and amphibious animals-Aquatic birds- Saltness-Springs of fresh water in the General aspect of the coasts, rivers, and Sea-Winds-Climate-Marine producinland navigation-South coast of Nor- tions, coral, shell fish-Fish-Cetaceous way and Sweden-Gulf of Bothnia-Da- and amphibious animals--Turtle, Sea birds nish peninsula--Mecklenburg Pomerania---Spain-Coasts-Rivers-Port townsPrussia-Russia-Rivers and inland na- Spanish Islands-Majorca-Dragonera-vigation of Sweden-of Denmark-of Cabrera, small Islands--Minorca--Pityuses Mecklenburg and Pomerania, of Prussia, -Oyvica-Formentera-France-Coasts of Russia, and of Finlandthe ports, is- -Rivers - Port towns-Italy- Nicelands, &c. of the Baltic-Sweden-Den- Principality of Monaco-Territory of Gemark-Lubeck-Mecklenburg-Pomera- noa-Principality of Lucca Toscana--State nia Prussia-and Russia-Historical essay on the rise, progress, and present state of the commerce of the Baltic-First period, to the Crusades-Middle period from the Crusades to the decline of the Hauseatic league-Third period, from the decline of the Hanse confederation to the end of the seventeenth century Fourth period; Commerce and maritime affairs of the Baltic, from the beginning of the Eighteenth century--Denmark, commerce-Colonies, Ferroe Islands, Iceland-Greenland West coast of Africa-West Indies-East Indies-Marine institutions-Merchant of the Church on the Adriatic-Republic of Venice-Italian Islands, Corsica-Elba Capreja, Pianosa, Monte Christo, &c. Sardinia-Sicily-Lipari Islands-Pantelaria, Lenonsa, Malta-Gozo, Lampedosa-Istria--Croatia-Dalmatia--Ragusa -Cattaro-Turkey in Europe, AlbaniaMorea-Greece-Turkey in Asia-Asia Minor-Syria-Ionian Islands-Turkish Islands, Archipelago-Cyprus-Barbary, Morocco-Algiers-Tunis-Tripoli-Islands and reefs on the coast of BarbaryEgypt-Black Sea, Name, Extent, formation-Rivers, currents-Climate, fishHellespont--Propontis --Bosphorus- Marine-Fisheries-Navy-Commercial Coasts of the Black Sea-Crimea-Coasts treaties-Sweden commerce-Swedish colonies-Fisheries-Navy-Consulate of Anatolia-Laziens, Guriens, Mingrelians-Abasses-Sea of Azof--Nogay Tartary-Commerce of the MediterraneanAncient commerce-Spain-Italy, Genoa, Venice-Leghorn-Naples- Sicily-Sardinia--Rome, Malta, Trieste- Istria, Croatia, Dalmatia-Turkey, Greeks-Albania, Greece, and Morea-Anatolia, Syria -Egypt-Turkish navy-Barbary states : Algiers, and Tunis-Naval forces-commerce of the Black Sea-Ancient commerce-present commerce--the West coast of Africa-Divisions--Coasts, Rivers, surf Commercial treaties-Prussia-Dantzic-Swedish Pomerania, and MecklenburgRussia, commerce-Merchant Marine Commercial treaties-Trading companies-Fisheries-Navy-Tables of the variation and nature of the Baltic tradethe British Sea-Banks-Currents--Tides -Coasts of Jutland-of Sleswick and Holstein-of Germany-and of HollandPort towns-of Germany-of East Friezland--of Holland of Dutch Flanders--and of Austrian Flanders-Commerce of Holland---Climate, Winds, currents-Description Fisheries-Colonies-and Navy-NotesAppendix.-Table I.-Monies, weights, and measures-Comparative linear measures-Comparative Itinerary measures Comparative value of coined moniesCorrespondence of ancient and modern Epochs-Names of Winds ancient and modern-Comparison of Thermometersand of the Barometer-of the Elevation of Mountains, &c.-Geographical positions. of the Natives of the West coast of Africa -Moors of the Desert-Negroes-Caffres -Rise and progress of the European establishments on the West coast of Africa -Portuguese-French-English-Dutch -Danes, Spaniards-Articles of Tradeof the Slave trade-African associations -Coast of Morocco-Trade of MoroccoCoast of the Desert of Sahara-Senegambia-Bissagos Islands-Sierra LeoneQuoja coast-Grain coast-Ivory coastVOL. II.-France-Extent, coasts-Ri- Gold coast-Slave coast-Coast of Benin vers- Canals-Port towns-Islands--Gobbi coast--Loango coast--Congo coast Commerce-Colonies-Commercial trea- Angola, Benguela-Caffraria-Islands ties-Consuls-Home fisheries-Foreign in the Gulf of Guinea-Notes-Monies, fisheries-Navy-Prizes- Spain-Coasts weights, and measures - Geographical poand capes-Rivers, canals, Port towns- sitions. -Commerce of the Northern provinces- VOL. III.-Territory of the Cape of -Navy-Portugal-Coasts and Headlands Good Hope-Fish, Sea birds-Animals, -Rivers-Port towns-Commerce-Co- climate-Hottentots-Cape curent-East lonies-Azores, Madeira-West coast of Africa-East coast of Africa-East Indies and Brazil-Commercial treaties-Fisheries-Navy-The Mediterranean-Extent, straits of Gibraltar, formationGulfs-level, depth-Currents, Tides Irregular elevations, Whirlpools--Meteors, coast of Africa-Natal--Soffola-Mosambique--Zasguebar--Ajan--Samaulies-Socotra Island-Madagascar Island-Comoro Islands-Bourbon Island-Isle of France-Roderigue Island-Scattered Islands and reefs in the Indian ocean-the Red Sea; name, extent-Gulfs, ancient extent-Elevation, tides, winds-Fresh water, coast, shoals, fish-Birds, climate -African coast-Arabian coast-Islands South coast of Arabia-Gulf of Persia, winds, currents-Springs of fresh water, rivers-Arabian coast-Persian coastIslands South coast of Persia-Historical essay on the rise and progress of European establishments in India-Regions of India-Ancient communication with Europe-Progress of the Portuguese -Progress of the Dutch-Progress of the English-Progress of the French-Progress of the English and French-Trade of the Dutch-Settlements of the Spaniards of the Danes-of the Austriansof the Swedes-and the Prussians-Mon⭑ soons and currents in the Indian seas→→→ Hindostan ; Scindy-Coast of Cutch-Guzurat-Surat coast-Bombay coast--Concan-Canara--Malabar--Madaura and Tinevelly-Laccadiva Islands-Maldiva Islands-Ceylon-Names, extent, mountains-Rivers, minerals-Vegetables, animals, climate-Population-Topography -Pearl fishery-Hindostan; Coasts of Mariwar and Tondiman-Tanjora, Coromandel --Golconda--Bengal--Sunder bund--Chittagong-India beyond the Ganges; divisions-Relations with Europe-Aracan-Pegu-Siam-Malay Peninsula-Gulf of Siam-Cambodia-Tsiompa-Cochinchina-Tonquin--Hainan Isle-China; Topography-Chinese chiaracter The Corea-Mantchourie-Siberia-Kamtschatka, soil-Volcanoes, rivers, vegetables, animals, climate-Natives-Commerce-Topography--Koriaks and Tchuktches-Chinese Islands, Formosa-Lieu-kieu Islands-Japan Islands; name, soil-Climate, productions, animals-Minerals ; Japanese--Government, manners-Topography-Jesso, KurilesGrand Archipelago divisions-Islands in the Bay of Bengal-Malay Archipelago, Sumatra Sunda chain-Bornean, Celebean, and Molucca chains--Philippine Archipelago-Papua Archipelago--New Holland--Progress of Geography--New South Wales, coast, mountains-Rivers, climate -Productions, vegetable, and animalsNatives-Colony of Port Jackson-General Topography, East coast-South coast -Nuyt's Land-Leeuwin's Land, Edel's Jand-Concord Land-Dewitt's LandArnheim land-Gulf of Carpentaria-Van Diemen's land of the commerce of the Indian seas-East India Company's Chartér-East coast of Africa-Red Sea-Persian Gulf-Pearl fishery-South coast of Persia, Sinde, Guzerat-Surat, Malabar coast-Ceylon and Coromandel-Bengal -East coast of the Bay of Bengal-Malay Islands--Siam aud Cochinchina--China -Japan-Isles of Santa Cruz-New Hebrides New Caledonia New ZealandNotes-Monies, weights, and measures -Geographical positions. Asiatic Journ.-No. VI. VOL. IV.-Polynesia-North Polynesia, New Philippines--Mulgrave's RangeLadrones Sandwich Islands-Southern Polynesia Friendly, Islands-Marquesas Society Islands-British North America -Hudson's Bay-Labrador-CanadaCape Breton-Prince Edward's Island➡ Anticosti Island-Newfoundland-Nova Scotia United States of America-Rise and progress of colonization--Coasts, Rivers, and Islands-Inland navigationCommerce-Navy--Topography--Florida; Atlantic coast-Gulf of Mexico; extent, coasts, winds-Gulf-stream-East Florida continued-West Florida-Louisiana West India Islands; divisions-Climate --Aboriginal inhabitants--Indigenous animals-Colonization, Spanish Islands -British Islands-French Islands--Dutch Islands-Danish Islands--Swedish Islands-Topography of the Islands; Bahamas-Grand Antilles-Virgin Islands— Leeward Caribbees-Windward Caribbees-Leeward Islands of the Spaniards New Spain (Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic) --Honduras--Mosquito shore--Costa Rica, Veragua-Panama-Terra FirmaNew Kingdom of Grenada (Atlantic)Guiana-Spanish Guiana, Dutch Guiana -French Guiana-Portuguese Guiana Brazil-Buenos Ayres--Patagonia---Terra del Fuego-Archipelago of Chiloe-Chili -Extent-Conquest, rivers, fish, climate -Trade-Topograp..y-Peru, conquest, limits-Soil, climate, topography-commerce-New Grenada-(Pacific Ocean) New Spain-(Pacific Ocean)-Gulf of California-Peninsula of California-New California-North West America, discoveries, coast-Division, natives--Esta blishments of the Russians-Topography -Aleutian Archipelago-Russian America-Islands off the West coast of America-Islands in the Atlantic OceanFerroe Islands-Scattered Islands and rocks--Azores― Madeiras--CanariesCape Verde Islands-Islands in the South Atlantic-Islands in the great Southern Ocean-British Islands-Great Britain, extent, coasts, English Channel-TidesCurrents-South coast of England-East coast of England-East coast of Scotland -West coast of England-South WalesNorth Wales-North-west coast of England-West coast of Scotland-CanalsScilly Islands-Isle of Man-GuernseyJersey, &c.-The Hebrides-Orkney Islands-Zetland Islands-Maritime commerce of Great Britain-Public trading companies-Home fisheries--Foreign fisheries-Navy-Ireland; Topography-Canals-Commerce-Fisheries -Commerce and Marine-Geographical positions. In selecting a single passage of this work, in order to afford our readers a specimen of its execution, we make choice of Capt. T's acVOL. I. 4 D count of Japan, because it happens to convey information necessary to be read along with some recent information relating to that empire, contained in the pages of the preceding number of the Asiatic Journal*: The Portuguese, who were the first Europeans that visited Japan (in 1542), enjoyed an unlimited liberty to trade and preach the gospel, but their insolence and political intrigues drew down on them the vengeance of the government, and the extermination of the Christian religion, and the prohibition, under pain of death, to any Portuguese to set foot in Japan, was the result.+ In 1610, the English first visited Japan, and received permission to establish a factory at Firando, which in 1619 was removed to Nangasaki, but being found little advantageous, was withdrawn in 1623. In 1673 an attempt was made to renew the intercourse, but was unsuċcessful, the Japanese assigning as reasons, the alliance of England with Portugal by the marriage of the king to a Portuguese princess, and the English flag having a eross resembling the Portuguese. Three other attempts had no better success, and since 1689, the idea has not been resumed. In 1803, an English country ship from Calcutta conveyed a cargo to Nangasaki, but was refused permission to dispose of any part of it, and met with a similar prohibition at the Lieu-Kieu Islands. The Russians have also made some attempts to open a trade with Japan, but with no better success than the English. In 1772 the merchants of Okotsh sent a vessel to Matsimay, which was not allowed to trade. In 1799 a Japanese vessel, sailing to this latter port with a cargo of flour, was driven out of her course and and wrecked on Oonalashka, from whence the crew were conveyed to See a Discourse by President Raffles, &c. page 441. + Some days after the Japanese new year, the ceremony of trampling on the cross and on the images of the Virgin and Child, are performed in every town of Japan, and from the actual performance of this ceremony, no individual of any age is exempted, infant children being put with their feet upon the sacred images. It is not, however, true that the Dutch are also obliged to perform this sacrilegious ceremony, Okotsh. This seemed a favourable opportunity of opening an intercourse, and accordingly a vessel was fitted out to convey the Japanese to their country; but though the Russians were received with hospitality by the people of Matsimay, where they landed their passengers, they were closely guarded, and could not obtain permission to proceed. by land to Jeddo: they, however, procured permission for a single vessel to visit Nangasaki, couched in the following terms: We permit a Russian vessel to enter the port of Nangasaki; and on this occasion we renew the prohibition of any foreign vessels entering any port of the empire, or suffering the exercise of the Christian religion, or the least of its ceremonies." The ambassador conveyed to Japan by Captain Krusenstern, in 1804, was refused permission to proceed to Jeddo, from whence a plenipotentiary was sent to Nangasaki to meet him. In the two audiences had by the Russian ambassador of this personage, he was obliged to submit to every degrading etiquette; and the second terminated with his receiving the order of the Emperor, "That no Russian ship should again appear at Japan; and that if any Japanese subjects should be again cast on the coasts of Russia, they should be delivered over to the Dutch, who would send them by the way of Batavia to Nangasaki." présents, and even the letter carried out by the ambassador, were returned. The The trade of the Dutch to Japan has been subject to various vicissitudes, from the prohibition of certain imports and exports, and other restrictions from time to time. In its most flourishing period, when their factory was at Ferando, they exported annually from Holland £500,000 in goods, and imported £450,000 in silver, besides valuable cargoes of copper and other goods. The injunctions from the Japanese government to the Dutch traders are, that they shall have no communication with the Portuguese, nor import any Portuguese commodities; that they shall notify to the Japanese government if the Portuguese conquer any new countries, or couvert them to the Christian faith that they shall note the places where they The Russian ship conveyed fire Japanese, who had been taken in 1796 among the Aleutian islands, and carried to Russia. meet Portuguese ships, and deliver in the same to the Japanese government. The Dutch are prohibited from purchasing, or the following objects: exporting any of of arms, or any ob the Emperor's jects on which it is painted or marked: military men, &c. &c. On the arrival of a Dutch vessel at Nangasaki, she is immediately visited by custom-house officers, who demand all the books, arms, and money that may be on board. The books are thus seized in order to prevent the introduction of any inculcating Christianity. A list of the crew is also delivered to these officers, who muster them every morning and evening of the days that the vessel is loading and unloading, on which days only any communication is permitted with the shore. The captain and supercargo being alone exempted from personal search on quitting or returning to the ship, used formerly to dress themselves in the most ample coat and breeches, in which they smuggled on shore the prohibited goods. These trips were made three times a day, and, when fully loaded, each was obliged to be supported to the factory by two sailors. But the exceptions to the searching being done away in 1775, this smuggling was put an end to, and at the same time the captain was either obliged to remain always on board, or on shore; and if he chose the latter, he was only allowed to visit the ship twice. These strict orders were given in consequence of finding a great quantity of contraband goods on board a Dutch vessel which had been abandoned at sea by her crew, and afterwards brought into port by the Japanese fishermen. On the days of discharging and loading, two chief officers of the customhouse, and several inferior ones, remain on board till the work is over. The merchandize, and people who have occasion to go on shore, are sent in the Japanese boats only. Japanese are also obliged to be employed to load and discharge the ship. There is no possibility of any clandestine communication by the ships boats with the factory, the sea-gate being always shut and guarded; and if there is any necessity for the captain or surgeon who may be on shore, to visit the ship, leave must be first procured from the governor of the town, and the person is conducted by a guard, through bye streets, to a small gate, where a Japanese boat is ready to convey him on board, after being strictly searched. The guard also accompany him in the boat, and remain in her till he has finished his business, when he is conveyed on shore with the same precautions. Formerly the ships rudder was unhung on her arrival, and the square sails carried on shore; but the unnecessary trouble this occasioned has caused it to be discontinued. On the days when there is no discharging or loading, the Japanese officers do not visit the ship. The examination of the merchandize landed is most strict. Every package is opened, and the contents examined one by one. Planks are sounded, to discover if they are hollow; an iron rod is thrust into the tubs of butter, preserves, and cheeses; nay they even go so far as to break any eggs that may be on board, to ascertain that they contain nothing contraband. All letters passing between the ship and factory are examined by an interpreter. The imports are sugar, elephants' teeth, tin, fine long-cloths and silks of India, sapan-wood, lead, bar-iron, tortoise-shell, raw silk, rattans, quicksilver, pepper, cinnamon, cloves and nutmegs, glass ware, coffee, camphire, saffron, and some few objects of Dutch manufacture, as spy-glasses, watches, &c. The exports from Japan by the Dutch Company are copper in bars and camphire, each ship's cargo consisting of 6750 pickle of the former, and 364 boxes of camphire, of 125lbs. each; all of which are purchased on the Company's account only. The articles permitted to be purchased by the individuals of the crew are tea, soy, porcelain, silk and rice. It is forbidden to pay specie for the cargo of the ship, consequently the produce of the country is obliged to "be taken in exchange. All the goods smuggled are, however, paid for in gold. Ạ, Japanese taken smuggling is punished with death, and a Dutchman severely fined and banished for ever from the empire; but if the fraud is not discovered till after the ship has sailed, 10,000 coches is charged against the Company. The Chinese are the only foreigners besides the Dutch who are allowed to trade to Japan. Formerly they frequented the port of Osacca, but they now use that of Nangasaki. This trade formerly occupied 200 China junks annually; but in 1684 it being discovered that the Chinese Christians introduced books of their religion in the bales of merchandize, the number of vessels was limited to seventy, and they are subject to the same strict restraints as the Dutch.* They import raw silk, woollens, sugar, nankeens, furs, hardware, turpentine, tin in ingots, myrrh, agates, calembars, camphire, and ginger; and take off copper in bars, gold, japanned ware, &c. The Chinese also carry on some direct trade between Japan and the Philippines. At the former they take in raw silk, gold, copper and iron, which they exchange at the latter for spices, silver, and sugar. Account of the Abolition of Female Infanticide in Guzerat, with Considerations on the Question of promoting the Gospel in India. By the Rev. John Cormack, A. M. Minister of Stow.London, Black, Parbury, and Allen. guished individual [Col Walker] who was the persevering and happy instrument of reviving the spirit of natural affection in a nation where humanity had long been dead. The history of this affair is detailed by our author at considerable length, and we must also add with some diffuseness. Instead therefore of presenting to our readers a multiplicity of extracts, which after all would afford but a very imperfect account of this new and interesting subject, we shall endeavour to compress the matter with which he has furnished us, into as short a space as may be. consistent both with fulness and perspicuity. The country which, under Providence, has so happily experienced the effects of Colonel Walker's philanthropic exertions, is, the independent province of Kattywar on the peninsula of Guzerat. Here, as well as in the adjoining nation of the Kutch, it appears to have been the practice, almost from time immemorial, to destroy all the female children immediately on their birth; and to procure wives from the neighbouring provinces. The inquiries of Colonel Walker respecting the number · that was thus annually sacrificed were not satisfactorily answered. The lowest estimate was 3,000, and the highest 20,000. The origin of this horrid practice is somewhat involved in mystery; but the most satisfactory explanation may perhaps be found in the national and religious pride of a race of beings, at once debased by the most abject servility, and by a system of superstition the most degrading. The natives of the countries of Kutch and Kattywar are a tribe of Hindoos denominated Jahrijahs. Being of the religion of Brahma, they would naturally regard family alliances with all foreigners as ignominious in the extreme. It seems territories were subjugated by the probable therefore that when their |