TES'TUDO, (Zoo.) the amphi- laid down as an acknowledged bious, or tortoise tribe of animals. truth; in Mathematics, it is a TET'ANUS, (An.) a spasmodic speculative proposition, deduced contraction of the muscles usu- from several definitions compared sally called locked-jaw. together. TET'RARCH, a Roman governor of the fourth part of a province. THE'ISM, the doctrine of the existence of a God; opposed to atheism. THEOCRACY, a government immediately superintended by God, as was that of the Israelites before the time of Saul. THEOLOGY, is the study or science of religion. [tice. THE'ORY, speculation, not pracTHERAPEUTICS, a study of the symptoms of disease and its various remedies. THERMAL, equivalent to warm or tepid, the term is assigned to mineral waters so characterised. Thermal rocks are formed by the agency of hot springs. THERMOMETER, an instrument for measuring heat by means of a THE OREM, in logic, is a position graduated scale of degrees. and the architecture of their temples is of a corresponding character. Our engraving presents a structure which contains a colossal figure of Buddha, situated at Iritchengur, in Bengal, which is the resort of numerous pilgrims. It stands on the summit of a lofty precipice, and the ascent is in some parts formed by steps cut in the rock itself, to assist the approach of devotees. The most ful. The portico is a fine specimen of early Hindoo architecture; its roof is supported on eight square massy columns, variously decorated. The interior of this sanctuary is comparatively plain, and presents no particular THE'SIS, a theme or proposi-| tion advanced and maintained by illustration and argument. TIC DO'LOUREUX, a disease in the nerves of the face, causing a shooting or darting pain. TOBACCO, an herbaceous plant growing in warm countries, containing an acrid and narcotic poison. TON'ICS, medicines which increase or restore the healthy tone of the human system. TOPOGRAPHY, a description of particular places. TOR'REFACTION, (Mi.) the operation of roasting ores; also roasting drugs on a metallic surface till they are reduced to the state required. TOXICOLOGY, that which relates to the investigation of poisons. TRANSITION, (Geo.) the term applied to those parts of the earth's crust, which are supposed to have been arranged when the earth was passing from the uninhabitable to the habitable state. TRAN'SEPT, the cross aisle of a cathedral or church, extending ftom north to south. TRAPEZIUM, a geometrical figure having four unequal sides. TRAVES'TIE, a burlesque imitation of grave writing. TREPAN'NING, an operation in Surgery by which the skull is perforated. TRIDENT, the three forked sceptre of Neptune, the fabled god of the sea. TRIG'ONOMETRY, the art of measuring the sides and angles of triangles. TRITURA'TION, the reduction of substances to powder by rubbing or grinding. TRIUMVIRATE, a coalition or concurrence of three men. TU'BERCLES, (Bo.) little knobs or rough points on the leaves of certain plants. TUR'MERIC, an East Indian root used in making yellow dyes. TUR'PENTINE, a resinous substance procured from the different species of the pine and fir*. TUS'CAN, (Ar.) the simplest, but most massive, of the five orders. TYM'PANUM, (An.) the drum of the ear. TY'PHUS, a species of continued fever of a contagious nature, and marked by a tendency in the system to putrefaction. features to arrest attention. The number of pilgrims who resort to this place is very great, and the privations which they frequently endure in their journey to it, exhibit a devotional zeal worthy of a nobler cause and a more enlightened faith. * TURPENTINE.-That which is collected in the mountain valleys between France and Savoy, is called Venice turpentine. The full grown larches are pierced with an auger in different places, beginning at three or four feet from the ground, and mounting gradually to ten or twelve. The holes are made in a slanting direction, in order that the turpentine may flow out the more readily, care being taken not to penetrate to the centre of the tree. In the holes thus perforated, a small gutter is introduced, and the other end of it is placed in a small bucket or trough, to receive the turpentine as it exudes. Every morning and evening the buckets are examined, and those which are full are replaced with empty ones. This process is continued from May to September, during which time a full grown larch will yield about seven or eight pounds of turpentine, which requires no other preparation to render it fit for sale than straining it through a TYPOGRAPHY, the art of print- to those who estimate all things ing. U. UBIQUITY, existence in all places at the same time. ULIG'INOUS, slimy, muddy. ULTRA 'MUNDANE, beyond the world. ULTRAMARIN'E, a fine blue colour prepared from the mineral called lapis lazuli. UMBILICAL, of or pertaining to the navel. UNA VO'CE, with one voice, unanimously. URE'TERS, (An.) two small canals from the kidney to the bladder. UNDER-WRITER, one who insures a ship or its cargo at a certain rate per cent. UNIPA'ROUS, (Zoo.) bringing forth only one at a birth. U'NIVALVE, a shell of one piece, as those of a periwinkle, or snail; the inhabitant possesses a head and organs of motion, of which the bivalves (oysters, muscles, &c.) are destitute. U'NIVERSITY, an establishment under public authority for a liberal education. U'SURY, an extortionate requirement for the use of money. UTILITARIANS, a name given by their degree of usefulness in promoting "the greatest happiness of the greatest number." V. VACCINATION, the operation of introducing cow-pox matter into the human body, as an antidote against the small-pox. VACUUM, vacuity, or space supposed to be unoccupied by matter. VA'DE ME'CUM, a manual, or book, that a person is supposed constantly to carry with him. VALVE, a moveable lid or cover to an aperture, which, in a steam engine, opens and allows the steam to escape when the pressure is raised beyond a certain degree. VAS'CULAR, (An.) pertaining to the vessels of animal or vegetable life. VATICAN, the palace at Rome, containing the library collected by successive popes. VE'DAS, the name of the four sacred books of the Brahminical Hindoos. VENESECTION, blood letting, or the opening of a vein. VENTILA'TION, the introduction of air into any place. VENTRILOQUISM, an art or practice of speaking, by means of coarse hair cloth to free it from impurities. The common turpentine is yielded by the Carolina pine of America. A cavity is there made in the tree at a few inches from the ground, to hold about three pints; and in order to convey the turpentine into the cavities, oblique gutters are cut, by which means they are generally filled in three weeks. Continued rains check the flow of the sap, and even close the apertures, therefore in cold damp weather very little turpentine is procured. The products of the pine and fir are of five kinds. The turpentine, or the juice of the living tree; the resin, or solid residue obtained from the turpentine; the tar, the juice of the dead tree; the pitch, or residue of the tar; the lamp-black, or soot obtained by burning any of them. The turpentine is brought to this country as a thick fluid mass, and is separated into a solid (resin), and a liquid (oil of turpentine), by a process of distillation carried on at the turpentine works. which the voice is made to ap- the knowledge of the external pear as if proceeding from differ-form and internal structure of the ent places. horse and other quadrupeds. VEN'TRICLE, (An.) any small cavity in an animal body, as in the heart or brain. VENUE, (L.) a place where an action is laid. VIADUCT, a carriage way, raised or arched over lower grounds. VIATICUM, ample allowance for a journey. In the Church of VER'DEGRIS, an acetate of cop-Rome, an appellation given to the per, from which a green pigment is prepared. Sacrament when administered to persons at the point of death. VICA'RIOUS, delegated, acting VER'JUICE, a strong acid, obtained from vine leaves and un-in the place of another. ripe fruit. [to worms. VERMICULAR, of or belonging VERMILLION, a bright and beautiful red colour, prepared from mercury. VERTEBRA, the series of bones which form the spine, back-bone, or vertebral column of animals, and sustain the trunk or head. VICE ROY, One who governs in place of the king, with regal authority.-The Latin word vice is used as a prefix, to denote one who performs, in his stead, the office of a superior, as vice-chancellor, vicegerent, and vice-admiral. VI' ET ARM'IS, (L.) the violent VERTEBRAL, having verte-commission of any trespass or bræ.* VES'ICLE, a small part of the outer skin inflated; a blister. VESTIBULE, the porch or hall of a house, or antichamber. VETERINARY, pertaining to crime. VIL'LUS, (Bo.) covered with down or soft hair, like velvet. VIN'EGAR, а dilute acetic acid, obtained by various fermentations.† * VERTEBRAL ANIMALS-are red blooded, with a brain, and a spinal chord ;-invertebral animals are such as have no spine, are white blooded, and are destitute of a vertebrated column or back bone. + VINEGAR-is obtained from wine, malt, sugar, and wood; the best is made in France from the poorer sorts of wine. In England, vinegar is usually procured from ground malt mashed in warm water. When the hot water has acted on the malt, and been well stirred with it, the liquor is called wort; this, during the process of cooling, has a little yeast introduced into it while undergoing fermentation. The liquor is afterwards transferred to casks kept in heated rooms. The process of acetification is assisted by introducing into the casks what is called rape, which is the refuse from the makings of British wine, or some low-priced raisins. Sometimes the wort is transferred into casks kept in the open air, the bungholes of which are left open, or loosely covered with a tile. Both these processes have their advantages, and the effect is the same. If the vinegar is acetified in the field, it is made in the Spring, and then left exposed several months; when it is accomplished in a room, the time is greatly reduced. After the vinegar has attained its greatest degree of acidity, it is rendered clear and fit for use, either by subsidence, or the employment of isinglass. M VIRTUO'So, one skilled in antique or natural curiosities. VIS'CERA, (An.) the contents of the abdomen and thorax. VIS INERTIA, denotes the tendency of bodies to remain in their actual condition. VITREOUS, a term signifying glassy; it is applied to the soft pellucid humour filling the foreparts of the eye. VITRIFICATION, the act of converting into glass by heat. VIVA VOCE, by word of mouth. VIVAP'IROUS, (Zoo.) a term applied to animals which bring forth their young alive, as opposed to such as lay eggs. VOLATILE, (Ch.) having the power to pass off by spontaneous evaporation; easily dissipated by heat. [scroll. VOL'UTE, (Ar.) a kind of spiral VOLCA'NO, (Geol.) a burning mountain, or eminence, from which ignited and melted matters are cast forth. Vox DEI, the voice of God. VOX POPULI, the voice of the people. VULGATE, the name given to a Latin translation of the Bible from the Greek Septuagint; it is the only one acknowledged by the Church of Rome to be authentic. WATCH TOWER.-Watch towers and lighthouses had their origin in a humane desire to warn mariners of the dangers to which they were ex This posed from neighbouring rocks and have cost a sum equal to about focus of a parabolic reflector; the number and the arrangement of reflec. tors depending on the light being fixed or revolving. |