NOTE.

The regulations prescribed by the Board of Inspectors, under authority of the Act of 1852, are as follows:

All pilots of steamers navigating seas, gulfs, lakes, bays or rivers (except rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries), when meeting or approaching each other, whether by day or by night, and as soon as within sight and fully within sound of the steam whistle, shall observe and comply with the following

REGULATIONS.

RULE 1. When steamers meet "head and head," it shall be the duty of each to pass to the right or larboard side of the other. And either pilot, upon determining to pursue this course, shall give, as a signal of his intention, one short and distinct blast of his steam whistle, which the other shall answer promptly by a similar blast of the whistle. But if the course of each steamer is so far on the starboard of the other as not to be considered by the rules as meeting "head and head," or if the vessels are approaching in such a manner, that passing to the right (as above directed) is deemed unsafe, or contrary to rule, by the pilot of either vessel, the pilot so deciding shall immediately give two short and distinct blasts of his steam whistle, which the other pilot shall answer promptly by two similar blasts of his whistle, and they shall pass to the left or on the starboard side of each other.

NOTE. In the night, steamers will be considered meeting "head and head" so long as both the colored lights of each are in view of the other. In the day, a similar position will also be considered "head and head."

RULE 2. When steamers are approaching each other in an oblique direction (as shown in diagram of fifth situation), they will pass to the right, as if meeting "head and head," and the signal, by whistle, shall be given and answered promptly, as in that case specified.

RULE 3. If, when steamers are approaching each other, the pilot of either 'vessel fails to understand the course or intention of the other, whether from the signals being given and answered erroneously, or from other cause, the pilot, so in doubt, shall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts of the steam whistle, and if the vessels shall have approached within half a mile of each other, both shall be immediately slowed to a speed barely sufficient for steerage way, until the proper signals are given, answered and understood, or until the vessels shall have passed each other.

RULE 4. When steamers are running in a fog or thick weather, it shall be the duty of the pilot to cause a long blast of the steam whistle to be sounded at intervals not exceeding two minutes. And no steamer shall, in any case, be justified in coming into collision with another vessel if it be possible to avoid it.

RULE 5. Whenever a steamer is nearing a short bend or curve in the channel, where, from the height of the banks or other cause, a steamer approaching from the opposite direction cannot be seen for å distance of half a mile, the pilot of such steamer, when he shall have arrived within half a mile of such curve or bend, shall give a signal by one long blast of the steam whistle, which signal shall be answered by a similar blast given by the pilot of any approaching steamer that may be within hearing. Should such signal be so answered by a steamer upon the further side of such bend, then the usual signals for meeting and passing shall immediately be given and answered. But if the first alarm signal of such pilot be not answered, he is to consider the channel clear, and govern himself accordingly.

RULE 6. The signals by blowing of the steam whistle shall be given and answered by pilots in compliance with these rules, not only when meeting "head and head," or nearly so, but at all times, when passing or meeting, at a distance within half a mile of each other, and whether passing to the starboard or larboard.

N. B.-The foregoing rules are to be complied with in all cases, except when steamers are navigating in a crowded channel or in the vicinity of wharvesunder these circumstances steamers must be run and managed with great caution, sounding the whistle as may be necessary to guard against collision or other accidents.

RULE 7.

STEAMERS' LIGHTS, TO PREVENT COLLISION AT NIGHT.

When under weigh. All steamers rigged for carrying sail must carry a bright white light at the foremast head, and all other steamers must

carry a bright white light on the stem or near the bow, and another on a mast near the stern, or on the flag-staff at the stern, the last named being at an elevation of at least twenty feet above all other lights upon the steamer. All steamers must carry a green light upon the starboard side, and a red light on the port side.

NOTE.-Steamers, although rigged for carrying sail, instead of the foremast head light, may adopt the forward and stern lights provided for steamers not rigged for carrying sail, provided such lights are so arranged and placed on the vessel as to secure the contemplated objects.

When at anchor. A bright white light, at least twenty feet above the surface of the water. The lantern so constructed and placed as to show a good light all around the horizon.

1. The masthead light of steamers rigged for carrying sail to be visible at a distance of at least five miles in a clear dark night, and the lantern to be so constructed as to show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side of the ship.

2. The stem and stern lights of the steamers not rigged for carrying sail to be visible at a distance of at least five miles in a clear dark night, and the respective lanterns to be so constructed that the stem light shall show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side of the ship, and that the stern light shall show a uniform light all around the horizon.

3. The colored side lights to be visible at a distance of at least two miles in a clear dark night; and the lanterns to be so constructed as to show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on their respective sides.

4. The side lights are to be fitted with inboard screens of at least six feet in length (clear of the lantern), to prevent them from being seen across the bow. The screens are to be placed in a fore and aft line with the inner edge of the side lights, and in contact therewith.

NOTE 1. The object of carrying the bright white light at the foremast head of steamers rigged for carrying sail is merely to intimate to other vessels the approach or presence of such steamer.

NOTE 2. The object of the colored lights required to be carried on all steamers, is to indicate to other vessels the course or direction such steamer may be steering.

NOTE 3. The object of requiring steamers not rigged for carrying sail to carry a white stern light in connection with a white light on the stem or near the bow, is to provide (when the vessel's rig will admit of it) a method of determining, by a central range of lights, more correctly the course that such vessel is running.

The regulations of the Act of April 29, 1864, which apply to all "mercantile marine," are as follows:

REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS ON WATER.

Preliminary.

ARTICLE 1. What to be considered sailing ships and what ships under steam. In the following rules every steamship which is under sail, and not under steam, is to be considered a sailing ship; and every steamship which is under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a ship under steam.

RULES CONCERNING LIGHTS.

Lights.

ART. 2. The lights mentioned in the following articles, and no others, shall be carried in all weathers between sunset and sunrise.

Lights for Steamships.

ART. 3. All steam vessels when under way shall carry—

(a.) At the foremast head, a bright white light, so fixed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an are of, the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the ship, viz: from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a

character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least five miles.

(b.) On the starboard side, a green light, so constructed as to throw an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least two miles.

(c.) On the port side, a red light, so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least two miles.

(d.) The said green and red side lights shall be fitted with inboard screens, projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow.

Lights for Steam-tugs.

ART. 4. Steamships, when towing other ships, shall carry two bright white masthead lights vertically, in addition to their side lights, so as to distinguish them from other steamships. Each of these masthead lights shall be of the same construction and character as the masthead lights which other steamships are required to carry.

Lights for Sailing Ships.

ART. 5. Sailing ships under way or being towed, shall carry the same lights as steamships under way, with the exception of the white masthead lights, which they shall never carry,

Exceptional Lights for small Sailing Vessels.

ART. 6. Whenever, as in the case of small vessels during bad weather, the green and red lights cannot be fixed, these lights shall be kept on deck, on their respective sides of the vessel, ready for instant exhibition, and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be exhibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side. To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy, they shall each be painted outside with the color of the light they respectively contain, and shall be provided with suitable screens.

Lights for Ships at Anchor.

ART. 7. Ships, whether steamships or sailing ships, when at anchor in roadsteads or fairways, shall, between sunset and sunrise, exhibit where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding twenty feet above the hull, a white light in a globular lantern of eight inches in diameter, and so constructed as to show a clear, uniform and unbroken light, visible all around the horizon, and at a distance of at least one mile.

Lights for Pilot Vessels.

ART. 8. Sailing pilot vessels shall not carry the lights required for other sailing vessels, but shall carry a white light at the masthead, visible all around the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light every fifteen minutes.

Lights for Fishing Vessels and Boats.

ART. 9. Open fishing-boats and other open boats shall not be required to carry side lights required for other vessels, but shall, if they do not carry such lights, carry a lantern having a green slide on the one side and a red slide on the other side, and on the approach of or to other vessels, such lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side. Fishing vessels and open boats, when at anchor or attached to their nets and stationary, shall exhibit a bright white light. Fishing vessels and open boats shall, however, not be prevented from using a flare-up in addition, if considered expedient.

RULES GOVERNING FOG-SIGNALS.

Fog-signals.

ART. 10. Whenever there is a fog, whether by day or night, the fog-signals described below shall be carried and used, and shall be sounded at least every five minutes, viz:

(a.) Steamships under way shall use a steam whistle placed before the funnel, not less than eight feet from the deck.

(b.) Sailing ships under way shall use a fog-horn.

(c.) Steamships and sailing ships when not under way shall use a bell.

STEERING AND SAILING RULES.

Two Sailing Ships Meeting.

ART. 11. If two sailing ships are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, the helms of both shall be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

Two Sailing Ships Crossing.

ART. 12. When two sailing ships are crossing, so as to involve the risk of collision, then, if they have the wind on different sides, the ship with wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the ship with the wind on the starboard side, except in the case in which the ship with the wind on the port side is close-hauled and the other ship free, in which case the latter ship shall keep out of the way. But if they have the wind on the same side, or if one of them has the wind aft, the ship which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the ship which is to leeward.

Two Ships Under Steam Meeting.

ART. 13. If two ships under steam are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, the helms of both shall be put to port so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

Two Ships Under Steam Crossing.

ART. 14. If two ships under steam are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the ship which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

Sailing Ship and Ship Under Steam.

ART. 15. If two ships, one of which is a sailing ship and the other a steamship, are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steamship shall keep out of the way of the sailing ship.

Ships Under Steam to Slacken Speed.

ART. 16. Every steamship, when approaching another ship, so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed, or, if necessary, stop and reverse; and every steamship shall, when in a fog, go at a moderate speed.

Vessels Overtaking Other Vessels.

ART. 17. Every vessel overtaking any other vessel shall keep out of the way of the said last mentioned vessel.

Construction of Articles 12, 14, 15 and 17.

ART. 18. Where, by the above rules, one of two ships is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course, subject to the qualifications contained in the foliowing article:

Proviso to Save Special Cases.

ART. 19. In obeying and construing these rules, due regard must be had to all dangers of navigation, and due regard must also be had to any special circumstances which may exist in any particular case, rendering a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

No Ship, under any Circumstances, to Neglect Proper Precautions. ART. 20. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any ship, or the owner, or master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

How far the subject of . ownership.

Joint authorship.

Transfer.

Effect of publication.

Subsequent inventor, author, etc.

CHAPTER III.

PRODUCTS OF THE MIND.

SECTION 980. How far the subject of ownership.

981. Joint authorship.

982. Transfer.

983. Effect of publication.

984. Subsequent inventor, author, etc.
985. Private writings.

SEC. 980. The author of any product of the mind, whether it is an invention, or a composition in letters or art, or a design, with or without delineation, or other graphical representation, has an exclusive ownership. therein, and in the representation or expression thereof, which continues so long as the product and the represen tations or expressions thereof made by him remain in his possession.

N. Y. C. C., Sec. 429.

SEC. 981. Unless otherwise agreed, a product of the mind, in the production of which several persons are jointly concerned, is owned by them as follows:

1. If the product is single, in equal proportions. 2. If it is not single, in proportion to the contribution of each.

N. Y. C. C., Sec. 430.

SEC. 982. The owner of any product of the mind, or of any representation or expression thereof, may transfer his property in the same.

N. Y. C. C., Sec. 431.

SEC. 983. If the owner of a product of the mind intentionally makes it public, a copy or reproduction may be made public by any person, without responsibility to the owner, so far as the law of this State is concerned.

The protection afforded by Act of Congress is a matter of Federal legislation, with which the State cannot interfere.

N. Y. C. C., Sec. 432.

SEC. 984. If the owner of a product of the mind does not make it public, any other person subsequently and originally producing the same thing has the same right therein as the prior author, which is exclusive to the