cantile posts, viz. Hong-Kong, St. Helena, etc., ib.; the sugar islands viewed as tropical farms, 103; native corruption in Jamaica, ib.; policy of conquest abandoned, 104; Anglo-Saxon colonies the question for discussion, 105; exempt from contribution to Imperial charges, 106; former argument of monopoly of trade, ib.; effects of Free Trade and repeal of the Navigation Act, 107; colonial patronage abandoned, ib.; chiefly valuable for emigration purposes, ib.; argument of prestige, 108; the bargain unequal, ib.; anomalous position as belligerents, 109; temptations to separation in time of war, 110; unselfish home-policy, 111; their loyalty to the Crown, ib.; guarantees of colonial loans criticised, 112 note; instance of imprudent interference with, 113 (see New Zealand); proper principles of reciprocity, 120; legitimate claims of England, 121; need of treatyregulations, ib.

Colonial Episcopate, cxviii. 552; preference of the laity purely rationalistic, 553; religious principles imported into the discussion, 555; functional purposes of, viz., ordination and confirmation, 556; views of Archbishop Secker thereon, ib.; value of bishops chiefly administrative, 557; distribution of, ib.; missionary bishops, 558; first episcopal sees at Nova Scotia and Quebec, 560; tabular statement of, by Mr. Hawkins, ib.; gradual relinquishment of State endowments, 561, 562; grants of two home societies, ib.; solid advantages of colonial bishoprics, 562; excessive subdivision of dioceses, 563; compared with home episcopacy, 564, 565; mischief of territorial titles in the colonies, ib. 567; the evils illustrated at Cape

Town, ib.; serious nature of Anglican pretensions, 569; pitiable condition of sinecure bishops, 570; temptations to neglect bred by forced inactivity, 571; indeterminate authority of, over the subordinate clergy, ib.; relations with dissenting bodies, 573; proposed mixed synods of clergy and laity, 576; attempts to constitute governing bodies by mere voluntary agreement, 577; irrational notions of spiritual law in the Colonies, ib. 578; the notions dispelled by English lawyers, ib.; appeal to Parliament for an enabling Act, 579; the Bills of 1852 and 1854, ib.; fierce opposition in Parliament, ib.; the latter measure withdrawn, 580; the movement renewed in colonial legislatures, ib.; the Canadian Act passed, ib.; policy in South Australia, ib. 581; case of Long v. Bishop of Cape Town, 582-585

Colonisation Society, the, in America, its scheme for deporting slaves to Africa, cxix. 205; its cautious introduction in the North, 210; its plans resisted by the negroes, ib.; similar proposals of Lincoln, 223 Colquhoun (John), his 'Isis Revelata,' cxxxi. 207; his literary character, 208

Columbia (British), its geographical union with Canada anticipated, cxii. 331

its erection into a colony, cxix. 451; limited means of approach to, 460; physical features, 461; gold-mining in, 468; prospects of the mining population, 471

Columbus (Christopher, 1442-1506), his views on Eastern commerce, CXV. 13 Comets, publications concerning, exl. 393; the comet of 8 July, 1874, ib.; of 1843, 394; their perihelion

passage, ib.; their material and
ponderable substance, ib.; their
size, 396; Newton's theory proved
by Halley, ib.; the comet of
Halley, 398; of Encke, Biela, etc.,
ib.; Arago's estimate of their
number, 399; their relations with
the sun, 400; Lexell's comet, ib.;
the bright nucleus in the head,
401; notion of their being simply
beams of light, 402; polarisation
of light from, 404; telescopic ob-
servations of, ib.; formation of
the tail, 405; Donati's comet,
407; theory of Bessel, ib.; Tyn-
dall's experiments, 408; spectro-
scopic examination, 409; their
erratic course, ib.; curves, 410;
'short period' comets, 411; iden-
tified with meteoric streams, 413-
415; reappearance of Biela's comet
in 1866, 416; comet of 1862 iden-
tified with August meteors, ib.;
solidity of their composition estab-
lished, 418

Command, the word defined by Mr.

Austin, cxiv. 463

Commercial Treaty (French), argu-
ments against, examined, exi.
280; changes effected in French
commerce by, 292; its probable
stimulation of industrial competi-
tion, 300; results on interchange
of products, 302; on wine con-
sumption, 305; value of Mr.
Gladstone's proposals, 311; broad
and sound basis of, ib.

results of, cxx. 570, 571

(1860), originated in the
Crimean alliance, cxxix. 281;
recent agitation of French Protec-
tionists against, 367 note; Mr.
Wolowski on the good results of,
ib.
Commerell (Captain), his operations
on the Gold Coast, cxxxviii. 579
Commissions, Royal, advantages of
non-professional element in, cxviii.
501; examples thereof, 502

Reports of Committees on
the business of, cxxxiii. 57; de-
liberative and legislative functions
of, ib.; its universal scrutiny of
affairs, 58; defective capacity for
legislation, ib.; statistics of Acts
from 1861 to 1870, 59; Bills
withdrawn for want of time, 60;
appalling amount of promised
legislation, ib.; facilities of private
Members for introducing Bills, 62;
overtaxing of Ministers, ib.; recent
statistics of hours of sitting, ib.;
first Reformed House, 63; ten-
dency to talk,' ib.; classes of
talkers, 64; four anonymous gos-
sipers extracted from Hansard,'
65; need of restraint, 66; daily
routine of work, 67; morning

sittings,' ib.; Mr. Disraeli's changes therein, ib.; Ministers and independent Members, 68; unsvstematic division of time, ib. 69; massacre of the innocents,' 70; Government Bills withdrawn, 71; want of method in proceedings, ib.; the Committees of 1837 and 1848, ib.; intermingling of debates, 73; question of the clôture, ib.; and limitation of speeches by rule, 74; practice in America, 75; double discussion on second readings of Bills, 76; privileges of private Members, 77; the Committee of 1854, ib.; of 1861, 78; frivolous amendments on motion for Supply, 79; waste of Fridays, ib.; barren inquiry in 1861, 80; the clôture recommended, ib.; question of curtailing number of Bills, 83; Public Bill Revision Committee' proposed, 84; sittings of Committee of the whole House, ib.; Sir J. Pakington's proposal thereon, ib.; powers of Select Committees might be enlarged, 85; obstructive motions for adjournment, 86; presentation of petitions, ib.; preliminary delays, 87; questions of enforced divisions on Wednesdays, ib.; and of reviving Bills the next session in statu quo, 88; need of remedies, 89 Commons, House of, rules of, adopted by France and America, cxxxiv. 588; the previous question,' 589 note; unrestrained latitude of debate, 591; motions before Supply, b.; proposed Grand Committees, 592; remedy for talking bills out,' 594; evening sittings might be divided, 595; Private Bill legislation should be abolished, 596.

obstructive power of, over Government, cxxxv. 87 (see Parliamentary Government); former talking-out of questions after petitions, 517; value of recent rule

thereon, ib.; former advantages of close boroughs, 532 Commune of 1871, the. See Paris Commune

Communistic sentiment, growth of,

CXV. 194

Comparative Theology. See Theology, Comparative

Competition, its effects on price, cxxx.

394

Competitive Examinations, defects of, applied to legal studies, cxxx.

554

opening of the Indian Civil Service to, cxxxix. 330; sinister predictions, 331; objections to, overruled, ib. 333; failure of, in the Indian Civil Service, 334; alleged exclusion of competent officials, ib.; evils of the 'cramming' system, 343 (see Indian Civil Service); wide field of subjects, 345; opposed to university system of education, 347; success of crammers explained, 348; hardships of defeated candidates, ib.; remedies proposed, 349; restriction and classification of subjects, ib.; question of natural science, 350; limit of age should be raised, ib.; the system at Woolwich, 351; the cramming system, ib. 355; the principle of competition abused, 356; evils thereof, in filling up the higher departments, 357; importance of previous nominations, 358

Comprehension Act (1689), cxl.

441

Comte (M. Auguste, 1798–1857), his Cours de Philosophie Positive,' cxxvii. 303; his tedious course of argument, 306; his pretentiousness and dogmatism, 307; his early life, ib.; associated with Saint-Simon, 309; their quarrel, 310; his early essays in the Producteur,' ib.; his unhappy marriage, 311; his insanity, 312; he

attempts suicide, ib. ; his recovery,
313; his marriage solemnised in
the asylum, ib.; his rule of study,
314; rapidity of his composition,
315; his separation from his wife,
ib.; dismissed from the École
Polytechnique, ib.; supported by
English friends, 316; his passion
for Madame Clotilde de Vaux,
317; origin of his religious specu-
lations, ib.; his works on the re-
ligion of humanity, 318; his
closing years and death, 319; in-
tellectual and religious positivism,
320; M. Littré's charge of incon-
sistency, ib.; basis of science com-
mon to both systems, 321; his law
of evolution, 322; his positive
method, ib.; anticipated by Hume
therein, 323; his attack on scien-
tific hypotheses, 324; on pheno-
mena and their laws, 325; he ex-
pands the inductive method, ib.;
his classification of sciences, 326;
on psychology as a science, 329;
his Sociology, 330; on the rela-
tions of history and society, 333;
his loi des trois états, 334 ; his false
distinction between Order and
Will in nature, 336; negative es-
sence of Positive Philosophy, 337,
338; its conflict with Theism, ib;
its exaltation of science to a philo-
sophy, ib.; his attempt to divest
science of metaphysics, 341; and
of theology, 343; denies the spirit-
ual nature of man, 348; his po-
sitivism must be treated as a
whole, 349; his conception of
Humanity as a religion, ib.; posi-
tivist idea of God, 350; idealisa-
tion of woman, ib.; his seven
sacraments of domestic worship of
humanity, 351; public worship
of humanity, 353; his calendar,
354; wild impiety of his Religion
of humanity, ib. 357

his theory of the stages of
religion, cxxxix. 437 note

'Compurgation,' the form of trial
described, cxl. 253
'Comunidades,' revolt of, under
Charles V., cxxxi. 362

'Comus,' Milton's masque of, cxi.
338; first publication and acting
of, ib.

Comyn, Scottish family of, cxxvi.
265, 266

Conches (M. Feuillet de), his Letters

relating to Louis XVI. and Marie
Antoinette, cxxiii. 423; their
authenticity impeached by M. von
Sybel, 424; his qualifications as
editor, 437; his materials, 438;
his critical sagacity, ib.; his ser-
vices to the secret history of the
Revolution, 448; letters of Ma-
dame Elizabeth, 450

his 'Causeries d'un Curieux :
Variétés d'Histoire et d'Art,'cxxiv.
341; his title untranslatable, ib. ;
interest of his work, 342; his
masterly preface, ib.; anecdotes of
authors, 343, 344; on the preda-
tory habits of collectors, 345; his
charge against Lord Brougham, ib.;
on original autographs, 346; his
criticism of the forged letter as-
cribed to Lentulus, 348; on Pom-
pey's statue at Rome, 352; on the
writing paper of the Romans, 354;
on veneration paid to writing by
the Chinese, 358, 360; on the
Chinese style of painting, ib.; on
varieties of collections, ib.; his
mistake as to the Order of the
Garter, 366; his 'Femmes
Blondes,' 367 note; his specimens
of historical gloves, 370; auto-
graphs his master-passion, 372;
his collection of letters, 373-376;
on the personal qualities of authors,
379; his clever ending, 382
Concordats, cxvi. 285
Condamine (M. de la), his attempt
to transport the chinchona plant to
Europe, cxviii. 509; his main
object, 512

Condé, House of, pedigree of, traced

to Robert the Strong, cxxx. 357; James, Count de la Marche, ib.; John II. 358

(Louis de Bourbon, Prince de, 1530-1569); founder of the House of Condé, cxxx. 359; his parentage and early life, ib.; marriage, 360; military service, ib.; his conduct at the battle of St. Quentin, 361; alienation from the French Court, ib.; conspiracy of Amboise, 362; condemned to death at Orleans, 363; his liberation, 364; leader of the Huguenots, 366; unfitted for his post, 368; campaign with Coligny, 369; the Edict of Amboise and Isabella de Limeuil, 370; his dissipation, 372; intrigues of Catherine and the Guises, ib.; quarrels with the Court, 373; battle of St. Denis, ib.; the Duc D'Aumale on his strategic talents, 374; his death, 376; character, 377

(Henry I. of Bourbon, 2nd Prince de, d. 1588), his education, cxxx. 377; early relations with the Court, 378; leads the extreme Reformers, b.; relations with Henry of Navarre, 380; wounded at Coutras, 382; his death, 383; his character by the Duc d'Aumale, ib.; captivity of his widow and son, ib.

(Henry II. of Bourbon, 3rd Prince de, 1588-1646), his captivity in youth, cxxx. 383; acknowledged by Henry IV., 384; brought up as a Catholic, ib.; his ungraceful appearance, 385; character of his wife, 385; his quarrel with Henry IV., 386 Confederates, the, gloomy prospects of, in 1864, cxxi. 259. American War of Secession 'Confession of Faith,' the, flexible language of, at the Reformation in Scotland, cxiv. 407

See

Confetti, origin of the practice at the Carnival, cxxxii. 305 Confucius, his works translated by Dr. Legge, cxxix. 303; state of China when he was born, 306; legends of his childhood, 307; his marriage, ib.; takes pupils, 308; he removes from Loo to Ts'e, 309; chief magistrate of Chung-Too, 310; his attention to social reforms and to court etiquette, ib.; compared with Pythagoras, 131; his exile, ib.; his revision of the ancient Books, 312; his death and burial-place, 313; devotion of his pupils, 314; his appearance and habits, 315; his recorded conversations, 316; his high conceptions of morality, 317; a restorer, not an original teacher, ib. 318; his system denounced by Dr. Legge, 319; his precepts on the attributes of God, ib.; relations with Laoutsze, 322; his view of filial duties, 323; of death, 326; on the Supernatural, 328; a typical Chinese, 330; his cold and colourless philosophy, 331; national benefits of his system, 332 Coniferous trees, cxx. 345; the Pinetum Britannicum' of Messrs. Lawson, 346; fossilised remains of, 347; the Scotch fir and spruce, 348; the stone pine, 349; value of the pinaster for plantations, ib.; origin of its name 'Pouch fir,' 351; introduction of the larch, ib.; the larch-disease, 352; the silver fir brought from Germany, 353; the American deciduous cypress, ib.; cedar of Goa, 354; cedars of Lebanon, ib.; specimen formerly in the Jardin des Plantes, 355; the grove on Mount Lebanon, ib.; the deodar introduced for ship-building, 357; its supposed specific identity with the cedar, 358; American species of pines introduced, 359 note; the Weymouth