Iron, its relative importance to man, cxx. 482; statistics of manufacture of, in Great Britain, ib.

comparative qualities of, cxxix. 368; revolutions in manufacture of, 369. See Paris Exhibition

results of late increase in price of, cxxxvii. 461

Iron Age, the, in Europe, cxxxii. 477 Iron-clads, American origin of the word, cxviii. 172. See Navy,

British

ultimate superiority of heavy ordnance over, cxix. 512 Iron Plate Committee (1860), Report of their experiments, cxviii. 192, 193

Irrawaddy River, controversy as to
its source, cxxxvii. 318.
Irvine (Christopher), his 'Medicina
Magnetica,' cxxxi. 208, 209
Irving (Dr. David), his character and

habits, cxxxi. 213, 214 Irving (Edward, 1792-1834), early influences on his life, cxvi. 429; his school-days, 430; enters Edinburgh University, 431; his aptitude for mathematics, 432; career as a schoolmaster, ib.; his youthful air of grandeur, 434; his first sermon, 435; unpopularity of his early preaching, 436; his missionary life at Glasgow, 438; his brilliant reception in London, 440; character of his 'Orations,' 441; his personal advantages, 442; intensity of his character, 443; his marriage unfortunate, ib.; his views on the Incarnation, 445; his relations with Coleridge, 447; his millenarianism, ib.; his unhappy devotion to prophetical study, 449; his ideal of missionary life, 451; lengthiness of his sermons, 452; expelled from the Scotch Church, 454; on the gift of tongues, 456; condemned for heresy, 458; his death, 460

Irving (Mr. Joseph), his History of
Dumbartonshire, cxii. 513
Isabella (Queen, the Catholic), her
will, cxxxi. 348

Isidore Mercator (8th century), Mr.
Ffoulkes on the alleged Decretals
of, cxxx. 313 and note
Islington, etymology of, cxxxi. 164
Italy, antiquity of local names in,
cxi. 357; good results of the war
of 1859, 533; moderation and
loyalty of the people, ib.; pros-
pects of permanent settlement,
534

the kingdom of, cxiii. 253; anomalous exclusion of Rome and

Venice, 256; triple bond of national unity, 263; early process of aggregation, 265; fatal system of centralisation, 271; choice of a metropolis, 275

Italy, Church reformation in, cxiv.

233; alleged decline of clerical influence, ib.; views of Gioberti and Rosmini, 237, 244; vacillation of Pius IX., 245; the Benedictines and Capuchins, 250; problem of the temporal power, 260 (see Papacy); separation of Church and State, 261, difficulties relating to marriage, 265; defiant attitude of Pius IX., 267; ominous prospects of schism, ib.

Mendelssohn's impressions of,

cxv. 133

introduction of Renaissance architecture, cxviii. 72, 75; church building in, unchecked by the Reformation, 77; native Gothic architecture in, 78

co-operative societies in, cxx. 423; anti-Papal movement in, 460; French scheme of Italian unity,

572

modification of the silver currency, cxxiv. 387; Papal edict of 1866 on the coinage, 390

- codification of law in the last century, cxxvi. 359

Italy, territorial schemes of Leo. X.,
Cxxx. 9; lawless state of the Ro-
magna, 11; miserable condition of,
under Clement VII., 13; popular
superstitions in the sixteenth cen-
tury, 32. See Guicciardini, Fran-

cesco

restrictions on intermarriages
in, cxl. 180; types of ancient eth-
nology, 181; tenacity of classic
rites, ib.

Italy (South), Mussulman settle-
ments in, cxvi. 367

Italian literature, voluminous treat-
ment of, cxxi. 290; paganism in,
300

the Humanist movement,
cxxxvi. 116 (see Humanists); re-
vival of Latin, ib. 119; later Greek
revival, ib.; the Poggian age,'
130; new epoch under Biondo
Flavio, 137; the philosophical
epoch, 144

Italian painting, the Bolognese

school, cxxii. 75; change of opin-
ions thereon, ib. 77; growth of
pictorial conception, 78; early
Florentine painters, 80; the
Sienese school, 86

Italian painting, proper period of its
commencement, cxxxv. 128; diffi-
culties of an early historian, ib.; loose
nomenclature of artists, 129; con-
fusion of names and pictures, 130;
religious character of the revival,
ib.; influence of St. Francis of
Assisi, ib.; Giotto and his imita-
tors, 131, 132; growth of the early
Florentine school, 133; varieties
of style owing to states and free
cities, 134; changes due to na-
tional character, 135; Pietro della
Francisca, 136; Melozzo di Forli,
138; oil-painting introduced from
Flanders, 139; bistory of art at
Padua, 141; Squarcione, 142;
Mantegna, 143; Jacopo Cellini,

144

JACOBINISM, Coleridge on its mis-
chievous principles, cxviii. 462
Jacobites, the, threatening aspect of
the rising of 1715, cxii. 333;
military incapacity of the insur-
gents, 355; ideal notions of their
chivalry, 358

Jacobite poems, their superiority over
English political ballads, cxiii.
107; long preserved by memory
only, 110; critical sifting required,

112

Jacquemont (Victor, 1801-1832),

familiar letters and biography of,
cxxx. 57; individuality of his
writings, 58; the previous series
of letters, ib.; his Parisian cha-
racter, 59; his hatred of bores,
60; education by his father, 61;

accident to, in early life, ib.; his
love-dreams, 62; visits America,
ib.; antipathy to Americans, 63;
his sketch of American society,
65; disgust of Protestantism, 67;
his scientific expedition to India,
69; criticisms of Anglo-Indian
life, 70; admiration of British
rule, 71, 72; his friendly reception
at Calcutta, 73; his character im-
proved by travel, 74; his literary
merits, ib.; residence at the court
of Runjeet-Singh, 75; on the
prospects of Christianity in India,
77 note; his delight at the French
Revolution of 1830, 78; geological
explorations in India, 81; his death
and last words, 82; his scientific la-
bours, ib.; interest of his letters, 84

Jacquerie, the, insurrection of (1358), compared with Tyler's insurrection, cxxvi. 65

Jadejas (Rajpoot tribe), suppression of female infanticide among, cxix. 405; census of families instituted, 408

Jaffa, massacre of the Turks by

Bonaparte at, cxxvi. 324 Jamaica, conditions of labour in, cxv. 45; effects of emancipation, ib.; labour of immigrants required, 47; prosperity of planters,

49

recent anarchy produced by native corruption, cxxxi. 103; vigorous reforms of Sir J. P. Grant, 104

James I. (of England and VI. of

Scotland, 1566-1625), his arbitrary power, cxiii. 329; profligacy of his court, 330

his temporary leaning to Presbyterianism in Scotland, cxiv. 410; his conversion to Episcopacy, ib.

English hatred of Spain during the reign of, cxx. 6; the Protestation of the Commons, ib.; negotiations for the Spanish marriage, 7; his pursuit of hunting in Scotland, 328

his reforms in Ireland, cxxix. 426; his plantation of Ulster, 427; his support of Irish Presbyterianism, 447

approach to his palace at Theobalds, cxxxi. 179

his treatment of the Church in Scotland, cxxxiv. 110, 114; his capricious theology, 179; his conduct at the Hampton Court Conference, ib.; his 'Book of Sports,' 186

his hatred of the Netherlands, cxl. 118; infatuation for Spain, ib.; his conduct exposed by Mr. Motley, ib.; his reception of Barneveldt's embassy, 119; his

persecution against Vorstius, 123; letter of, to Cecil, proposing to divide the Netherlands with France,124; his imprudent Church policy, 439

James II. (of England, 1633-1701), his pilgrimages to La Trappe, cxxxvi. 53; his Autograph Memoirs, 56; his letter to the Scotch College at Paris, 57; documents of, 63 (see Stuart Papers); his directions for his burial disregarded by Louis XIV., 65; his obsequies, 66; distribution of his remains, 67; epitaph at St. Germains, ib.; interment ordered by George IV., 68; his present tomb, 69; relation with the House of Hanover, ib.; death of his first wife, 71; projects for his second marriage, ib.; mission of Peterborough, 73; Papal remonstrances on his Catholic zeal, 82; his naval tactics as Lord High Admiral, 569; his Fighting Instructions,' ib. James III. (of Scotland, d. 1488), his attempts to establish a middle class, cxx. 327

James IV. (of Scotland, 1472-1513), his intimate relations with the town of Dumbarton, cxii. 519

Pedro de Ayala's account of, cxxxi. 212; his death at Flodden, ib., note; abandons Warbeck's cause, 214

James (Saint), apocryphal Gospel of, cxxviii. 87, 93; its incredibility, 101

James (Sir Henry R. E.), director of the Survey Office, cxviii. 380; his triangulation of Great Britain, ib. ; his invention of photozincography,

lake, 95; on the devotional and
historical classes of sacred repre-
sentations, 97; her researches
mainly limited to painting, 105
Janissaries, the, slaughter of, cxxi.
491, 492

Janus, temple of, described by Pro-
copius, cxviii. 360

Japan, Lord Elgin's favourable im-
pression of, cxi. 105; Nagasaki
bay described, 108, 107; cleanli-
ness of the people compared with
the Chinese, 108; importance at-
tached to rank, 114; policy of
prohibition ⚫ surrendered, 115;
kindly spirit of domestic relations,
117; prospects of Lord Elgin's
treaty, 118

new materials for knowledge
of, cxiii. 37; Chinese origin of the
language, 38; dual system of
writing, 39; promiscuity of the
sexes, 40; moral characteristics of
the people, 41; their strange
proneness to self-abasement, 44;
prevalence of drunkenness, 50; in-
solence of military and official
castes, 51; hostility of ruling
class to foreigners, 55; murder of
the Gotiro, 59, 62; progress of
civilisation overstated, 63; na-
tional aptitude for self-improve-
ment, 65; false dealing with
foreigners, 68; obstacles to West-
ern diplomacy, 69; encouraging
prospects of commercial inter-
course, 71

the land of paradoxes, cxvii.
518; system of agriculture in,
521; spinning-tops, 522; dis-
honesty of the people, 523; their
gross ideas of religion, ib.; their
moral degradation, 524; early mis-
sionary efforts in, 525; sketeh of
the constitution, ib.; American
treaties with, 527; revenue of the
Daimios, 531; authority of the
Mikado, 532; blood-feuds, 533;
murders of foreigners, ib.; English

mercantile relations with, 535;
Russian designs upon, 536; true
policy of England is to support
the Tycoon, 539; Lord Russell's
demands for redress, 540
Japan, varieties of pines introduced
from, cxx. 371; the English treaty
of 1858, 578

abortive attempts to nullify
treaties, cxxii. 180; importance of
recent events, ib.; feudal govern-
ment in, 195; decree for expul-
sion of foreigners, 197; Sir R.
Alcock's late despatch on the
state of, ib.; forbearance of the
Dutch, 200; peace-at-any-price
policy discussed, ib.

its geographical position
compared with Great Britain,
cxxxvi. 244; the Zipangri of
Marco Polo, 245; first contact
with Europeans under Mendez
Pinto, 246; later navigators, ib. ;
original friendliness to foreigners
changed into hatred, 247; Francis
Xavier, ib.; embassy to Pope Gre-
gory XVIII., 248; edicts against
Christianity recently repealed, 249;
the late embassy to America, 250;
essays by Japanese students in
America, ib.; speeches of the
Mikado and the vice-ambassador
Ito, 251; strides in modern pro-
gress, 252; evils of foreign inter-
ference in the name of civilisation,
253; American treaty of 1853,
254; stability of recent progress
discussed, 256; authority of the
Mikado based on superstition, ib.;
question of succession, 257; origin
of dual government, ib.; usurpation
of the Tycoons, 258; recent pro-
gress described by Mr. de Long,
259; activity of present Mikado,
262; Western influence examined,
263; intolerable position of the
Daimios, ib.; bold reforms of the
reigning Mikado,264; national vice
of corruption,267; English services,

ib.; approaching revision of treaties, 268; social requirements, ib.; Mr. Lanman's interesting work on, 269

Japan, Baron Hübner's visit in 1871,

cxxxviii. 74; conflict of Shintoit and Buddhist faiths in, 75; Shintoit ceremonies, 76-78; the title of Taikoon, 79 note; reforms of Iwakura Tonomi, 80-83; the Japanese Embassy in England, 80 note; the Mikado described, 8588; removal of the court, 89; deportations of Christians, 92; the revolution of 1868, 93 Japanese, ancient voyages of, to Java and America, cxxv. 355 Jarnac, battle of (1569), cxxx. 375,

on the Great Conspiracy and England's Neutrality,' cxiv. 556568; his absurd invectives against the Queen's Proclamation, 584 Jebb (Sir Joshua), advocates prison treatment of male convicts en masse, cxvii. 263; his routine ideas, 266

Jedburgh, Anglo-Norman abbey of, cxii. 508

Jefferson (Thomas, President U.S., 1743-1826), his forebodings respecting negro slavery, cxiv. 571 Jeffrey (Francis, Lord, 1773-1850), described by Audubon, cxxxii. 264 his intended duel with Moore, CXXXV. 410

Lord Brougham's arrogant conduct to, cxl. 268; his character, ib.; his death described by Lord

Cockburn, 285; his genial temperament, 286

Jeffrey (Mr. A.), his 'History of Roxburghshire,' cxii. 489 Jehangheer Khan Khoja, his resistance to the Chinese in 1827, cxxvii. 387; betrayed by the Khan of Khokand, 388

Jelf (Dr.), on the Thirty-first Article, cxiii. 493 Jellal-ood-deen, his campaign of 1864-5 against Shere Ali, cxxv. 22; defeated at Kujhbaz, 23 Jena, battle of (1806), relative numbers of the combatants, cxxiv. 569 note

battle of, cxl. 311-313 Jerome (Saint, 332-422), his advocacy of monastic life, cxiv. 329;. his malignant crusade against humanity, 343

his talismanic belief in the sapphire, cxxiv. 231

story of his aversion to classical authors, cxxxvii. 82 Jerrold (Douglas, 1803-1857), story of his reading Mr. Browning's poems, cxxx. 527

Jersey, French attack on, in 1403, cxxx. 570

Jerusalem (ancient), Mr. Fergusson's

article in the 'Dictionary of the Bible' on the topography of, cxii. 437. See Holy Sepulchre

in,

recent explorations cxxxvii. 1; proper course for an explorer, 2; papers on 'the Recovery of Jerusalem,' 3; value of Capt. Warren's reports therein, 4; want of more scientific examination of details, ib.; defective authorities, 5; Josephus and the Talmud, 6; topography of Nehemiah, ib.; area now occupied by the city, 7; captures and destructions of, ib.; Jewish, Christian, and Moslem epochs, 8; extent of, under the Idumæan dynasty, ib.; David's siege of, 9; Solomon and