chest; apply immediately ice or cold wet cloths to the head and nape of the neck, changing them frequently. The douche over head, spine, and chest, from a height of about three feet. Patient to be fanned to produce a cool current of air. Mustard to limbs and sides-stimulants.

Poisons.

In all cases of poisoning, the first step is to give the antidote if you know it and then evacuate the stomach. The last should be effected by a mustard emetic, a tablespoonful of mustard in a cup of water, or a table-spoonful or two of common salt in a tumbler of water. When vomiting has already taken place, copious draughts of warm water, or warm mucilaginous drinks, soap and water, or, oil should be given, to keep up the effect till the stomach has been thoroughly cleared.

ANTIDOTES.-For any of the strong acids :-Common chalk, oil or soap suds.

For Arsenic-Magnesia, powdered charcoal, oil, and lime water. For Prussic Acid :-Cold affusion-ammonia.

For Opium:-Keep patient walking, strong coffee, slap with flat ruler, sting with nettles, mustard emetics.

Asphyxia.

Asphyxia arises from carbonic acid, from charcoal fumes, and other gases interfering with the respiration. The face becomes turgid and livid, owing to the accumulation of impure blood. The patient in this case should be placed with the head high, so as to facilitate the flow of blood from the brain, which is congested; the clothes should be taken off and he should be dashed with cold water. Ammonia should be applied to the nose, &c.; the face and body should be sponged with brandy, or vinegar and water, friction all over, and artificial respiration if recovery is not evident.

Poisonous Fish.

At certain seasons, some fish, when eaten, produce poisonous effects. If vomiting has already occurred, it should be encouraged, by giving

lukewarm water to drink, or it may be rendered more decided by the administration of the mustard emetic; after the stomach has been well cleared out and has had a little rest, a tablespoonful of castor oil, or half a drachm of rhubarb may be given with advantage.

Stings from Wasps or Bees,

The wound should be examined and the sting extracted, if left in the wound. The barrel of a watch key, pressed over it, will cause it to be dislodged, when it can be easily withdrawn. A little spirits of hartshorn, or Eau de Cologne, may be then applied to the part.

Rules for treatment of Cholera.

Cholera is almost invariably preceded by a painless diarrhoea, and this should, in all cases, be promptly treated.

When diarrhoea is present, go to bed and maintain the horizontal position, use abundance of blankets. Stay in bed until you are well, do not consider yourself well until you have had a natural movement from the bowels. Let no solid food be used, everything to be fluid as milk, soup, a soft boiled thin egg or arrowroot. Apply mustard plasters to the abdomen. In the absence of a physician, an adult can take ten drops of laudanum, and ten drops of spirits of camphor. A child of ten may take five drops of each. A child of five years may take three drops of each. Never chill the surface of the body by getting out of bed.

**Opium is dangerous to old people, as well as very young; and should not be repeatedly administered, without medical supervision.

Fever and Ague.

Fever and ague is always preceded by an ague fit: it has three stages, the cold, hot, and sweating stage.

1st. The cold, when teeth chatter.

2nd. The hot, with high fever.

3rd.-The sweating, when moisture appears and feeling of health

returns.

In the event of there being no physician; in cold stage give hot drinks, hot foot bath, hot bottles to sides and limbs.

In hot stage, give cooling drinks, half teaspoonful of sweet spirits of nitre in water every two hours.

:

During sweating stage, rub with dry towels. In intermission give quinine in from two to ten grain doses every three hours, for a few doses afterwards give ten drops of tincture of iron three times a day for a week. Avoid the hot sun, and damp evening and morning air. If singing in the ears should come on while taking quinine, the dose should be either lessened or suspended altogether.

To restore persons affected by cold.

For Frost-bite or Numbness.-Return warmth gradually, by warm water.

For a Frozen Limb.-Rub with snow, and place in cold water for a time. When sensation returns, place again in cold water; add heat very gradually by warm water.

If Apparently Dead or Insensible.-Strip entirely of clothes, and cover body, except mouth and nostrils, with snow or ice, or place in cold water. When body is thawed, dry it, place it in a cold bed; rub with warm hands under the cover,-continue this for hours. If life appears, give small injections of camphor and water; put a drop of spirits of camphor on tongue; then rub body with spirits and water, finally with spirit; then give tea, coffee, or brandy and water.

Fainting.

When a person suddenly grows pale and faint, he should be immediately placed, full length, on the floor, the head being kept low. The face may be dashed with cold water. In this position he will quickly recover this is owing to the head having been placed low so as to facilitate the flow of blood to the brain.

Drunkenness.

Drunkenness, in a severe form, may cause death like apoplexy; it is poisoning by alcohol. The individual should be placed in a

semi-recumbent position, with head on one side to favour vomiting, all the clothing about the neck being freely opened. A douche, from a height, of cold water over face, head, and neck, will probably rouse him. is difficult to get an emetic to act in this state, yet a table-spoonful of mustard, in half-a-tumbler of water, had better be given, to excite vomiting. If the respiration becomes embarrased, artificial respiration should be used, as directed in case of drowning. The preparation called acetate water of ammonia, (to be had at any apothecary's) taken in ounce doses, every half-hour, is said to have a most magical effect in restoring drunken men to sobriety; about three doses ought to suffice.

Epilipsy or Fits.

If a man fall in a fit, insensible or struggling, it is probably epilepsy. The clothing about chest and throat should be thrown open; the head should be raised, and the patient prevented from hurting himself during his struggles. A piece of wood, or a cork, may be placed between the teeth, to prevent the tongue from being bitten.

Bite of a Mad Dog.

In the absence of a surgeon to excise the part, which is the proper treatment, the wound should be quickly washed, sucked, and caustic freely applied to the bottoms of the teeth punctures. If no caustic be at hand a hot iron wire may be used as an actual cautery, or gunpowder may be placed in the wounds and ignited. This has been done, by some English sportsmen, in Albania, when bitten by a dog.

Marsh Poison.

When men are employed on detached service in boats, or are otherwise exposed in a swampy region, they should be supplied with quinine to guard them against the marsh poison. Four grains should be administered before starting in the morning, and four on their return; but if they should be exposed for twelve hours, or if the exposure be over-night, the quinine should be continued until they return on board, and for fourteen days afterwards. The quinine might affect the head, by producing buzzing and noise in the ears.

When this happens, the dose should be reduced in quantity, or perhaps discontinued.

By simple multiplication, the above formulæ may be mixed, at once, for any number of men daily.

DISINFECTANTS.

These substances are of various kinds and act in different ways. Air and water are nature's great purifiers, but when these cannot advantageously operate, it is necessary to apply one or other of the many powerful chemical agents which are available. The choice of such agent must depend somewhat upon the circumstances of the case, but for general use Carbolic Acid and its preparations, Condy's Fluid, Chloride of Lime, and Sir W. BURNETT'S solution appear to be the most convenient and efficacious.

Carbolic Acid. This is the disinfectant which is now generally supplied to H.M. Ships. In adding it to bilge water or other liquids, it should first be mixed with about 100 parts of water to completely dissolve it; for, if the acid is not properly mixed it will merely sink to the bottom, softening any bituminous cement with which the bottom of the ship may be coated. To purify the air of a cabin, a little of the acid, unmixed with water, should be placed in a saucer. MCDOUGALL and CALVERT'S disinfecting powders are preparations of Carbolic Acid.

Burnett's Solution.-Since the introduction of Carbolic Acid, this fluid is not so extensively used. One pint of the solution should be added to a gallon of water.

Condy's Fluid and Chloride of Lime are very efficient disinfectants. The latter deteriorates considerably by keeping, unless well preserved from the action of the air.