MINISTER OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE COURT OF PRUSSIA;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF MORAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES IN
THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT BERLIN,

ETC. ETC.

SIXTH EDITION,

WITH THE LAST CORRECTIONS OF THE AUTHOR, ADDITIONAL NOTES, AND
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, CONTAINING A NOTICE OF MR.

WHEATON'S DIPLOMATIC CAREER, AND OF THE
ANTECEDENTS OF HIS LIFE,

BY

WILLIAM BEACH LAWRENCE,

FORMERLY CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES OF THE UNITED STATES, AT LONDON.

BOSTON:

LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by

CATHARINE WHEATON,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

14.2070

RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY.

F

DEFINITION, SOURCES, AND SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.

CHAPTER I.

1

123 ∞

3

2. Natural law defined, by Grotius

3. Natural law identical with the law of God, or divine law

4. Law of nations distinguished from natural law, by Grotius

5. Law of nature and law of nations asserted to be identical, by Hobbes

and Puffendorf

8. Differences of opinion between Grotius and Wolf on the voluntary law

of nations

9. System of Vattel

10. System of Heffter

11. Definition of international law

12. Sources of international law

CHAPTER II.

NATIONS AND SOVEREIGN STATES.

§ 1. Subjects of international law

2. Definition of a State

3. Sovereign princes the subjects of international law

4. Individuals or corporations the subjects of international law

5. Sovereignty defined

6. Sovereignty, how acquired

7. Identity of a State.

8. Identity of a State, how affected by external violence.

9. By the joint effect of internal and external violence confirmed by treaty

10. Province or colony asserting its independence, how considered by other

foreign States

11. International effects of a change in the person of the sovereign, or in

the internal constitution of the State.

12. Sovereign States defined

13. Semi-sovereign States

14. Tributary and vassal States

15. Single or united States

16. Personal union under the same sovereign

17. Real union under the same sovereign

18. Incorporate union

19. Union between Russia and Poland

20. Federal union.

21. Confederated States, each retaining its own sovereignty

22. Supreme federal government, or compositive State

23. Germanic Confederation

24. United States of America

25. Swiss Confederation

PART SECOND.

ABSOLUTE INTERNATIONAL RIGHTS OF STATES.

CHAPTER I.

RIGHTS OF SELF-PRESERVATION AND INDEPENDENCE.

32

33

34

36

45

45

51

55

55

56

56

57

58

59

59

59

72

79

§ 1. Rights of sovereign States with respect to one another

2. Right of self-preservation

3. Right of intervention or interference

85

85

87

4. Wars of the French Revolution

5. Congress of Aix la Chapelle, of Troppau, and of Laybach

8. British interference in the affairs of Portugal, in 1826

98

9. Interference of the Christian powers of Europe in favor of the Greeks

100

10. Interference of Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia, in the inter-

nal affairs of the Ottoman Empire, in 1840

PAGE

103

11. Interference of the five great European powers in the Belgic revolu

tion of 1830

105

12. Independence of the State in respect to its internal government

13. Mediation of other foreign States for the settlement of the internal dis-

sensions of a State. Treaties of mediation and guaranty

14. Independence of every State in respect to the choice of its rulers

15. Exceptions growing out of compact or other just right of intervention

16. Quadruple alliance of 1834, between France, Great Britain, Portugal

and Spain

106

106

108

108

109

9. Foreign sovereign, his ambassador, army, or fleet, within the territory

of another State

143

10. Jurisdiction of the State over its public and private vessels on the high

seas

158

11. Consular jurisdiction

165

12. Independence of the State as to its judicial power

13. Extent of the judicial power over criminal offences

14. Extra-territorial operation of a criminal sentence.

15. Piracy under the law of nations.

16. Extent of the judicial power as to property within the territory

17. Distinction between the rule of decision and the rule of procedure as

affecting cases in rem

168

174

181

19. Extent of the judicial power over foreigners residing within the terri-

tory

20. Distinction between the rule of decision and rule of proceeding in cases

of contract .

§ 1. Natural equality of States modified by compact and usage

2. Royal honors

a

210

210