CHAP. III.

JOURNEY THROUGH THE CAPITAL TO A COUNTRY VILLA OF THE EMPEROR.-RETURN TO PEKIN. THE IMPERIAL PALACE AND GARDENS OF YUEN-MIN-YUEN, AND THE PARKS OF GEHOL.

Order of Procession from Tong-tchoo to the Capital.-Crowd assembled on the Occasion.-Appearance of Pekin without and within the Walls.-Some Account of this City.-Proceed to a country Villa of the Emperor.-Inconveniences of.-Return to Pekin.-Embassador proceeds to Tartary.-Author sent to the Palace of Yuen-min-yuen.—Miserable Lodgings of.-Visit of the President and Members of the Mathematical Tribunal.-Of the Bishop of Pekin, and others.-Gill's Sword-blades.-Hatchett's Carriages.-Scorpion found in a Cask packed at Birmingham.—Portraits of English Nobility.—Effects of Accounts from Tartary on the Officers of State in Pekin.-Emperor's Return to the Capital.-Inspects the Presents.-Application of the Embassador for Leave to depart.-Short Account of the Palace and Gardens of Yuen-min-Yuen.— Lord Macartney's Description of the Eastern and Western Parks of Gehol.— And his general Remarks on Chinese Landscape Gardening.

THE presents for the emperor and our private baggage being all landed, the packages repaired, and every article minutely noted down by the officers of government, the porters were directed to fix their bamboo bearing-poles to each package, that no impediment might prevent our setting out at an early hour in the morning. In doing this, as well as landing the articles from the vessels, the Chinese porters shewed such expedition, strength, and activity, as could not, I believe, be paralleled or procured in so short a time, in any other country. Every thing here, in fact, seems to be at the instant command of the state; and the most laborious tasks are undertaken and executed with a readiness, and even a cheerfulness, which one could scarcely expect to meet with in so despotic a govern

ment.

According to the arrangement, on the 21st of August, about three o'clock in the morning, we were prepared to set out, but could scarcely be said to be fairly in motion till five; and before we had cleared the city of Tong-tchoo, it was past

six o'clock. From this city to the capital, I may venture to say, the road never before exhibited so motley a groupe. In front marched about three thousand porters, carrying six hundred packages; some of which were so large and heavy, as to require thirty-two bearers. With these were mixed a proportionate number of inferior officers, each having the charge and superintendence of a division. Next followed eighty-five waggons, and thirty-nine hand-carts, each with one wheel, loaded with wine, porter, and other European provisions, ammunition, and such heavy articles as were not liable to be broken. Eight light field-pieces, which were among the presents for the emperor, closed this part of the procession. After these paraded the Tartar legate, and several officers from court, with their numerous attendants; some on horseback, some in chairs, and others on foot. Then followed the embassador's guard in waggons, the servants, musicians, and mechanics, also in waggons; the gentlemen of the suite on horseback, the embassador, the minister plenipotentiary, his son, and the interpreter, in four ornamented chairs; the rest of the suite in small covered carriages on two wheels, not unlike, in appearance, to our funeral hearses, but only about half the length; and, last of all, Van and Chou, with their attendants, closed this motley procession.

Though the distance was only twelve miles, it was thought advisable, by our conductors, to halt for breakfast, about halfway; for, as heavy bodies move slowly, what with the delay and confusion in first getting into order, and the frequent stoppages on the road, we found it was eight o'clock before the whole of the cavalcade had reached the half-way house. Here we had a most sumptuous breakfast of roast pork and venison, rice and made dishes, eggs, tea, milk, and a variety of fruits served up on masses of ice.

The porters and the heavy baggage moved forward, without halting; and having ended our comfortable repast, we followed without loss of time. We had scarcely proceeded three miles, till we found the sides of the road lined with spectators on horseback, on foot, in small carriages similar to those we rode in, in carts, waggons, and chairs. In the last were Chinese ladies; but, having gauze curtains at the sides and front, we could see little of them. Several well-looking women, in long silken robes, with a great number of children, were in the small carriages. These we understood to be

pro

Tartars. A file of soldiers now moved along with the cession, on each side of the road, armed with whips, which they continually exercised, in order to keep off the crowd, that increased as we approached the capital, and, at length, was so great as to obstruct the road. We observed, however, that though the soldiers were very active and noisy in brandishing their whips, they only struck them against the ground, and never let them fall upon the people. Indeed, a Chinese crowd is not so tumultuous and unruly as it generally is elsewhere.

The excessive heat of the weather, the dustiness of the road, the closeness of the carriages, and the slow manner in which we moved along, would have made this short journey almost insupportable, but from the novelty of the scene, the smiles, the grins, the gestures of the multitude, and, above all, the momentary expectation of entering the greatest city on the surface of the globe. Those, also, who had been so unlucky as to make choice of the little covered carriages, found themselves extremely uncomfortable, nothwithstanding they are the best, the most easy, and genteel, sort of carriage that the country affords. Being fixed on the wheels without springs, and having no seats in the inside, they are, to an European, who must sit on his haunches, in the bottom, the most uneasy vehicles that can be imagined. Father Semedo, one of the earliest missionaries to China, asserts, that coaches were anciently in common use in this country, and that they were laid down on account of the great convenience and little expense of sedan chairs. The coaches alluded to by the reverend father were, in all probability, the little carts above mentioned; for not the vestige of any thing better is to be found among them; not the least appearance of any thing like a spring-carriage. It is more probable that palanquins and chairs have been in common use here and in India, from the earliest period of their histories. The lectica of the Romans is supposed to have been brought to Rome in the time of the republic, from some of the eastern nations.

The great road to the capital lay across an open country, sandy and ill cultivated, and the few houses on each side were of mean appearance, generally built with mud, or half burnt bricks, to the very gates of Pekin. The middle part of the road, for the width of eighteen or twenty feet, was paved with stones of granite from six to sixteen feet in length, and broad in proportion. Every one of these enormous flag-stones must

have been brought at least sixty miles; the nearest mountains, where quarries of granite are found, being those that divide China from Mantchoo Tartary, near the great wall.

A temple, on the right of the road, and a bridge of white marble, having the ballustrade ornamented with figures, meant to represent lions and other animals, cut out of the same materials, were the only objects that attracted any notice, until the walls and the lofty gates of the capital appeared in view. None of the buildings within, on this side of the city, overtopped the walls, though these did not appear to exceed twenty-five or, at most, thirty feet in height: they were flanked with square towers, and surrounded by a moat or ditch. These towers projected about forty feet from the line of the wall, and were placed at regular intervals of about seventy yards, being considered as bow-shot distance, from each other. Each had a small guard-house upon its summit. The thickness of the base of the wall was about twenty-five feet, and the width across the top within the parapets twelve feet; so that the sides of the wall have a very considerable slope, much more, however, within than without. The middle part was composed of the earth that had been dug out of the ditch; and was kept together by two retaining walls, part of which were of brick and part of The famous barrier on the borders of Tartary, and the ramparts of all the cities in the country, are built in the

stone.

same manner.

No cannon were mounted on the walls nor on the bastions; but, in the high building which surmounted the gate, and which was several stories one above the other, the port-holes were closed with red doors, on the outside of which were painted the representations of cannon, not unlike, at a distance, the sham-ports in a ship of war. The gates of a Chinese city are generally double, and placed in the flanks of a square or semicircular bastion. The first opens into a large space, surrounded with buildings, which are appropriated entirely for military uses, being the depot of provisions and ammunition, place-d'armes, and barracks. Out of this place, in one of the flanks, the second gate, having a similar high building erected over it as the first, opens into the city.

The first appearance of this celebrated capital is not much calculated to raise high expectations; nor does it in the least improve upon a more intimate acquaintance. In approaching

an European city it generally happens that a great variety of objects catch the eye; as the towers and spires of churches, domes, obelisks, and other buildings for public purposes, towering above the rest; and the mind is amused in conjec turing the form and magnitude of their several constructions, and the uses to which they may be applied. In Pekin not even a chimney is seen rising above the roofs of the houses which, being all nearly of the same height, and the streets laid out in straight lines, have the appearance and the regularity of a large encampment. The roofs would only require to be painted white, instead of being red, green, or blue, to make the resemblance complete. Few houses exceed the height of one story, and none but the great shops have either windows or openings in the wall in front, but most of them have a sort of terrace, with a railed balcony or parapet wall in front, on which are placed pots of flowers, or shrubs, or stunted trees.

This city is an oblong square, the outward boundary of which is forty lees, each lee being six hundred yards, so that the inclosing wall is near fourteen English miles, and the area about twelve square miles, independent of the extensive suburbs at every gate. In the south wall are three gates, and in each of the other sides two, from whence it is sometimes called "The city with nine gates;" but its usual name is Peching, or the Northern Court. The middle gate, on the south side, opens into the imperial city, which is a space of ground within the general inclosure, in the shape of a parallelogram, about a mile in length from north to south, and three-fourths of a mile from east to west. A wall, built of large red polished bricks, and twenty feet high, covered with a roof of tiles painted yellow, and varnished, surrounds this space, in which are contained not only the imperial palace and gardens, but also all the tribunals, or public offices of government, lodg ings for the ministers, the eunuchs, artificers, and tradesmen belonging to the court. A great variety of surface, as well as of different objects, appears within this inclosure. A rivulet, winding through it, not only affords a plentiful supply of water, but adds largely to the beauties of the grounds, by being formed into canals and basons, and lakes, which, with the artificial mounts, and rocks, and groves, exhibit the happiest imitation of nature.

Between the other two gates, in the south wall, and the corresponding and opposite ones on the north side of the city