by Gen. Cabezas, the Nicaraguan commissioner. Elections for chief justice and other officers were held on Dec. 15. Modesto Barrios went to England in August as special envoy to endeavor to get a modification of the treaty of Managua. Pourparlers also took place between the British and the United States governments, which led to the final acceptance of the fait accompli, since the Mosquito tribe for whose sole use and benefit

the territory was reserved, to be governed according to their ancient customs, had dwindled to a small remnant and had fallen under the domination of negroes who oppressed them. The rights of the American planters and of the Moravian missionaries were protected, except that the Nicaraguans refused to ratify sales of land or leases for longer periods than eight years, on the ground that they were contrary to the law under which the reserve was constituted.

NICHOLAS II, Emperor of Russia, born May 6 (old style), 1868. He is the eldest son of Alexander III (see page 6) and his wife, who was the Princess Dagmar of Denmark, sister of the Princess of Wales. Under the title of Grand

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Duke Nicholas he spent his boyhood largely in travel, visiting India, China, Japan, and various parts of Europe. Much of the time he was accompanied by his cousin Prince George of Greece. While they were going from Otson to Kioto, in Japan, in jinrikishas, a Japanese policeman of the escort, unable to restrain his hatred of foreigners, drew his sword and attacked Nicholas, who would have been killed had not Prince George (who is a powerful man) pushed aside the blade and knocked down the assassin. With the assistance of a Japanese soldier the miscreant was secured, and Nicholas escaped with a slight wound in the head. Further journeying in that country was then given up, and the princes reembarked on the Russian man-of-war that had brought them. They ascended the Amoor river, went through a portion of Liberia in a carriage. and then by rail to St. Petersburg. Every pains was taken to educate him for the high place to which he was heir. Gen. Danilovitch was his

instructor in the sciences, and other tutors perfected him in several modern languages, while he was required also to study mathematics and geography very thoroughly. He entered the army at the age of eighteen, and went through

the usual training of a young officer. With all this, he is said to take very little interest either in military affairs or in politics. He is not well built and powerful physically as his father was, and is of a retiring disposition. He was betrothed to Princess Alix of Hesse, who is a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, her mother having been the Princess Alice, who died in 1878. The marriage was celebrated in the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg, Nov. 26, 1894, one week after the funeral of Alexander III. The symbolic rite was performed by the metropolitan archbishop and his assistant priests. Two jeweled crowns, bearing figures of Christ and the Virgin Mary, were held above the heads of the pair during the ceremony, several Russian grand dukes relieving one another in the task, while the high priest, standing before the couple, joined their hands under his stole. At the close of the ceremony the bride and bridegroom kissed the portraits on the crowns, which were then removed. The princess was obliged to adopt the religion of the Greek Church, and received the name of Alexandra Feodorovna.

NORTH CAROLINA, a Southern State, one of the original thirteen, ratified the Constitution Nov. 21, 1789; area, 52,250 square miles. The population, according to each decennial census, was 393,751 in 1790; 478,103 in 1800; 555,500 in 1810; 638,829 in 1820; 737,987 in 1830; 753,419 in 1840; 869,039 in 1850; 992,622 in 1860; 1,071,361 in 1870; 1,399,750 in 1880; and 1,617,947 in 1890. Capital, Raleigh.

Government. The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Elias Carr; Lieutenant-Governor, Richard A. Doughton; Secretary of State, Octavius Coke: Treasurer, Samuel McD. Tate; Auditor, Robert M. Furman; Attorney-General, Frank I. Osborne; Superintendent of Public Instruction, John C. Scarborough; Commissioner of Labor Statistics, B. R. Lacy: Commissioner of Agriculture, John Robinson; Railroad Commissioners, J.W.Wilson, J. W. Mason, and E. C. Biddingfield; Adjutant General, F. H. Cameron; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, James S. Shepherd; Associate Justices, A. C. Avery, Walter Clark, James C. McRae, and Armistead Burwell-all Democrats.

Finances. The following is from the report of the committee appointed by the General Assembly of 1893 to examine the accounts of the Treasurer and Auditor for 1893 and 1894:

Receipts for fiscal year 1893: Public fund, $1,491,467.27; educational fund, $59,656.02. Disbursements for fiscal year 1893: Public fund, $1,284,024.41; educational fund, $26,909.77. Balance, Dec. 1, 1893: Public fund, $207,442.86; educational fund, $32,746.25.

Receipts for fiscal year 1894: Public fund, $1,446,988.71; educational fund, $51,822.25. Disbursements for fiscal year 1894: Public fund, $1,143,749.33; educational fund. $43,734.53. Balance, Dec. 1, 1894: Public fund, $303,239.38; educational fund, $8,087.72.

There is a balance in the treasury of $311,327.10, of which amount $8,087.72 belongs to the educational fund. The remainder is the public fund.

The aggregate balance of book funds remaining in the treasury on Nov. 30, 1892, was $338,969.74, showing a difference against this year

of $27,642.66. In the meantime there has been apportioned from the educational fund to the various counties of the State for the benefit of the common schools $36,084.30, the greater part of which has been paid, making an actual increase of the surplus during the two years of $8,441.64. The cash balance in the treasury Dec. 1 was $114,531.15. Under the funding act 1879, $3,322,800 in 4-per-cent. bonds have been issued in exchange for the old recognized debt of the State. There are still some old bonds outstanding, which when funded will require a further issue of $292,970 new 4-per-cent, bonds. The State owns, as an investment, $156,750 of these bonds, and the Board of Education owns $143,250.

The total amount spent for pensions this year was $105,132, an increase of $5,818. On the roll there are 4,886 pensioners, a net increase of 36. The rate of taxation was reduced in 1893 from 25 to 22 cents.

A majority of the counties have no debt. The aggregate public indebtedness, the Auditor says, will not exceed one twenty-fifth of the aggregate value of the taxpaying property of the State. The taxable property is $262,927.119.87. The per capita State and county taxation in 1893 was $1.44.

Of the funds returned by the United States Government for distribution among citizens who paid the direct land tax there remains $24,000 in North Carolina 4-per-cent. bonds, worth $24,480; cash in bank, $3,508.39; loaned to the State by act of Assembly, World's Fair, $25,000; balance principal, $52,988.39.

Farm and Home Ownership. The census statistics show that 41.72 per cent. of the farm families in the State hire, and 52-28 per cent. own the farms cultivated by them; that 4-88 per cent. of the farm-owning families own subject to incumbrance, and 95-12 per cent, own free of incumbrance.

The corresponding facts for homes are that 74-23 per cent. of the home families hire, and 25.77 per cent. own their homes; that of the home-owning families 95.1 per cent. own free, and 4-9 per cent. with incumbrance.

There are 5 cities in the State in the class of those having a population of 8,000 to 100,000, and in these cities 73.7 per cent. of the home families hire, and 26-3 per cent. own their homes, and of the home-owning families 6-3 per cent. with incumbrance, and 93-7 per cent, own free of incumbrance.

Education. The school population numbers 601,900 white and 359,385 colored. The school fund, derived from the sale of swamp lands and apportioned to the counties, amounted to $43,267. At present the State provides for only thirteen weeks of school. In the cities the school year is nine months. The number of schools for whites is 4,603; for colored, 2.376. The sum of $775,449 was expended for schools during the year. The average salary for white male teachers is $26.33: colored, $24.69; for white female teachers, $22.72; colored, $20.14 a month.

The Normal and Industrial School for Girls at Greensboro had 391 students in November. It has been established only two years, and receives but a small appropriation from the State.

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