ANALYSIS. BOOK IV*.-OF PUBLIC WRONGS. CHAPTER I. OF THE NATURE OF CRIMES, AND THEIR FUNISHMENT Page 1 to 12 1. In treating of public wrongs may be considered, I. The general nature of crimes and punishments. II. The persons capable of committing crimes. III. Their several degrees of guilt. IV. The several species of crimes, and their respective punishments. V. The means of prevention. VI. The method of punishment 2. A crime, or misdemeanor, is an act committed, or omitted, in violation of a public law, either forbidding or commanding it 3. Crimes are distinguished from civil injuries, in that they are a breach and violation of the public rights, due to the whole community, considered as a community 4. Punishments may be considered with regard to, I. The power, II. The end, III. The measure, of their infliction. 5. The power, or right, of inflicting human punishments, for natural crimes, or such as are mala in se, was by the law of nature vested in every individual; but, by the fundamental contract of society, is now transferred to the Sovereign power: in which also is vested, by the same contract, the right of punishing positive offences, or such as are mala prohibita 6. The end of human punishments is to prevent future offences; I. By amending the offender himself. II. By deterring others through his example. III. By depriving him of the power to do future mischief. 7. The measure of human punishments must be determined by the wisdom of the sovereign power, and not by any uniform universal rule: though that wisdom may be regulated, and assisted, by certain general, equitable, principles CHAPTER II. OF THE PERSONS CAPABLE OF COMMITTING CRIMES 1 4 2. The will does not concur with the act, I. Where there is a defect of understanding. II. Where no will is exerted. III. Where the act is constrained by force and violence 3. A vicious will may therefore be wanting, in the cases of, I. Infancy. II. Idiocy, or lunacy. III. Drunkenness ; which doth not, however, excuse. IV. Misfortune. V. Ignorance, or mistake of fact. VI. Compulsion, or necessity; which is, 1st, that of civil subjection; 2ndly, that of duress per minas; 3rdly, that of choosing the least pernicious of two evils, where one is unavoidable; 4thly, that of want or hunger; which is no legitimate ex cuse 4. The king, from his excellence and dignity, is also incapable of doing wrong CHAPTER III. 22-32 33 34 to 37 7 OF PRINCIPALS AND ACCESSORIES 1. The different degrees of guilt in criminals are, I. As principals. II. As accessories 7 11 12 20 to 33 1. All persons are capable of committing crimes, unless there be in them a defect of will; for, to constitute a legal crime, there must be both a vi cious will, and a vicious act 20 2. A principal in a crime is, I. He who commits the fact. II. He who is present at, aiding, and abetting, the commission 3. An accessory is he who doth not commit the fact, nor is present at the commission; but is in some sort concerned therein, either before or after 4. Accessories can only be in petit treason, and felony in high treason, and misdemeanors, all are principals 5. An accessory before the fact, is one who, being absent when the crime is committed, hath procured, counselled, or commanded another to commit it 6. An accessory after the fact, is where a person, knowing a felony to have been committed, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the felon. Such accessory is usually entitled to the benefit of clergy; where the principal, and accessory before the fact, are excluded from it CHAPTER IV. OF OFFENCES AGAINST GOD AND RELIGION. 42 to 65 1. Crimes and misdemeanors, cognizable by the laws of England, are such as more immediately offend, I. God, and his holy religion. II. The law of nations. III. The king and his government. IV. The public, or commonwealth. V. Individuals 2. Crimes more immediately offending God and religion, are, I. Apostacy. For which the penalty is incapacity, and imprisonment. II. Heresy. Penalty for one species thereof: the same. III. Offences against the established church. Either, by reviling its ordinances. Penalties: fine; deprivation; imprisonment; forfeiture.-Or, by non-conformity to its worship: 1st, through total irreligion. Penalty: fine. 2ndly, through protestant dissenting. Penalty: suspended (conditionally) by the toleration act. 3rdly, through popery, either in professors of the popish religion, popish_recusants convict, or popish priests. Penalties: incapacity; double taxes; imprisonment; fines; forfeitures; abjuration of the realm; judgment of felony," without clergy; and judgment of high treason. IV. Blasphemy. Penalty: fine, imprisonment, and corporal punishment. V. Profane swearing and cursing. Penalty: fine, or house of correction. VI. Witchcraft; or, at least, the pretence thereto. Penalty: imprisonment, and pillory. VII. Religious impostures. Penalty fine, imprisonment, and corporal punishment. VIII. Simony. Penalties: forfeiture of double value; incapacity. IX. Sabbath-breaking. Penalty: fine. X. Drunkenness. Penalty: fine, or stocks. XI. Lewdness. Penalties fine; imprisonment; house of correction CHAPTER V. Page 42 43-65 66 to 73 OF OFFENCES AGAINST THE LAW OF NATIONS 1. The law of nations is a system of rules, deducible by natural reason, and established by universal consent, to regulate the intercourse between independent states 2. In England, the law of nations is adopted, in its full extent, as part of the law of the land 3. Offences against this law are principally incident to whole states or nations; but, when committed by private subjects, are then the objects of the municipal law 4. Crimes against the law of nations, animadverted on by the laws of England, are, I. Violation of safe-conducts. II. Infringement of the rights of ambassadors. Penalty, in both: arbitrary. III. Piracy. Penalty: judgment of felony, without clergy CHAPTER VI. OF HIGH TREASON 66 67 67 68-73 74 to 92 1. Crimes, and misdemeanors, more pe. II. culiarly offending the king and his government, are, I. High treason Felonies injurious to the prerogative. III. Præmunire. IV. Other mispri sions and contempts Page 74 2. High treason may, according to the statute of Edward III. be committed, I. By compassing or imagining the death of the king, or queen-consort, or their eldest son and heir; demonstrated by some overt act. III. By violating the king's companion, his eldest daughter, or the wife of his eldest son, III. By some overt act of levying war against the king in his realm. IV. By adherence to the king's enemies. V. By counterfeiting the king's great or privy seal. VI. By counterfeiting the king's money, or importing counterfeit money. VII. By killing the chancellor, treasurer, or king's jus tices, in the execution of their offices 76-87 3. High treasons, created by subsequent statutes, are such as relate, I. To papists: as, the repeated defence of the pope's jurisdiction; the coming from beyond sea of a natural-born popish priest; the renouncing of allegiance, and reconciliation to the pope, or other foreign power. II. To the coinage, or other signatures of the king: as, counterfeiting (or, importing and uttering counterfeit) foreign coin, here current; forging the sign manual, privy signet, or privy seal; falsifying, &c. the current coin. III. To the protestant succession: as, corresponding with, or remitting money to, the late pretender's sons; endeavouring to impede the succession; writing or printing in defence of any pretender's title, or in derogation of the act of settlement, or of the power of parliament to limit the descent of the crown 4. The punishment of high treason, in males, is (generally) to be, I. Drawn. II. Hanged. III. Embowelled alive. IV. Beheaded. V. Quartered. The head and quarters to be at the king's disposal. But, in treasons relating to the coin, only to be drawn, and hanged till dead. Females, in both cases, are to be drawn and burned alive CHAPTER VII. VI. 87-92 92 1. Præmunire, in its original sense, is the offence of adhering to the tempo- ral power of the pope, in derogation of the regal authority. Penalty: out- lawry, forfeiture, and imprisonment : which hath since been extended to some offences of a different nature 2. Among these are, I. Importing po- pish trinkets. II. Contributing to the maintenance of popish seminaries abroad, or popish priests in England. III. Molesting the possessors or ab- by lands. IV. Acting as broker in an usurious contract, for more than of proceedings in suits for monopolies. of purveyance or pre-emption. VIII. Asserting a legislative authority in both or either house of Parliament. IX. Sending any subject a prisoner beyond sea. X. Refusing the oaths speaking, in defence of the right of any pretender to the crown, or in de- rogation of the power of Parliament to limit the succession. XII. Treat- ing of other matters, by the assembly of peers of Scotland, convened for electing their representatives in Par- liament. XIII. Unwarrantable un- ing what ought to be revealed. Positive, in committing what ought 3. Negative misprisions are, 1. Mispri- sion of treason. Penalty: forfeiture and imprisonment. II. Misprision of 4. Positive misprisions, or high misde- Usual penalties: banishment; fines; imprisonment; disability. II. Con- tempts against the king's prerogative. Penalty: fine and imprisonment. III. Contempts against his person, and sonment, and infamous corporal pu- nishment. IV. Contempts against his title. Penalties: fine and imprison- ment; or, fine and disability. V. Contempts against his palaces, or courts of justice. Penalties: fine; 121-126 OF OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUS- 1. Crimes especially affecting the com- monwealth, are offences, nomy 2. Offences, against the public justice, are, I. Embezzling, or vacating re- cords, and personating others in courts of justice. Penalty. judgment of fe- Compelling prisoners to become ap- provers. Penalty: judgment of felo- ny. III. Obstructing the execution of of prison. VI. Rescue.-Which four may (according to the circumstances) be either felonies, or misdemeanors punishable by fine and imprisonment. VII. Returning from transportation. This is felony, without clergy. VIII. Taking rewards, to help one to his stolen goods. Penalty: the same as for the theft. IX. Receiving stolen goods. Penalties: transportation; fine; and imprisonment. X. Theft- bote. XI. Cominon barretry, and su- ing in a feigned name. XII. Main- .tenance. XIII. Champerty.-Penal- ty, in these four: fine and imprison- ment. XIV. Compounding prosecu- fine, pillory, and disability. Conspiracy and threats of accusation in order to extort money, &c. Penal ties: the villenous judgment; fine, imprisonment; pillory; whipping transportation. XVI. Perjury, and subornation thereof. Penalties: in- famy; imprisonment; fine, or pillory; and, sometimes, transportation house of correction. XVII. Bribery. Penalty fine, and imprisonment. XVIII. Embracery. Penalty: infamy, fine, and imprisonment. XIX. False verdict. Penalty: the judgment in attaint. XX. Negligence of public officers, &c. Penalty fine and for- feiture of the office. XXI. Oppres- OF OFFENCES AGAINST THE PUBLIC 1. Offences, against the public trade, are, I. Owling. Penalties: fines; forfeiture; imprisonment; loss of left hand; transportation; judgment of felony. II. Smuggling. Penalties: fines; loss of goods; judgment of felony, without clergy. III. Fraudu- lent bankruptcy. Penalty: judgment of felony, without clergy. IV. Usury. Penalty fine, and imprisonment. V. Cheating. Penalties: fine; imprison- ment; pillory; tumbrel; whipping, or other corporal punishment; trans- Regrating. VIII. Engrossing. Pe- nalties, for all three: loss of goods; fine; imprisonment; pillory. IX. Mo- nopolies, and combinations to raise the price of commodities. Penalties; fines; imprisonment; pillory; loss of ear; infamy; and, sometimes, the pains of pramunire. X. Exercising a trade, not having served as appren- tice. Penalty: fine. XI. Trans- porting, or residing abroad, of artifi- cers. Penalties: fine; imprisonment; OF OFFENCES AGAINST THE PUBLIC 1. Offences, against the public health, are, I. Irregularity, in time of the 2. Offences, against the public police and economy, or domestic order of the kingdom, are, 1. Those relating to clandestine and irregular marriages. Penalties judgment of felony, with and without clergy. II. Bigamy, or (more properly) polygamy. Penalty: judgment of felony. III. Wandering, by soldiers or mariners. IV. Remain- ing in England, by Egyptians; or being in their fellowship one month. Both these are felonies, without cler- gy. V. Common nuisances: 1st, by annoyances or purprestures in high- ways, bridges, and rivers; 2ndly, by offensive trades and manufactures; 3rdly, by disorderly houses; 4 thly, by lotteries; 5thly, by cottages; 6thly, by fireworks; 7thly, by evesdrop- ping.-Penalty, in all: fine. 8thly, by common scolding. Penalty: the cucking stool. VI. Idleness, disor- der, vagrancy, and incorrigible rogue- ry. Penalties: imprisonment; whip- ping; judgment of felony. VII. Luxu- ry, in diet. Penalty discretionary. VIII. Gaming. Penalties: to gen- tlemen, fines; to others, fine and im prisonment; to cheating gamesters, fine, infamy, and the corporal pains of perjury. IX. Destroying the game. 161-2 162-175 1. Crimes, especially affecting indivi- duals, are, I. Against their persons. II. Against their habitations. III. Against 2. Crimes against the person of indi- viduals, are, 1. By homicide, or de- stroying life. II. By other corporal 3. Homicide is, I. Justifiable. II. Ex- 4. Homicide is justifiable, I. By ne- 6. Felonious homicide is the killing of |