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Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II.

President may fill vacancies.)

1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States except in cases of impeachment.

2. He shall have power by and with the advice and consent of the Senate to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur: and he shall nominate and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein Pres-otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

Section 1-(President: his term of office. Electors of President; number and how appointed. Electors to vote on same day. Qualifcation of President. On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. President's compensation. His oath of office.) 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a ident of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an elector.

3. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President. if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if there be more than one who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote. A quorum, for this purpose, shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them.

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section 2-(President to be Commander-inChief. He may require opinions of Cabinet Officers, etc., may pardon. Treaty-making power. Nomination of certain officers. When

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.

Section 3-(President shall communicate to Congress. He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc. Shall receive Ambassadors, execute laws, and commission officers.)

He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

Section 4-(All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes.)

The President, Vice-President, and all civil offcers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III.

Section 1-(Judicial powers. Tenure. Compensation.)

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

Section 2-(Judicial power; to what cases it extends. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court Appellate. Trial by jury, etc. Trial, where.)

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states. citizens, or subjects.

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3-(Treason defined. Proof of. Punishment of.)

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1-(Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc., of every other State.) Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Section 2-(Privileges of citizens of each State. Fugitives from justice to be delivered up. Persons held to service having escaped, to be delivered up.)

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

Section 3-(Admission of new States. Power of Congress over territory and other property.) 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section 4-(Republican form of government guaranteed. Each State to be protected.) The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of government. and shall protect each of them against invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or of the

Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.

(Constitution: how amended. Proviso.)

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress, provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI.

(Certain debts, etc., declared valid. Supremacy of Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States. Oath to support Constitution, by whom taken. No religious test.)

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation.

2. This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executives and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

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The Ten Original Amendments (So-called Bill of Rights)

(In force December 15, 1791.)

Opposition in and out of Congress to the Constitution, in that it was not sufficiently explicit as to individual and State rights, led to an agreement to submit to the people immediately after the adoption of the Constitution a number of safeguarding amendments.

And so it was that the First Congress, at its first session, in the City of New York, Sept. 25, 1789, submitted to the States twelve proposed amendments-A Bill of Rights as it has been popularly called. In the preamble to the resolution offering the proposed amendments, Congress said: "The conventions of a number of the States having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added, and as extending the ground of public confidence in the government will best insure the beneficent ends of its institution, be it resolved," etc.

Ten of these amendments (now commonly known as one to ten inclusive, but in reality three to twelve inclusive) were ratified by the States as follows-New Jersey, (Nov. 20, 1789); Maryland, (Dec. 19, 1789); North Carolina, (Dec. 22, 1789); South Carolina, (Jan. 19, 1790); New Hampshire, (Jan. 25, 1790); Delaware, (Jan. 28, 1790); Pennsylvania, (March 10, 1790); New York, (March 27, 1790); Rhode Island, (June 15, 1790); Vermont, (Nov. 3, 1791); Virginia, (Dec. 15, 1791); Massachusetts, (March 2, 1939); Georgia, (March 18, 1939); Connecticut, (April 19, 1939). These original ten ratified amendments appear in order below as Article I to X inclusive.

The two of the original proposed amendments which were not ratified by the necessary number of States related, the first to apportionment of Representatives; the second, to compensation of members of Congress.

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(Taken for Public Use Without Compensation.) No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb: nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law: nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

ARTICLE VI.

(Right to Speedy Trial, Witnesses, etc.)

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which districts shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

(Right of Trial by Jury.)

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.

ARTICLE VIII.

(Excessive Bail or Fines and Cruel Punishment Prohibited.)

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments

inflicted.

ARTICLE IX.

(Rule of Construction of Constitution.)
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage
others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X.

(Rights of States Under Constitution.)

The powers not delegated to the United States by are reserved to the States respectively, or to the the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, people.

Amendments Since the Bill of Rights

(Judicial Powers Construed.) The following amendment was proposed to the Legislature of the several States by the Third Congress on the 4th of March, 1794, and was declared to have been ratified in a message from the President to Congress, dated Jan. 8, 1798.

It was on Jan. 5, 1798, that Secretary of State Pickering received from 12 of the States authenticated ratifications, and informed President John Adams of that fact.

As a result of recent research in the Department of State, it is now established that the Eleventh Amendment became part of the Constitution on Feb. 7, 1795, for on that date it had been ratified by twelve States as follows:

(1) New York, (March 27, 1794); (2) Rhode Island, (March 31, 1794); (3) Connecticut, (May 8, 1794); (4) New Hampshire, (June 16, 1794); (5) Massachusetts, (June 25, 1794); (6) Vermont, (between Oct. 9, 1794 and Nov. 9, 1794); (7) Virginia, (Nov. 18, 1794); (8) Georgia, (Nov. 29, 1794); (9) Kentucky, (Dec. 7, 1794); (10) Maryland, (Dec. 26, 1794); (11) Delaware, Jan. 23, 1795); (12) North Carolina, (Feb. 7, 1795).

On June 1, 1796, more than a year after the Eleventh Amendment had become part of the Constitution (but before anyone was officially aware of this), Tennessee had been admitted as a State; but not until Oct. 16, 1797, was a certified copy of the resolution of Congress proposing the amendment sent to the Governor of Tennessee (John Sevier) by Secretary of State Pickering, whose office was then at Trenton, New Jersey, because of the epidemic of yellow fever at Philadelphia; it seems, however, that the Legislature of Tennessee took no action on the Eleventh Amendment, owing doubtless to the fact that public announcement of its adoption was made soon thereafter.

Besides the necessary twelve States, one other, South Carolina, ratifled the Eleventh Amendment. but this action was not taken until Dec. 4, 1797; the two remaining States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, failed to ratify.

The Eleventh Amendment is as follows:
The judicial power of the United States shall not
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity,
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United
States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens
or subjects of any foreign state.

(Manner of Choosing President and VicePresident.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress (Dec. 12, 1803), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (September 25, 1804). It was ratified by 12 of the 17 states, and was rejected by Connecticut.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States. and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct list of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall

sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat
of the Government of the United States, directed
to the President of the Senate; the President of
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and
House of Representatives, open all the certificates
and the votes shall then be counted; the person
shall be the President, if such number be a major-
having the greatest number of votes for President
ity of the whole number of Electors appointed; and
if no person have such majority, then from the
three, on the list of those voted for as President,
persons having the highest number, not exceeding
the House of Representatives shall choose im-
the President, the votes shall be taken by States,
mediately, by ballot the President. But in choosing
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a
the representation from each State having one
member or members from two-thirds of the States,
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary
to a choice. And if the House of Representatives
shall not choose a President, whenever the right
of choice shall devolve upon them, before the
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-
President shall act as President, as in the case of
President. The person having the greatest number
the death or other constitutional disability of the
of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-Presi-
dent if such number be a majority of the whole
number of Electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then, from the two highest num-
bers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-
President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist
of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators,
necessary to a choice. But no person constitution-
and a majority of the whole number shall be
ally ineligible to the office of President shall be
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United
States.

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Congress, (May 1, 1810), proposed to the States
"If any citizen of the United States shall accept,
the following Amendment to the Constitution:
claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or
accept and retain any present, pension, office, or
honor, or shail, without the consent of Congress,
emolument of any kind whatever, from any em-
shall cease to be a citizen of the United States and
peror, king, prince or foreign power, such person
shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or
It was ratified by Maryland, (Dec. 25, 1810);
profit under them or either of them."
Kentucky, (Jan. 31, 1811); Ohio, (Jan. 31, 1811);
Delaware, (Feb. 2, 1811); Pennsylvania, (Feb. 6,
1811); New Jersey, (Feb. 13, 1811); Vermont, (Oct.
24, 1811); Tennessee, (Nov. 21, 1811); Georgia,
(Dec. 13, 1811); North Carolina, (Dec. 23, 1811);
(Dec. 10, 1812).
Massachusetts, (Feb. 27, 1812); New Hampshire,

Rejected by New York (Senate), (March 12,
1811); Connecticut, (May session, 1813); South
Carolina approved by Senate Nov. 28, 1811, report-
ed unfavorably in House and not further consid-
The amendment failed, not having sufficient
ered Dec. 7, 1813; Rhode Island, Sept. 15, 1814.
ratifications.
TO PROHIBIT INTERFERING WITH SLAVERY,
(The Corwin Amendment.)
Congress, (March 2, 1861) in a joint resolution
the States the following Amendments to the Con-
signed by President James Buchanan, proposed to
stitution:

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"No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State."

Ratified by Ohio, (March 13, 1861); Maryland, (Jan. 10, 1862); Illinois (convention), (Feb. 14, 1862). The amendment failed, for lack of a sufficient number of ratifications.

THE RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS. The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution are commonly known as the Reconstruction Amendments, inasmuch as they followed the Civil War, and were drafted by Republicans who were bent on imposing their own policy of reconstruction on the South. Post-bellum legislatures down there Mississippi, South Carolina, Georgia, for example had set up laws which, it was charged, were contrived to perpetuate Negro slavery under other names.

ARTICLE XIII.

(Slavery Abolished.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Thirtyeighth Congress (Jan. 31, 1865), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State (Dec. 18, 1865.) It finally was ratified by 33 of the 36 States, and was rejected by Delaware (Feb. 8, 1865), ratified (Feb., 1901) and Mississippi.

The Amendment when first proposed by a resolution in Congress, was passed by the Senate, 38 to 6, on April 8, 1864, but was defeated in the House, 95 to 66 on June 15, 1864. On reconsideration by the Senate, on Jan. 31, 1865, the resolution passed, 119 to 56. It was approved by President Lincoln on Feb. 1, 1865, although the Supreme court had decided, in 1798, that the President has nothing to do with the proposing of amendments to the Constitution, or their adoption.

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XIV.

(Citizenship Rights Not to Be Abridged.) The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Thirtyninth Congress (June 13, 1866), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (July 28, 1868). The amendment got the support of 23 Northern States: it was rejected by Delaware (Feb. 7, 1867), ratified (Feb., 1901); Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States. California took no action. Subsequently it was ratified by the 10 Southern States.

The 14th amendment was adopted only by virtue of ratification subsequent to earlier rejections. Newly constituted legislatures in both North Carolina and South Carolina, respectively, (July 4 and 9, 1868) ratified the proposed amendment, although earlier legislatures had rejected the proposal. The Secretary of State issued a proclamation which, though doubtful as to the effect of attempted withdrawals by New York and New Jersey, entertained no doubt as to the validity of the ratification by North and South Carolina. The following day, (July 21, 1868) Congress passed a resolution which declared the 14th amendment to be a part of the Constitution and directed the Secretary of State so to promulgate it. The Secretary waited, however, until the newly constituted legislature of Georgia had ratified the amendment, subsequent to an earlier rejection, before the promulgation of the ratification of the new amendment.

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Apportionment of Representatives in Congress. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to Vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the

members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Power of Congress to Remove Disabilities of United States Officials for Rebellion. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President or hold any office, civil or military. under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States. or as a member of any State Legislature or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

What Public Debts Are Valid.

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection and rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV.

(Equal Rights for White and Colored Citizens.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth Congress (Feb. 26, 1869), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (March 30, 1870). It was ratified by 31 of the 37 States, and was rejected by California, Delaware (March 18,1869) ratified (Feb., 1901) and Kentucky. New York rescinded its ratification (Jan. 5, 1870). New Jersey rejected it in 1870, but ratified it in 1871.

1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XVI.

(Income Taxes Authorized.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress (July 12, 1909) and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (Feb. 25, 1913). The amendment was ratified by 42 of the 48 States, and was rejected by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever sources derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or

enumeration.

ARTICLE XVII.

(United States Senators to Be Elected by Direct Popular Vote.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixtysecond Congress (May 16, 1912) and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (May 31, 1913). The amendment was adopted by 37 of the 48 states, but was rejected by Utah.

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legis

latures.

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United States-The Constitution;

ARTICLE XVIII.

(Liquor Prohibition Amendment.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, (Dec. 18, 1917), and (Jan. 29, 1919) the United States Secretary of State proclaimed its adoption by 36 States, and declared it in effect (Jan. 16, 1920).

The total vote in the Senates of the various States was, 1,310 for, 237 against-84.6% dry. In the lower houses of the States the vote was, 3,782 for, 1,035 against-78.5% dry.

The amendment ultimately was adopted by all the States except Connecticut and Rhode Island. 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

ARTICLE XIX.

(Giving Nation-Wide Suffrage to Women.) The following amendment was presented to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress having been adopted by the House of Representatives (May 21, 1919) and by the Senate, (June 4, 1919.) The Secretary of State (Aug. 26, 1920) proclaimed it in effect, having been adopted (June 10, 1919-August 18, 1920) by three-quarters of the States. In West Virginia, despite Senate rules of procedure which forbade reconsideration of a measure during the sessions in which it was defeated, the Senate ratified the proposed 19th amendment, subsequent to a rejection in the same session. The amendment was rejected by Alabama, Maryland, and Virginia.

1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

2. Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XX.

(Terms of President and Vice-President to Begin on Jan. 20; Those of Senators and Representatives, on Jan. 3.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Seventysecond Congress (March, 1932), a joint resolution The to that effect having been adopted, first by the House, and then (March 2) by the Senate. Secretary of State (Feb. 6, 1933) proclaimed it in effect, 39 of the 48 States having ratified. By Oct. 15, 1933, it had been ratified by all of the 48 States.

Section 1. The terms of the President and
Vice-President shall end at noon on the 20th
day of January, and the terms of Senators and
Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of
January, of the years in which such terms
would have ended if this article had not been
ratified; and the terms of their successors shall
then begin.

The Congress shall assemble at
Section 2.
least once in every year, and such meeting shall
begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, un-
less they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the be-
ginning of the term of the President, the Presi-
dent elect shall have died, the Vice-President
elect shall become President. If a President
shall not have been chosen before the time
fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the
President elect shall have failed to qualify,
then the Vice-President elect shall act as
President until a President shall have qualified;

Max

The sources from which the Constitution of the United States was derived included the evolution of the British government; the political institutions of the British colonies; the various state constitutions created during and after the Revolution; and the Articles of Confederation. Farrand, a recognized authority on the history of the framing of the Constitution, says, "It is of interest that the New York Constitution of 1777 seems to have been more extensively used than any other."

In brief it may be said that New York contributed the models for the bicameral legislature,

Amendments

and the Congress may by law provide for the
case wherein neither a President elect nor
Vice-President elect shall have qualified, de-
claring who shall then act as President, or the
manner in which one who is to act shall be
selected, and such person shall act accordingly
until a President or Vice-President shall have
qualified.

Section 4. The Congress may by law pro-
vide for the case of the death of any of the
persons from whom the House of Represents
tives may choose a President whenever the
right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
and for the case of the death of any of the
persons from whom the Senate may choose a
Vice-President whenever the right of choice
shall have devolved upon them.

Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article (Oct., 1933).

Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. ARTICLE XXI

Eighteenth (Prohibition) (Repeal of the Amendment by Conventions in the States.) The following proposed amendment in the Constitution, embodied in a joint resolution of the 72nd Congress (Senate, Feb. 16, 1933, by 63 to 23; House, Feb. 20. 1933, by 289 to 121), was transmitted to the to the governors of the States copies of the resoluSecretary of State on Feb. 21 and he at once sent tion. The amendment went into effect on Dec. 5, three-quarters of the entire number. The amend1933, having been adopted by 36 of the 48 Statesment is:

Section 2.

Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of inis hereby prohibited. toxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof,

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by convention in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

PROPOSED CHILD LABOR AMENDMENT The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixtyresolution by the House of Representatives (297 to eighth Congress, having been adopted as a joint 69) on April 26, 1924, and by the Senate (61 to 23) on June 2, 1924.

It was ratified by Arizona (1925); Arkansas (1924); California (1925); Colorado (1931); Idaho (1935) Illinois (1933); Indiana (1935); Iowa (1933); Kansas (1937); Kentucky (1937); Maine (1933); Michigan (1933); Minnesota (1933); Montana (1927); Nevada (1937); New Hampshire (1933); New Jersey (1933); New Mexico (1937); North Dakota (1933); Ohio (1933): Oklahoma (1933); Oregon (1933); Pennsylvania (1933); Utah (1935); Washington (1933); West Virginia (1933); Wisconsin (1925); Wyoming (1935) total, 28.-Ratifications by 36 States is necessary.

The U. S. Supreme Court, in 1921 (Dillon vs. Glass, 256 U. S. 368) ruled that proposed amendments of 1789, 1810, and 1861 were no longer pending. "We conclude," said the Court, that the ratification must be within some reasonable time after the proposal."

Section 1-The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen years of age.

Section 2-The power of the several States is unimpaired by this article except that the operation of State laws shall be suspended to the extent necessary to give effect to legislation enacted by the Congress.

the idea of a President and President pro tempore
the census, impeachment, rotation in the Senate,
of the Senate, the casting vote in the Senate, the
executive veto, the term and eligibility of the Presi-
dent, the Presidential succession, the Presidential
message, the calling of extraordinary sessions, the
no corruption of blood, the non obstante clause, and
Amendments Seven and Nine. If these contribu-
President as executor of the laws, the doctrine of
tions of New York are subtracted, no workable
The document as finally
Constitution remains.
elaborated was not a revision of the Articles of
Confederation but a completely new Constitution.

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