Elements of International Law

3. Precedence among princes and States enjoying royal honors

4. Usage of the alternat

5. Language used in diplomatic intercourse

6. Titles of sovereign princes and States

7. Maritime ceremonials

CHAPTER IV.

RIGHTS OF PROPERTY.

§ 1. National proprietary rights

2. Public and private property

3. Eminent domain

4. Prescription.

5. Conquest and discovery confirmed by compact and the lapse of time

6. Maritime territorial jurisdiction

7. Extent of the term coasts or shore

8. Right of fishery

9. Claims to portions of the sea upon the ground of prescription

10. Controversy respecting the dominion of the seas

11. Rivers forming part of the territory of the State

12. Right of innocent passage on rivers flowing through different States

13. Incidental right to use the banks of the rivers

14. These rights imperfect in their nature

15. Modification of these rights by compact

16. Treaties of Vienna respecting the great European rivers

17. Navigation of the Rhine

18. Navigation of the Mississippi

19. Navigation of the St. Lawrence

PART THIRD.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHTS OF STATES IN THEIR PACIFIC RELATIONS.

CHAPTER I.

RIGHTS OF LEGATION.

$1. Usage of permanent diplomatic missions

2. Right to send and obligation to receive public ministers

3. Rights of legation, to what States belonging

4. How affected by civil war or contest for the sovereignty

5. Conditional reception of foreign ministers

6. Classification of public ministers

PAGE

7. Letters of credence.

8. Full power

9. Instructions

10. Passport

11. Duties of a public minister on arriving at his post.

282

12. Audience of the sovereign or chief magistrate

13. Diplomatic etiquette

283

14. Privileges of a public minister

283

15. Exceptions to the general rule of exemption from the local jurisdiction 284

16. Personal exemption extending to his family, secretaries, servants, &c.

17. Exemption of the minister's house and property.

19. Messengers and couriers

300

20. Public minister passing through the territory of another State than

that to which he is accredited

301

21. Freedom of religious worship

304

22. Consuls not entitled to the peculiar privileges of public ministers

23. Termination of public mission

§ 1. Faculty of contracting by treaty, how limited or modified

6. The treaty-making power dependent on the municipal constitution

7. Auxiliary legislative measures, how far necessary to the validity of a

treaty

328

329

8. Freedom of consent, how far necessary to the validity of treaties

9. Transitory conventions perpetual in their nature

10. Treaties, the operation of which cease in certain cases

342

11. Treaties revived and confirmed on the renewal of peace

343

12. Treaties of guaranty

344

13. Treaties of alliance

345

14. Distinction between general alliance and treaties of limited succor and

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7. Perfect or imperfect war

8. Declaration of war, how far necessary

9. Enemy's property found in the territory on the commencement of war,

how far liable to confiscation

365

366

10. Rule of reciprocity

369

13. Trading with the enemy, unlawful on the part of subjects of the bel-

ligerent State

381

14. Trade with the common enemy, unlawful on the part of allied subjects 390

15. Contracts with the enemy prohibited

392

16. Persons domiciled in the enemy's country liable to reprisal

21. Produce of the enemy's territory considered as hostile so long as it

belongs to the owner of the soil, whatever may be his national char-

acter or personal domicile

22. National character of ships

CHAPTER II.

RIGHTS OF WAR AS BETWEEN ENEMIES.

§ 1. Rights of war against an enemy

2. Limits to the rights of war against the person of an enemy

3. Exchange of prisoners of war

5. Enemy's property, how far subject to capture and confiscation

6. Ravaging the enemy's territory, when lawful

7. Distinction between private property taken at sea, or on land

8. What persons are authorized to engage in hostilities against the enemy 430

9. Non-commissioned captors

430

13. Validity of maritime captures determined in the courts of the captor's

country

456

14. Jurisdiction of the courts of the captor, how far exclusive

15. Condemnation by consular tribunal sitting in the neutral country

16. Responsibility of the captor's government for the acts of its commis-

sioned cruisers and courts

17. Title to real property, how transferred in war. Jus postliminii

18. Good faith towards enemies

19. Truce or armistice.

20. Power to conclude an armistice

21. Period of its operation

22. Rules for interpreting conventions of truce

23. Recommencement of hostilities on the expiration of truce

24. Capitulations for the surrender of troops and fortresses

25. Passports, safe-conducts, and licenses

26. Licenses to trade with the enemy

27. Authority to grant licenses

28. Ransom of captured property

CHAPTER III.

458

4. Imperfect neutrality

482

5. Neutrality modified by a limited alliance with one of the belligerent

parties

489

6. Qualified neutrality, arising out of antecedent treaty stipulations, admit-

ting the armed vessels and prizes of one belligerent into the neutral

ports, whilst those of the other are excluded

9. Captures within the maritime territorial jurisdiction, or by vessels

stationed within it or hovering on the coasts

492

10. Vessels chased into the neutral territory and there captured

493

11. Claim on the ground of violation of neutral territory, must be sanctioned

by the neutral State

494

12. Restitution by the neutral State of property captured within its juris-

diction, or otherwise in violation of its neutrality

13. Limitations of the neutral jurisdiction to restore in cases of illegal

capture

14. Right of asylum in neutral ports dependent on the consent of the neu-

tral State

15. Neutral impartiality, in what it consists

16. Arming and equipping vessels, and enlisting men within the neutral

territory, by either belligerent, unlawful

17. Prohibition enforced by municipal statutes

18. Immunity of the neutual territory, how far it extends to neutral vessels

19. Usage of nations subjecting enemy's goods in neutral vessels to capture 504

20. Neutral vessels laden with enemy goods subject to confiscation by the

ordinances of some States

21. Goods of a friend on board the ships of an enemy

22. The two maxims, of free ships free goods, and enemy ships enemy goods,

25. Transportation of military persons and despatches in the enemy's service 562

26. Penalty for the carrying of contraband

27. Rule of the war of 1756

28. Breach of blockade

29. Right of visitation and search

30. Forcible resistance by an enemy master

31. Right of a neutral to carry his goods in an armed enemy vessel
32. Neutral vessels under enemy's convoy, liable to capture

TREATY OF PEACE.

§ 1. Power of making peace dependent on the municipal constitution

2. Power of making treaties of peace limited in its extent

4. Uti possidetis the basis of every treaty of peace, unless the contrary be

5. From what time the treaty of peace commences its operation

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