Behring. The latter, in conjunction with Kitasato, developed the principle of sero-therapy in application to diphtheria and tetanus. The manufacture of the antitoxine serum has been carried on under Roux in the Pasteur Institute by Behring, Aronson, and others in Germany, among the pioneers; but it is now in full operation under medical authorities in many institutions endowed for the purpose in different cities of Europe and America, so that it can not be long before the antidote will be as accessible and familiar to the medical profession as the vaccine virus or the hæmatherapeutic "bovinine.”

SERVIA, a monarchy in southeastern Europe. The Constitution of Jan. 3, 1889, abolished the prerogative of nominating members to the legislative body, which is called the Skupshtina. There are 134 members, 1 to 4,500 of population, elected by the direct suffrage of all male citizens who have paid the annual poll tax. The reigning King is Alexander I, born Aug. 14, 1876, who succeeded to the throne on March 9, 1889, after the abdication of King Milan, his father. On April 13, 1893, by a coup d'état, he abolished the regency to which the executive power had been intrusted pending his minority, and assumed all the royal prerogatives. The ministry, at the beginning of 1894, was composed as follows: Minister of War, Gen. S. Gruich, who assumed the premiership after the death of Dr. L. Dakich in December, 1893; Minister of Foreign Affairs, A. Nikolich; Minister of Finance, Dr. M. Vuich; Minister of Public Works, S. Stankovich; Minister of the Interior, S. Milosavlievich: Minister of Justice, P. Maximovich; Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, M. Miloshevich; Minister of Public Instruction and Worship, M. Wesnich.

Area and Population.-The area of Servia is 19,050 square miles. The population in the beginning of 1893 was computed to be 2,250,712, of which number 1,156,408 were males and 1,094,304 females. The number of marriages in 1893 was 23,679; of births, 95,232; of deaths, 66,568; excess of births, 28,664. Belgrade, the capital, had 54,249 inhabitants in 1890.

Finances. The budget for 1894 makes the receipts from direct taxation 20,544,600 dinars or francs; from customs, 6,000,000 dinars; from excise, 4,082,000 dinars; from law courts, 2,360,000 dinars; from monopolies, 15,940,000 dinars; from domains, railroads, telegraphs, posts, etc., 3,479,000 dinars; from state railroads, 5,500,000 dinars; from educational and sanitary service funds, 600,000 dinars; from various other sources, 5.250,000 dinars; total ordinary revenue, 63,755,600 dinars. The total expenditure was reckoned at 63,623,868 dinars, the chief items being 21,691,530 dinars for the public debt. 12,465,000 dinars for the army, and 4.885.055 dinars for public works. The civil list is 1,200,000 dinars. The capital of the public debt on Jan. 1, 1894, was 340,692,542 dinars, of which 154,485,000 dinars represent railroad loans.

Commerce. The imports in 1893 were valued at 40,923,000 dinars and the exports at 48.911,000 dinars. The trade with Austria amounted to 23,756,000 dinars on the side of imports and 43,196,000 dinars on the export side. Of the total exports, 21,713,000 dinars were orchard and farm products and 20,624,000 dinars animals and animal produce.

Communications.-The railroads in the beginning of 1894 had a length of 337 miles. Their cost was 90,810,708 dinars. The post office in 1893 forwarded 9,991,000 domestic, 5,811,000 foreign, and 1,458,000 transit letters, newspapers, etc. The telegraphs had in 1893 a length of 1,916 miles, with 4,072 miles of wire. The postal and telegraph receipts for 1893 were 1,067,485 dinars, and expenses 1,401,199 dinars. The number of dispatches wired in 1893 was 923,412, of which 778,944 were paid internal and 109,493 international messages.

The Army. The law of 1889 makes military service obligatory for one year in the active army and nine years in the reserve. The budgetary strength of the army in 1893, exclusive of the staffs and superior officers, was: Infantry, 358 officers and 7,160 men; cavalry, 42 officers and 1,191 men; artillery, 148 officers and 2,589 men; engineers, 28 officers and 999 men; train, 2 officers and 65 men; sanitary service, 2 officers and 108 men; total, 580 officers and 12,112 men, with 2,773 horses and 206 field guns. The war strength of the regular army is 105,575 men of all ranks; the total war effective, 337,323 men.

Constitutional Crisis.-The Cabinet that the young King appointed after he dismissed the Regents represented the Radical party, which embraces the independent peasant proprietors, who form 90 per cent. of the voting population. This party, which is extremely democratic in its theories of domestic politics and strongly proRussian in foreign politics, opposing the Progressives that were favored by King Milan and the Austrian associations that he cultivated under their influence, began to clamor, after the death of Dr. Dokich removed his restraining authority, for the realization of the Radical programme, which aims at cutting down the expenses of the General Government to the minimum and the replacement of the standing army by a militia capable of defending the political liberties of the people from domestic usurpers, as well as from foreign foes. They demanded that arms should be furnished to the militiamen in their houses, and made preparations to legislate to that effect. The King set himself firmly against this scheme, but he could not resist the demands for a sweeping reduction in taxation, for this had been promised. But instead of this new taxes were required, and these the Radical Government would find it impossible to collect, even if they should be decreed by the Skupshtina. Ex-King Milan, to whom his son appealed for counsel and help, arrived in Belgrade on Jan. 21, 1894, and on the same day Gen. Gruich placed the resignation of the Cabinet in the hands of the King on the ground that the presence of Milan was unconstitutional and contrary to the compact that he had made with the country upon abdicating. M. Vesnich had already resigned the portfolio of Public Instruction some days previous.

The Radical press attacked the ex-King violently with immunity, the Constitution granting free scope to newspaper strictures, unless applied to the reigning monarch. The elder Obrenovich thereupon induced his son to issue a ukase restoring him to the honors of a reigning king; but this strategem proved futile because the press prosecutions that were begun were thrown

out of court on the ground that the ukase was unconstitutional.

The King offered to continue to govern with the Radical leaders, provided they dropped the proceedings against Avakumovich and the other ministers in office at the time of the coup d'état, to expel antidynastic members from the Radical club, and to revoke the law forbidding Milan to live in Servia. Failing to come to an agreement with them, he sought a coalition ministry, and on Jan. 24 a nonpartisan one was constituted, which the Liberals and Progressists promised to support, but in which the Radicals refused to accept the three places that were offered to them. It was composed as follows: Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs and ad interim of Finance, Georg Simich; Minister of Public Works, Gen. Sdravcovich; Minister of the Interior, M. Nicolaievich; Minister of War, Col. Milovan Pavlovich: Minister of Commerce and Agriculture, Prof. Lotanich; Minister of Justice and ad interim of Education, Prof. Andra Georgievich. On the same day the Skupshtina was prorogued after it had refused to listen to the royal rescript. The impeachment of the Avakumovich Cabinet was ended by a decree granting a general amnesty for political offenses. The Radical party issued a manifesto declaring that the stay of the ex-King in Servia was dangerous, and his participation in public affairs a violation of the Constitution. The Cabinet was completed on Jan. 31 by the appointment of M. Mijatovich as Minister of Finance and Prof. Nesich as Minister of Public Instruction. Disturbances occurred in Belgrade, where on Feb. 22 there were 50 members of the Radical party arrested. On March 18 was published a decree of the episcopal synod annulling the decree of divorce between the ex-King Milan and Queen Natalie that had been pronounced by the former Metropolitan Theodosius.

The Premier, who had been for several years minister at the Austrian court, was in favor of a conciliatory policy toward the Radicals, while Nicolaievich wished to use coercive measures. Through their differences the Cabinet was broken up, and a new one was constituted on April 3 as follows: Premier and Minister of the Interior, M. Nicolaievich; Minister of Foreign Affairs, S. Losanich; Minister of Public Instruction, Prof. Georgievich: Minister of Finance, V. J. Petrovich; Minister of Commerce and Agriculture, M. Jovanovich; Minister of Justice, M. Andonovich; Minister of Public Works, M. Sdravcovich; Minister of War, Gen. Pavlovich.

In May the police pretended to discover an extensive conspiracy for the overthrow of the Obrenovich dynasty and the restoration of the Karageorgevich family. Pashich, who had resigned his post as minister to Russia, but still lived in St. Petersburg, was supposed to be the chief conspirator. On May 21 King Alexander addressed a proclamation to the Servian people suspending the Constitution of Jan. 3, 1889, and re-establishing that of July 11, 1869. Under the restored Constitution the franchise is more restricted and voting is open, instead of by secret ballot; the Government appoints one third of the members of the Skupshtina; newspapers must have a license from the Government, which can be revoked at will, and any impression of a

newspaper can be suppressed by the police: furthermore, all male descendants of King Milan are qualified to ascend the throne, whereas under the Constitution of 1889 the right of succession was confined to the offspring of his marriage with Queen Natalie. In many respects the Constitution of 1869 gives the Crown a large amount of arbitrary power. The right to hold public assemblies and to organize secret societies and many of the privileges of local administration were abrogated by the proclamation. The King issued a ukase at once restoring the old laws relating to the press, to communal administration, to elections, and all other laws enacted under the Constitution of 1869. He appointed a new Council of State, of which Nicola Christich was made President, and established a court of cassation and a court of accounts. The ministry of Nikolaievich, having tendered its resignation, was requested by the King to remain. To prevent resistance to the new coup d'état vigorous measures were taken against the Radicals, whose leaders were arrested. Officers of the army having affiliations with that party were placed on the retired list, and orders were issued for the disarming of the peasantry. No Radical paper and only 2 papers of other opinions received licenses. When the prohibition of Radical opinions was somewhat relaxed later the Radicals nevertheless kept very silent or protested their loyalty and pacific disposition, while the Liberals began to attack the Government. The King and his advisers let it be understood by the people that a new Constitution would in time be prepared. At the close of October Nicolaievich was forced out of the Cabinet by the King and his father, and the ministry was reconstructed as follows: Premier and Minister of the Interior, Nicola Christich; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Milan Bogitchevich; Minister of War, Gen. M. Pavlovich; Minister of Finance, V. J. Petrovich; Minister of Public Works, S. Sdravcovich; Minister of Public Instruction and Worship, L. Klerich: Minister of Justice, M. K. Georgievich; Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, S. Losanich.

SORGHUM (also known as Chinese sugar cane), a cereal indigenous to China, India, and some parts of South Africa, and cultivated to a considerable extent in the United States. In 1853 sorghum seed was brought here from the Geographical Society of Paris, which had received earlier samples from the French consul at Shanghai. In 1857 16 varieties of the seed were brought to England from Natal, South Africa, bearing the name of imphee. Sorghum is the main cereal in Turkestan, because no other could be successfully grown on account of the droughts. In China, more particularly in the northern part, sorghum is grown in the same manner that Indian corn is grown in the United States and for nearly the same purposes. About 100 varieties of the plant are cultivated, and in the foreign countries above named it is used more particularly for the seed. The conditions of climate and the details of cultivation so closely resemble those required for the production of maize, that the cultivation of the two plants is very similar and is confined to a colder belt than the one required for the production of ordinary sugar cane. One hundred and twenty-two analyses of 35

varieties of sorghum grown experimentally in the United States show this result: Percentage of sucrose, 1618; percentage of glucose, 18; percentage of solids not sugar, 3.08; percentage of available sugar, 113; pounds of sugar per ton of cane. 136. Further experiments at that time showed that sorghum, unlike sugar beet, contained various noncrystallizable sugars requiring much skill in their separation. It was also shown that sugar from sorghum could be made profitable only by using all the waste products. A strong manure is formed from the scums and sediments. A similar use can be made from the bagasse, or crushed cane. The proportion of molasses to sugar is much better in sorghum than in the ordinary sugar cane. A gallon of molasses, weighing 11-28 pounds, gives 2-75 pounds of absolute alcohol; 303 pounds of alcohol at 90 per cent.; and 55 pounds of rum or whisky. In preparing sorghum the cane is cut into pieces an inch long, and then passed into a machine, where 30 knives completely separate the fibers. The earlier processes in the United States used rollers for extracting the juice. It was found that only 40 or 50 pounds of sugar to a ton of cane was saved by this method. A special agent was sent to Europe to study that process in beet-sugar making known as "diffusion," or "saturation"; and experiments were at once made by Government agents at a factory in Fort Scott, Kan. By the old process the juice was crowded from the cane by direct pressure, and the average yield of sugar was a trifle over 50 per cent. of the quantity in the cane; although as much as 80 per cent. had been obtained in the best mills. By the new process of diffusion the juice is freed from the impurities that were found under the earlier process; the yield from the cane averages 120 pounds of sugar to the ton, and in some instances it runs as high as 135 pounds. The diffusion process extracts the juice of the cane by soaking. A factory with a capacity of 200 to 250 tons of clean sorghum cane a day requires a diffusion battery of 12 cells, with a total capacity of 1,344 cubic feet. The total cost of making the sugar at Fort Scott averaged $2 a ton, about the original cost of the cane. The manufacture is encouraged by a bounty of 2 cents a pound by the State of Kansas. It is estimated that a ton should yield 100 pounds of first sugar, 28 pounds of second sugar, and 16 gallons of molasses. The refuse cane may be used for fuel in the factories, for fodder, or even for a coarse grade of wrapping paper.

The latest experiments with sorghum show that it can not be cultivated in the United States north of the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude. The best soil and climate are those of southern and western Kansas and the Indian Territory. Other favorable localities are in Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Texas. A more hardy plant of the sorghum family, known as the "early amber," is cultivated to some profit in Minnesota and the Dakotas. A common average from 1 acre of the cane is 160 gallons of juice. The cane also produces an abundance of seed, from 20 to 25 bushels an acre; and this is almost as valuable as corn for feed. The average yield of dry sugar to the gallon of sirup is about 4 pounds, although it

has gone as high as 7 pounds. The crop itself is as sure as the corn crop; but it is important that the cane should be gathered at the right stage of maturity, and that the juice should be expressed at once; also that it be immediately converted into sirup, else there is a large percentage of loss. The early amber was first grown in Minnesota in 1878, the seed coming from Indiana. As with many other products, the profit on the sorghum grown in the United States depends upon a good water supply and the nearness of factories to the fields and to cheap fuel. Experiments are now making upon many varieties of sorghum, under the care of the Agricultural Department of the United States Government, in Maryland, near Washington. The labor is performed by the employees of the Maryland Agricultural College, on its grounds. SOUTH CAROLINA, a Southern State, one of the original thirteen, ratified the Constitution May 23, 1788; area 3,750 square miles. The population, according to each decennial census, was 249.073 in 1790; 345,591 in 1800; 415,115 in 1810; 502,741 in 1820; 581,185 in 1830; 594,398 in 1840; 668,507 in 1850; 703,708 in 1860; 705,606 in 1870; 995,577 in 1880; and 1,151,149 in 1890. Capital, Columbia.

Government.-The following were the State officers until the inauguration of the newly elected officers, about Dec. 1: Governor, Benjamin R. Tillman, Democrat; Lieutenant-Governor, Eugene B. Gary; Secretary of State, J. E. Tindal; Treasurer, W. T. C. Bates: AttorneyGeneral, O. W. Buchanan; Comptroller, W. H. Ellerbe: Superintendent of Education, W. D. Mayfield; Adjutant General, Hugh L. Farley; Railroad Commissioners, Jefferson A. Sligh, D. P. Duncan, and H. R. Thomas; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Henry McIver; Associate Justices, Samuel McGowan and Y. J. Pope. Judge McGowan retired July 27, and was succeeded by E. B. Gary.

Finances.-The cash receipts for the year ending Oct. 31 were $1,661,100.17. Of this, $932,438.20 was for taxes, $463,011.19 from the State dispensary, $57,827.13 from phosphate royalty, and $43,423.88 from the privilege tax on fertilizers. The expenditures for the same time were $1,888,828.72. The large items are: For the State dispensary, $458,580.30; for State institutions, $259,326.27; interest on public debt and expenses, $269,755.56; loans, $158,153.52; redemption of brown consols, $168,146.42; salaries, $149,317.70. The cash balance at the beginning of the year was $227,728.55; at the end, $203,253.24. The cash liabilities were $402,215.08, and the liabilities other than cash $6,476,544.02. A loan was taken by the Governor and Treasurer, under an act of 1893, of $100,043.49. In fulfillment of the contract made by act of 1892 with the holders of the new brown 43 per cents. issued for the redemption of the brown consols, the phosphate royalty received from Jan. 1, 1894, was placed to the credit of the sinking fund for the reduction of those bonds and that stock to the amount of $56,373.73, of which $25,400 was invested in securities as required by the act. The total valuation of taxable property is $174,607,833, against $170,242,261 in 1893.

Education. The report of the State Superintendent of Education shows a total of 226,766