flood the combined efforts of the army of Spain. This portion of the work commands the strongeft fympathy for the high fpirit of independence which marked this nation, evinced in their unyielding and protracted oppofition to their powerful and difciplined enemies. From this part it feems due to the author to subjoin an extract.

"Although the Araucanians have long fince emerged from a favage sta e, they nevertheless preferve, in many refpects, the prejudices and the peculiar character of that early period. Proud of their valour and unbounded liberty, they believe themselves the only people in the world that deferve the name of men. From hence it is that befides the appellation of auca, or free, which they value fo highly, they give themfelves metonymically the names of che, or the nation; of reche, pure or und generated na tion; and of buentu, men; a word of fimilar fignification with the vir of the Latins, and as the latter is the root of the word virtus, fo from the former is derived buentugen, which fignifies the fame thing.

From this ridiculous pride proceeds the contempt with which they regard all other nations. To the Spaniards they gave,. on their first knowledge of them, the nickname of chiapi, vile, foldiers, from whence proceeded the denomination of chiapeton, by which they are known in South America. They afterwards called them huinca; this injurious appellation, which from time and custom has loft its odioufuefs, comes from the word buincun, which fignifies to affaffinate. It is true that in their firit battles the Spaniards gave them too much reafon for applying to them thefe opprobrious epithets, which ferve to the prefent time to denote one of that nation. Efteeming themfelves fortunate in their barbarity, they call thofe Indians who live in the Spanish fettlements culme-buinca, or wretched Spaniards. To the other Euro peans, the English, French, and Italians, whom they readily dif tinguish from each other, they give the name of maruche, which is equivalent to the term moro, used by the common people of Spain to denote all' ftrangers indifcriminately. They call each other pegni, that is brothers, and even apply the fame name to those born in their country of foreign parents.

"The benevolence and kindness with which thefe people ge nerally treat each other is really furprising. For the word friend they have fix or seven very expreffive terms in their language, among others that of camay, which corresponds to the alter ego of of the Latins. The relations that refult from correfponding fituations or common concerns in life are fo many ties of regard, and are expreffed by appropriate words denoting particular friend. fhip or good will. Those who have the fame name call each other laca, and those who bear but a part of the name, apeliaca, Thefe denominations incur an obligation of mutual esteem and aid. Relations by confanguinity are called in general monmague,

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and

and thofe of affinity, guillan. Their table of genealogy is more intricate than that of the Europeans, all the conceivable degrees of relationship being indicated therein by particular names.

"From the mutual affection that fubfifts between them, proceeds their folicitude reciprocally to affift each other in their neceffities. Not a beggar or an indigent perfon is to be found throughout the whole Araucanian territory; even the most infirm and incapable of fubfifting themfelves are decently clothed.

"This benevolence is not, however, confined cly to their countrymen; they conduct themselves with the greatest hofpitality towards all ftrangers of whatever nation, and a traveller may live in any part of their country without the least expence.

"Their ufual expreffion whenever they meet is marimari, and when they quit each other ventempi, or venteni. [These should be explained.] They are rather tirefome in their compliments, which are generally too long, as they take a pride upon fuch occafions, as well as every other, in making a display of their eloquence. The right hand is, among them, as with the Europeans, the moft honourable ftation, contrary to the practice of the Afiatics, with whom the left enjoys that privilege. They are naturally fond of honourable diftinction, and there is nothing they can endure with lefs patience than contempt or inattention. From hence, if a Spaniard fpeaks to one of them with his hat on, he immediately fays to him in an indignant tone, entugo tami curtefia, take off your hat. By attention and courtefy, any thing may be obtained from them, and the favours which they receive make an indelible impreffion upon their minds; while on the contrary, ill treatment exafperates them to fuch a degree, that they proceed to the greateft exceffes to revenge themselves.

"The names of the Araucanians are compofed of the proper name, which is generally either an adjective or a numeral, and the family appellation or furname, which is always placed after the proper name, according to the European custom, as cari-lemu, green bush: meli-antu, four funs. The first de. notes one of the family of the lemus, or bushes, and the fecond one of that of the antus, or funs. Nor is there fcarcely a material object which does not furnish them with a discriminative name. From hence, we meet among them with the families of Rivers, Mountains, Stones, Lions, &c. These families, which are called cuga, or elpa, are more or lefs refpected according to their rank, or the heroes they have given to their country. The origin of these furnames is unknown, but is certainly of a period much earlier than that of the Spanish conquefts." Vol. II. p. 110.

There are other peculiarities which diftinguifh this very fingular people, which will well repay the reader's attention; and in particular their military fyftem, their marriage ceremonies, and domeftic employments.

The third book contains the hiftory of the wars of the Araucanians with the Spaniards, which is also extended to

the

the fifth, which concludes with an account of the first estab lifhment of peace, and the prefent ftate of the country.

To the hiftory is added an Effay on the Chilian language, which will be found in a peculiar degree worth the attention of the philological reader. This effay terminates with a brief vocabulary.

There are two appendixes by the English editor. No I. contains an account of the Archipelago of Chiloe, extracted chiefly from the DESCRIPCION HISTORIAL of that province by P. F. Pedro Gonzales de Agueros. Madrid. 1791. No. II. exhibits an account of the native tribes who inhabit the Southern extremity of South America, extracted chiefly from Falkner's Defcription of Patagonia-to the first volume fufficiently explicit for the common purposes of the reader, but it is conceived to be very different from that which accompanied the original work. Altogether it is a publication well edited, interefting and amufing in its contents, and a very acceptable addition to our geographical and ftatistical collections.

ART. X. Sermons on Devotional, Evangelical, and Practical Subjects. By Joshua Toulmin, D. D. Bath. 8vo. pp. 470. Wilkie and Robinfon. 1810.

R. TOULMIN is of that fect of religionifts which has affumed the title of Unitarians. Upon doctrinal points, therefore, it will be concluded of courfe by our readers, that we must have met with many things in the perutal of thefe difcourfes, to which we can by no means affent: and the truth is exactly fo. This circumftance we are the more confident in afferting, becaufe in thefe fermons the oppofite fide of the queftion is maintained without rancour. ́Independent, therefore, of our general love of truth, we have felt as much inclined by difpofition, as bound by office, to pay attention to the arguments adduced. Had we met with any thing new upon these topics, much more any thing capable of affecting materially any part of our former opinions, we truft that we fhould have had fortitude candidly and fairly to acknowledge it; but we can moft unequivocally declare, that no fuch event has occurred. The unitarian principles are set forth and fupported in the fame form, and by the fame arguments and criticifms, to which we have long been accustomed; and we muft alfo declare, fubject to the charge

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of the fame great inconfiftencies which feem to us to prevail through the whole fyftem of the unitarian belief. Into these inconfiftencies in the ftatement of their doctrines, the best writers among them feem occafionally to fall; as though it were impoffible for them altogether to reject the plain language of fcripture, every word of which feems to be immediately directed againft their particular tenets. Who, for inftance, would fuppofe that Dr. Toulmin could be one of thofe who deny that in the death of our bleffed Saviour there was any thing properly facrificial, any thing of the nature. of atonement for fin; that the forfeiture of his life was arranfom for the fins of the world, and his fufferings vicarious, when we read in his difcourfes fuch paffages as the followinge

Here we learn, that fin is the baneful evil which first introduced death and all the forrows of human life. Here we learn to form a very affecting, interefting opinion, of the danger to which it expofeth those who practise it, when we fee fo glorious and diftinguished a character as Jefus Chrift, raised up to deftroy its dominion; and that it cost him the labours of his miniftry, and the agonies of his cross, to redeem us from its power." P. 13.

"He hath fent Chrift Jefus to accomplish his merciful purposes, and Spared not his beloved fon, but gave him up to redeem us from all iniquity," and to bring us within the exercise of his fargiving mercy." P. 71.

Every eye fhall with aftonishment fee Him who was the man of forrows, Smitten of God," &c. P. gog.

The appearance of Jefus Chrift in our world, was a gracious ftep taken by the Father of mercies for our recovery to the divine favour." P. 321.

"When we meditate on his death, that bond of peace between Jews and Gentiles, that great means of bringing us to God, and into a ftate of reconciliation and favor with heaven."

P. 328. Reflect at what expence your Saviour has fecured the blefsings of peace with God for mankind," P. 329.

We could cite more paffages to the fame effect, but the above are furely fufficient to fhow, that whatever may be faid by the unitarians to prove that in the death of our Lord there was no atoning virtue, no ranfom, no measures taken to reconcile God to man, yet in the plain language of fcripture, influencing their own ftyle of expreffion, the agonies of the erofs were an expenfive and coftly interpofition on the part of our Saviour, to bring us within the exercife of God's forgiving mercy. To redeem us from the power and dominion of fin, and to restore a finful world to the " divine favour

"

On

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On the fubject of the Trinity, another topic on which we › can in no manner bring ourselves to agree with Dr. Toulmin, we find the old method of argument adopted, namely, a careful felection of fuch paffages as exprefs Chrift's manhood, and commiffion from God; two points which we in no manner difpute. We only profefs to bring against such pallages, others that as ftrongly prove that his manhood was an affumed nature, taken up for particular purposes, and though as man he was in a ftate of temporary hu miliation, and in the " form of a fervant," yet that his original nature was that of being in the "form of God," and “one with the Father." We do not wish to go a ftep further into this controverfy with the learned author of thefe difcourfes, as well for the reasons above flated, as becaufe Dr. T. ftates his own opinions with fo little perfonal offence to thofe who think differently, that we had rather confine our remarks to fuch parts of his work as we can commend, than to fuch as we see reafon to diffent from.. On difputed points we shall therefore fay no more, till we come to the lali fermon, on which we cannot help feeling that we have fomething particular to advance.

1

The fermons to which we fhould be inclined to give our moft unqualified commend. tion, are the xvth, xvith, xvith, and xviiith, on the following fubjects. The repentance of Manaffeh, on aggravating our A &tions, Children Blefsings, and David's Prayer for Solomon.

In each of thefe difcourfes there is much that is extremely good and interefting; and we are tempted to make an extract from the laft of them, in which, from the pr. ctice of David in the cafe of Solomon, the author deduces an argument for the general practice of praying for our

children.

"There is one great inftruction which it fuggefts to parents, and enforceth upon them; namely, to pray for their children, that they may be wife, virtuous, and pious: to pray for them earneftly, humbly and unceasingly; to Lear the virtue and fpiritual welfare of their offspring upon their minds, whenever they bend their knees before the throne of the univerfal parent: to make mention of them at all times, in the feafons of their de

* We could wish the reader who is fruck with the numerous paffages adduced by this author in proof of our Lord's manhood and inferiority, merely to be at the pains to look at some of those writers who have in like manner made a felection of fuch paffages as are held to prove his divinity and equality with the Father; fuch as for instance, Jones on the Trinity, and more recently Dr. Huntingford, the prefent learned Bishop of Gloucefter.

votion;