1. and 32 Hen. VIII. c. 3. but it is held (e) to have been virtually restored by statute 1 Edw. VI. c. 12. which statute also enacts, that lords of parliament and peers of the realm, having place and voice in parliament, may have the benefit of their peerage, equivalent to that of clergy, for the first offence (although they cannot read, and without being burnt in the hand), for all offences then clergyable to commoners, and also for the crimes of house-breaking, highway-robbery, horse-stealing, and robbing of churches (3).

*After this burning the laity, and before it the real clergy, were [368] discharged from the sentence of the law in the king's court, and delivered over to the ordinary, to be dealt with according to the ecclesiastical canons. Whereupon the ordinary, not satisfied with the proofs adduced in the profane secular court, set himself formerly to work to make a purgation of the offender by a new canonical trial; although he had been previously convicted by his country, or perhaps by his own confession (ƒ). This trial was held before the bishop in person, or his deputy; and by a jury of twelve clerks: and there, first, the party himself was required to make oath of his own innocence; next, there was to be the oath of twelve compurgators, who swore they believed he spoke the truth; then, witnesses were to be examined upon oath, but on behalf of the prisoner only: and lastly, the jury were to bring in their verdict upon oath, which usually acquitted the prisoner; otherwise, if a clerk, he was degraded, or put to penance (g). A learned judge, in the beginning of the last century (h), remarks with much indignation the vast complication of perjury and subornation of perjury, in this solemn farce of a mock trial; the witnesses, the compurgators, and the jury, being all of them partakers in the guilt: the delinquent party also, though convicted before on the clearest evidence, and conscious of his own offence, yet was permitted and almost compelled to swear himself not guilty: nor was the good bishop himself, under whose countenance this scene of wickedness was daily transacted, by any means exempt from a share of it. And yet by this purgation the party was restored to his credit, his liberty, his lands, and his capacity for purchasing afresh, and was entirely made a new and an innocent man.

This scandalous prostitution of oaths, and the forms of justice, in the almost constant acquittal of felonious clerks by purgation, was the occasion, that, upon very heinous and *notorious circumstan- [369] ces of guilt, the temporal courts would not trust the ordinary with

the trial of the offender, but delivered over to him the convicted clerk, absque purgatione facienda: in which situation the clerk convict could not

(e) Hob. 294. 2 Hal. P. C. 375. (f) Staundford, P. C. 138. b.

(3) Upon the conviction of the duchess of Kingston for bigamy, it was argued by the attorney-general Thurlow, that peeresses were not entitled by 1 Edw. VI. c. 12. like peers to the privilege of peerage; but it was the unanimous opinion of the judges, that a peeress convicted of a clergyable felony ought to be immediately discharged without being burnt in the hand, or without being liable to any imprisonment. 1 H. St. Tr. 264. If the duchess had been admitted, like a commoner, only to the benefit of clergy, burning in the hand at that time could not have been dispensed with. The argument was, that the privilege of peer

(g) 3 P. Wms. 447. Hub. 289.
(h) Hob. 291.

age was only an extension of the benefit of clergy, and therefore granted only to those who were or might be entitled to that benefit; but as no female, peeress or commoner, at that time was entitled to the benefit of clergy, so it was not the intention of the legislature to grant to any female the privilege of peerage, And in my opinion the argument of the attorney-general is much more convincing and satisfactory, as a legal demonstration, than the arguments of the counsel on the other side, or the reasons stated for the opinions of the judges.

make purgation; but was to continue in prison during life, and was incapable of acquiring any personal property, or receiving the profits of his lands, unless the king should please to pardon him. Both these courses were in some degree exceptionable; the latter being perhaps too rigid, as the former was productive of the most abandoned perjury. As therefore these mock trials took their rise from factious and popish tenets, tending to exempt one part of the nation from the general municipal law; it became high time, when the reformation was thoroughly established, to abolish so vain and impious a ceremony.

And

Accordingly the statute of 18 Eliz. c. 7. enacts, that, for the avoiding of such perjuries and abuses, after the offender has been allowed his clergy, he shall not be delivered to the ordinary, as formerly; but, upon such allowance and burning in the hand, he shall forthwith be enlarged and delivered out of prison; with proviso, that the judge may, if he thinks fit, continue the offender in gaol for any time not exceeding a year. thus the law continued, for above a century, unaltered, except only that the statute of 21 Jac. I. c. 6. allowed, that women convicted of simple lar cenies under the value of ten shillings should (not properly have the benefit of clergy, for they were not called upon to read; but) be burned in the hand, and whipped (4), stoked, or imprisoned for any time not exceeding a year. And a similar indulgence, by the statutes 3 & 4 W. & M. c. 9. and 4 & 5 W. & M. c. 24. was extended to women, guilty of any clergyable felony whatsoever; who were allowed once to claim the benefit of the statute, in like manner as men might claim the benefit of clergy, and to be discharged upon being burnt in the hand, and imprisoned for any time not exceeding a year. The punishment of burning in the hand, being found ineffectual, was also changed by statute 10 & 11 W. III. c. 23. into burning in the most visible part of the left cheek, nearest the nose: but such an indelible stigma being found by experience to render offenders desperate, this provision was repealed, about seven years afterwards, by statute 5 Ann. c. 6, and till that period, all women, all peers of parliament

and peeresses, and all male commoners who could read, were dis[370] charged in all clergyable felonies; the males absolutely, if clerks in orders; and other commoners, both male and female, upon branding; and peers and peeresses without branding, for the first offence: yet all liable (excepting peers and peeresses), if the judge saw occasion, to imprisonment not exceeding a year. And those men who could not read, if under the degree of peerage, were hanged.

Afterwards indeed it was considered, that education and learning were no extenuations of guilt, but quite the reverse: and that, if the punishment of death for simple felony was too severe for those who had been liberally instructed, it was, a fortiori, too severe for the ignorant also. And thereupon by the same statute 5 Ann. c. 6. it was enacted, that the benefit of clergy should be granted to all those who were entitled to ask it, without requiring them to read by way of conditional merit (5). And ex(4) Whipping of women is abolished by 1 Geo. IV. c. 57.

(5) The statute enacts, that if a person convicted of a clergyable offence shall pray the benefit of this act, he shall not be required to read, but shall be taken to be, and punished as, a clerk convict. Hence persons convicted of manslaughters, bigamies, and simple grand larcenies, &c. are still asked what they have

to say why judgment of death should not be pronounced upon them? And they are then told to kneel down, and pray the benefit of the statute. It would perhaps have been more consistent with the dignity of a court of justice to have granted the benefit of clergy without requiring an unnecessary form, the meaning of which very few comprehend. And if the prisoner should obstinately refuse to pray

perience having shewn that so very universal a lenity was frequently inconvenient, and an encouragement to commit the lower degrees of felony; and that, though capital punishments were too rigorous for these inferior offences, yet no punishment at all (or next to none) was as much too gentle; it was further enacted by the same statute, that when any person is convicted of any theft, or larceny, and burnt in the hand for the same according to the ancient law, he shall also, at the discretion of the judge, be committed to the house of correction or public workhouse, to be there kept to hard labour, for any time not less than six months, and not exceeding two years; with a power of inflicting a double confinement in case of the party's escape from the first. And it was also enacted by the statutes 4 Geo. I. c. 11. and 6 Geo. I. c. 23. that when any persons shall be convicted of any larceny, either grand or petit, or any felonious stealing or taking of money or goods and chattels either from the person or the house of any other, or in any other manner, and who by the law shall be entitled to the benefit of clergy, and liable only to the penalties of burning in the hand or whipping, the court in their discretion, instead of such burning in the hand or whipping, may direct such offenders to be transported to America (or, by the statute 19 Geo. III. c. 74. to any other parts beyond the seas) for seven years and, if they return or are seen at large in this [371] kingdom within that time, it shall be felony without benefit of clergy. And by the subsequent statutes 16 Geo. II. c. 15, and 8 Geo. III. c. 15. many wise provisions are made for the more speedy and effectual execution of the laws relating to transportation, and the conviction of such as transgress them (6). But now, by the statute 19 Geo. III. c. 74. all offenders liable to transportation may, in lieu thereof, at the discretion of the judges, be employed, if males, except in the case of petty larceny, in hard labour for the benefit of some public navigation; or, whether males or females, may, in all cases, be confined to hard labour in certain penitentiary houses, to be erected by virtue of the said act, for the several terms therein specified, but in no case exceeding seven years; with a power of subsequent mitigation, and even of reward, in case of their good behaviour. But if they escape and are re-taken, for the first time an addition of three years is made to the term of their confinement; and a second escape is felony without benefit of clergy.

In forming the plan of these penitentiary houses, the principal objects have been, by sobriety, cleanliness, and medical assistance, by aregular series of labour, by solitary confinement during the intervals of work, and by due religious instruction, to preserve and amend the health of the unhappy offenders, to inure them to habits of industry, to guard them from pernicious company, to accustom them to serious reflection, and to teach them both the principles and practice of every christian and moral duty.. And if the whole of this plan be properly executed, and its defects be timely supplied, there is reason to hope that such a reformation may be effected in the lower classes of mankind, and such a gradual scale of pu nishment be affixed to all gradations of guilt, as may in time supersede the necessity of capital punishment, except for very atrocious crimes.

It is also enacted by the same statute, 19 Geo. III. c. 74. that instead of burning in the hand (which was sometimes too slight and sometimes, too disgraceful a punishment) the court in all clergyable felonies may impose a pecuniary fine; or (except in the case of manslaughter) may order, the the benefit of the statute, it seems to be an un- pronounce sentence of death upon him. avoidable consequence that the judge must (6) See ante, 132, note 17, the existing law

offender to be once or oftener, but not more than thrice, either publicly or privately whipped; such private whipping (to prevent collusion or abuse) to be inflicted in the presence of two witnesses, and in case of female offenders in the presence of females only. Which fine or whipping shall have the same consequences as burning in the hand; and the offender, so fined or whipped, shall be equally liable to a subsequent detainer or impri

sonment.

In this state does the benefit of clergy at present stand; very considerably different from its original institution: the wisdom of the English legislature having, in the course of a long and laborious process, extracted by a noble alchemy rich medicines out of poisonous ingredients; and converted, by gradual mutations, what was at first an unreasonable exemption of particular popish ecclesiastics, into a merciful mitigation of the general law, with respect to capital punishment.

From the whole of this detail we may collect, that however in times of ignorance and superstition that monster in true policy may for a while subsist, of a body of men, residing in the bowels of a state, and yet independent of its laws; yet, when learning and rational religion have a little enlightened men's minds, society can no longer endure an absurdity so gross, as must destroy its very fundamentals. For, by the original contract of government, the price of protection by the united force of individuals is that of obedience to the united will of the community. This united will is declared in the laws of the land and that united force is exerted in their due, and universal, execution.

II. I am next to inquire, to what persons the benefit of clergy is to be allowed at this day: and this must be chiefly collected from what [*372] has been observed in the preceding article. For, upon the whole, we may pronounce, that all clerks in orders are, without any branding, and of course without any transportation, fine, or whipping for those are only substituted in lieu of the other), to be admitted to this privilege, and immediately discharged; and this as often as they offend (1). Again, all lords of parliament and peers of the realm having place and voice in parliament, by the statute 1 Edw. VI. c. 12. (which is likewise held to extend to peeresses) (k) shall be discharged in all clergyable and other felonies provided for by the act, without any burning in the hand or imprisonment, or other punishment substituted in its stead, in the same manner as real clerks convict: but this is only for the first offence. Lastly, all the commons of the realm, not in orders, whether male or female, shall for the first offence be discharged of the capital punishment of felonies within the benefit of clergy, upon being burnt in the hand, whipped, or fined, or suffering a discretionary imprisonment in the common gaol, the house of correction, one of the penitentiary houses, or in the places of labour for the benefit of some navigation; or, in case of larceny, upon being transported for seven years, if the court shall think proper. It hath been said, that Jews, and other infidels and heretics, were not capable of the benefit of clergy, till after the statute 5 Ann. c. 6, as being under a legal incapacity for orders (1). But I much question whether this was ever ruled for law, since the re-introduction of the Jews into England, in the time of Oliver Cromwell. For, if that were the case, the Jews are still in the same predicament, which every day's experience will contradict: the

(i) 2 Hal. P. C. 375.

(1) 2 Hal. P. C. 373. 2 Hawk. P. C. 338. Fost

(k) Duchess of Kingston's case in Parliament, 22 306. Apr. 1776.

statute of queen Anne having certainly made no alteration in this respect; it only dispensing with the necessity of reading in those persons, who, in case they could read, were before the act entitled to the benefit of their clergy.

[373]

III. The third point to be considered is, for what crimes the privilegium clericale, or benefit of clergy, is to be allowed. And, it is to be observed, that neither in high treason nor in petit larceny, nor in any mere misdemeanors, it was indulged at the common law; and therefore we may lay it down for a rule that it was allowable only in petit treason and capital felonies which for the most part became legally entitled to this *indulgence by the statute de clero, 25 Edw. III. st. 3. c. 4. which provides that clerks convict for treasons or felonies, touching other persons than the king himself or his royal majesty, shall have the privilege of holy church. But yet it was not allowable in all felonies whatsoever for in some it was denied even by the common law, viz. insidiatio viarum, or lying in wait for one on the highway; depopulatio agrorum, or destroying and ravaging a country (m); and combustio domorum, or arson, that is, the burning of houses (n): all which are a kind of hostile acts, and in some degree border upon treason. And farther, all these identical crimes, together with petit treason, and very many other acts of felony, are ousted of clergy by particular acts of parliament; which have in general been mentioned under the particular offences to which they belong, and therefore need not be here recapitulated. Upon all which statutes for excluding clergy I shall only observe, that they are nothing else but the restoring of the law, to the same rigor of capital punishment in the first offence, that is exerted before the privilegium clericale, was at all indulged; and which it still exerts upon a second offence in almost all kinds of felonies, unless committed by clerks actually in orders. But so tender is the law of inflicting capital punishment in the first instance for any inferior felony, that notwithstanding by the marine law, as declared in statute 28 Hen. VIII. c. 15. the benefit of clergy is not allowed in any case whatsoever; yet, when offences are committed within the admiralty-jurisdiction, which would be clergyable if committed by land, the constant course is to acquit and discharge the prisoner (o) (7). And, to conclude this head of inquiry, we may observe the following rules: 1. That in all felonies, whether new created or by common law, clergy is now allowable, unless taken away by express words of an act of parliament (p). 2. That, where clergy is taken away from the principal, it is not of course taken away from the accessary, unless he be also particularly included in the words of the statute (q). 3. That when the benefit of clergy is taken away from the offence (as in case of murder, buggery, robbery, rape, and burglary), a principal in the second degree being present, aiding and abetting the crime, is as well *excluded from his clergy as he that is prin- [*374] cipal in the first degree: but, 4. That, where it is only taken away from the person committing the offence (as in the case of stabbing, or committing larceny in a dwelling-house, or privately from the person), his

(m) 2 Hal. P. C. 333.

(n) 1 Hal. P. C. 346.

(e) Moor, 756. Fost. 288.

(7) But now, by 39 Geo. III. c. 37, offences committed on the high seas are to be considered and treated in the same manner as if comVOL. II.

87

(p) 2 Hal. P. C. 330.
(q) 2 Hawk. P. C. 342.

mitted on shore; and see the 43 Geo. III. c. 113, s. 6, 56 Geo. III. c. 27. s. 3.