placed on the same legal footing as the natives, but they cannot be sentenced to flogging or chain-gang labour. The oft-repeated cry of the Indian danger cannot be taken very seriously, as the risk of a country nearly twice the size of Germany being swamped by about 9,000 Indians is small. As a matter of fact, the Indian is a useful if not an indispensable member of the community. He is a pioneer of trade, a clever clerk and a skilled mechanic. He carries on work which the native is incompetent to perform, and he can do so under conditions of life and with an amount of food and capital which would be utterly impossible for a European. The general contempt with which he is treated is due partly to the belief that he is the channel through which large sums, which would possibly otherwise be spent in the Protectorate, flow to India, and partly to jealousy on the part of would-be European competitors.

Native population. The total native population is between 7,000,000 and 8,000,000. The inhabitants of the north-west regions, which have not yet been opened to Europeans, Ruanda and Urundi, are estimated at 2,000,000 and 1,500,000 respectively. About 96 per cent. of the population of that district are Wahutu, a Bantu tribe, while the ruling caste, the Watussi, a Hamitic pastoral folk, who own all the cattle, form only about 3 per cent. The Batwa, a dwarf tribe, who are probably the original inhabitants, form less than 1 per cent. The density of the population is greatest in Ruanda, where it is about 72 to the square kilom., and least in the Bismarckburg district, where it is only 09 per square kilom. The average density is approximately 8 to the square kilom., excluding the area between the great lakes. The pacification of the country tends to produce a more equal distribution of population than under the old conditions of tribal warfare, but there are still districts where the inhabitants are very few, e.g., one-third of the large central district of Tabora is still totally uninhabited. The ever-increasing plague of the tsetse-fly has denuded. some districts formerly rich in cattle. It is hoped that the march of civilisation, by introducing sources of water supply, combating the tsetse, and eradicating sleeping-sickness and other diseases, will so extend the inhabitable area that the population will have room for increasing manifold. The chief causes which operate against the increase of the population, since the cessation of tribal warfare, are lack of proper food for and treatment of young children, abortion, syphilis and other disease, and the employment of the men as porters or on plantations away from their families. The work of the medical authorities and the abolition of much porterage by the introduction of railways, as well as the provision of means for plantation workers to be accompanied by their families, should gradually remove, at least partially, these main hindrances to the increase of the population.

Public health.-The number of cases treated in the various hospitals in the Protectorate during 1912 was 70,327 (5,261 Europeans and 65,066 natives) against 59,920 cases (4,727 Europeans and 55,193 natives) in the previous year. In addition to the above, 3,387 cases of sleeping-sickness were treated (3,629 in 1911).

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B 2

The health of the European population was regarded as satisfactory, the increase in the number of cases of sickness treated being ascribed chiefly to the growth of the population by immigration, which was 306 persons. There were 164 births in 1912.

There was an increase in the number of cases of malarial fever, due principally to the unusually heavy rains, to the advance of the railway through unhealthy districts and the opening up of new plantations. Malaria appeared temporarily, even in places which were regarded by reason of their high altitude as immune. The Government have accordingly ordered that at all posts where officials are stationed at least one room shall be made mosquito proof.

During the year 1912 61 cases of blackwater fever occurred, of which 12 terminated in death, against 59 in the previous year. There were 28 cases of dysentery treated in both 1911 and 1912 and 8 cases of typhus against 22 in 1911; 69 cases of nervous diseases were observed.

There were no serious epidemics among the native population during the year under report. The increasing confidence of the natives towards the European doctors is evidenced by the growth of the number of sick cases treated. The systematic vaccination of the population was continued, 747,313 persons being treated against 632,763 in 1911. A few unimportant outbreaks of small-pox occurred in five of the interior districts.

An outbreak of plague occurred in the Kilimandjaro district, but was suppressed by the destruction of the rats, among which plague appears to be endemic. Plague also made its appearance in the Ostusmao region near Muansa, and a few cases occurred near Shirati. The number of rats destroyed at the 12 coast and lake ports and in the Kilimandjaro and Muansa districts was about 100,000.

The campaign against sleeping-sickness was pursued with success. The number of fresh cases was 27 in the Victoria Nyanza district against 50 in 1911, and the disease is now regarded as practically stamped out in that locality. A decrease in the number of cases in the Tanganyika region was also observed-3,303 new cases against 3,560 in 1911; 50 fresh cases of that form of the disease caused by the Trypanosoma rhodesiense were treated in the Rovuma district, where the authorities have to contend with the difficulty of preventing infection from Portuguese territory. The Glossina palpalis does not occur in the south of the Protectorate.

During the year 10,477 cases (the number includes repeated treatment) of worm disease were dealt with against 3,980 in the previous year. In spite of the energetic measures taken to combat this disease, the danger exists that with the further opening up of the land it will be spread by porters and plantation hands. This has already occurred to a certain extent, but conditions are improved in the original seats of infection, viz., the coast and the Usambara hills.

The number of fresh cases of leprosy observed in the year under report was 267 as against 230 in 1911; 10 new leper homes were started, and others have since been planned for the isolation of the patients.

The number of natives treated for malaria was 5,631 and for blackwater fever 16, against 4,341 and 25 respectively in the previous year.

During the year 140 natives were treated for tuberculosis against 88 in 1911. This disease occurs in the coastal regions and has been observed among the Watussi in Ruanda and the tribes in New Langenburg. Under the immigration order of 1913 persons suffering from this disease are not allowed to land.

Dysentery, recurrent fever and typhus occurred in 1912 among the natives, but nowhere as epidemics.

Education. There are Government schools for European children in Dar-es-Salaam, Oldonjo-Sambu and Leganga. That at Aruscha was closed, as the number of pupils dwindled to three. The number of pupils at Dar-es-Salaam increased from 15 in 1911 to 32 in 1912 and 43 in 1913. The school at Oldonjo-Sambu has Boer children exclusively for pupils.

There were 99 Government schools for natives in the year under report, 10 principal and 89 subsidiary. In Tabora the number of scholars, in addition to numerous adults, rose from 60 to 309. In the principal schools there were 16 German instructors, who were assisted by 159 coloured teachers. The number of pupils in the principal schools was 2,394 and in the subsidiary 3,706.

The artisan schools in Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga have been closed, and new schools opened in the interior, where it is hoped they will have a beneficial effect in educating the natives to become skilled workmen.

The numbers of the pupils in the three mission schools for European children showed no great change compared with those of the previous year. The total number in 1912 was 40. The number of mission schools for natives is 1,832, and instruction was given in them to at least 108,550 pupils.

Missions.-There are 11 Protestant missions and 3 Catholic represented in the Protectorate. Both the Church Missionary Society and the Universities Mission are included under the former. The total number of missionaries, including ladies, was 709, of whom 194 were Protestant and 515 Catholic, most of the latter being of German nationality. In addition to their religious work, the selfsacrificing zeal of the missionaries in attending the sick and educating the natives is warmly recognised by the Government. The extension of the mission fields has, however, given rise in more than one district to regrettable disputes between Catholics and Protestants. The missions pay special attention to combating the influence of Mohammedanism, particularly where this religion shows signs of extending itself to unconverted heathen tribes. On the whole, Islam makes slow progress in German East Africa. The total number of Mohammedans is probably not more than 300,000 in the whole Protectorate. The coast district of Dar-es-Salaam, which was regarded as wholly under the influence of Islam, contains only about 13.4 per cent. of Mohammedans (21,680 out of a total of 161,500 inhabitants). The only persons who seek to extend their religion in the interior are pedlars, askaris, house servants, &c. Neither the Muscat Arabs nor

the Indian Mohammedans show the least interest in the conversion of the heathen natives. There were no punishments or deportations of Mwalimu or preachers for inflammatory exhortations during the year under report.

Railways.-There are two railway lines in the Protectorate-the Usambara line and the Central or Tanganyika Railway (vide also report of this series No. 5171).

The Usambara Railway is 220 miles long and runs from Tanga to New Moschi at the foot of Mount Kilimandjaro. The line was commenced in 1893, and the first section (to Mombo, 80 miles from Tanga) was opened to traffic in 1905. The remaining portion of the line was opened in February, 1912. The railway is leased by the Government to the Deutsche Koloniale Eisenbahnbau- und BetriebsGesellschaft (Lenz and Co.), which constructed the Korogwe-Mombo section, for a payment of 760,000 marks per annum. The company has realised latterly only about 560,000 marks, and, in spite of former profits (on construction, &c.), which at present cover this deficit, will be faced with the prospect of considerable loss in 1916 unless conditions improve. The line runs through the picturesque district of the Usambara Valley and the Pare Mountains and numerous plantations have sprung up along its length. Its effect on the trade of Tanga is shown by the following figures: Exports from Tanga in 1898, 21,4007.; in 1907, 133,000l.; in 1912, 666,3417.

The Central line, which runs from Dar-es-Salaam to Lake Tanganyika, a distance of 780 miles, was begun in 1905. The first section was finished as far as Morogoro (130 miles) early in 1908, and in the same year the extension as far as Tabora (440 miles from Morogoro) was sanctioned. This work was carried on with such energy that Tabora was reached in February, 1912, more than two years before the date fixed in the original project. The continuation of the line to Tanganyika was sanctioned in 1911; the River Mlagrassi, the chief difficulty, was bridged in the spring of 1913, and the railhead reached the lake at Kigoma, near Ujiji, on February 2, 1914.

This Central line, which will become the main artery of traffic, with branch lines to the north-west and possibly to the south-west (Lake Nyassa region), will play a most important part in the development of the trade of the Protectorate and in opening up the Tanganyika district. Lake Tanganyika appears to be regarded as the key to the trade of Central Africa, and the Germans have pushed on their railway with such remarkable energy that they are the first on the spot. It is now possible to travel from Dar-es-Salaam to Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika in two days and two nights, a journey which it used to take the caravans 60 days to accomplish. When the short stretch of line (about 170 miles) between Lukuga on Tanganyika and Kabola on the Congo is completed, it will be possible to travel across Africa, from Dar-es-Salaam to Boma, in about three weeks by rail and steamer, if direct connection at each stage is assumed. The return journey will occupy more than a month, as the steamers take twice as long to go up the Congo as to go down stream. Communications between Europe and Rhodesia will also be greatly

facilitated as, allowing 12 hours for the steamer journey between Kigoma and the south end of Tanganyika, and again assuming direct connection at Dar-es-Salaam and Kigoma, it will be possible to reach Abercorn from London in about 24 days. It is anticipated that the German Central line will handle much of the traffic to and from the eastern portion of the Congo and North Rhodesia.

It is also hoped that the line will ultimately draw a portion of the Katanga trade within its sphere of influence. The connection would be by rail from Elizabethville to Kambove and Bukama, thence by the River Lualaba to Kabola and from there by rail to Albertville on Tanganyika. The River Lualaba, however, is said to be navigable for not more than six months in the year, and then only by vessels of not more than 100 tons. There are, moreover, other competitors in the field for the trade of the Katanga district. The Benguella Railway is expected to reach the Belgian frontier in a few years and, apart from the rumoured line from Leopoldville to Bukama, the Belgians are reported to be improving the existing route viâ rail and River Congo. A more serious competition is seen in the projected shortening of the railway connection between Beira and Elizabethville viâ Salisbury, Bulawayo and Broken Hill by linking up Salisbury with Kafue, which may be finished before the route Kambove-Bukama-Kabola is completed, i.e., before Dar-es-Salaam is connected with the Katanga district.

But apart from the through traffic with other countries and the development of the trade of the Protectorate itself, it is hoped that the line will promote the inter-trade between German East Africa and the Belgian Congo in articles of European and native consumption. Aside from the interchange of native products, merchants in many parts of the Congo will be able to obtain their goods more quickly from Dar-es-Salaam than from Boma and more safely, as the numerous transhipments from rail to steamer on the Congo and vice versâ will be avoided. Whether they will be able to obtain them more cheaply will depend largely on the German freight tariff, which has not yet been published. German firms are said to afford longer credit than Belgian houses.

The principal articles which are expected to form the bulk of the traffic from the districts of German East Africa which will be opened up by the line are rice from the Gombe-Mlagrassi lowlands, salt from the Gottorp salt pans, oil-palm kernels from the RutschugiUjiji districts, hides, groundnuts and palm kernels from Urundi, hides and groundnuts from Ufipa and Unjika and cotton from the Ruckwa district. When the line has been opened about two years it is expected that the amount of freight carried towards the coast will be about 12,000 tons and the receipts about 320,000 rs. (21,3007.), and it is hoped that these figures will have doubled in from three to four years.

For the passenger traffic it is intended to introduce Pullman cars on the American model. Of these there will be ultimately from 8 to 10, the larger with accommodation for 20 persons, the smaller with accommodation for 12. Those who have undergone the