(15) A noun in apposition is sometimes employed to modify a prop. osition (or perhaps rather in many cases, to represent a proposition), and, on the other hand, a proposition is sometimes placed in apposition with a noun to modify or explain it. This might be expected, since propositions often perform the functions of nouns, or, to use the current language of our grammars, are used substantively. (16) As example of a noun in apposition with a proposition, take the following: To BE GOOD IS TO BE HAPPY-TRUTH never to be forgotten by those commencing the journey of life. (17) In this example (as indeed in every instance of apposition, and perhaps in the use of every form of modification or complement employed with a noun), there is a suppressed predication, a tacit assumption of the assertion, that to be good is to be happy, is a truth never to be forgotten, &c. (18) We have an example of a proposition used as an apposition modification in the following sentence: The APOLOGY, often pleaded by the slaves of vicious habits, THAT THEIR VICES INJURE NONE BUT THEMSELVES, is generally inconsistent with truth, and even if strictly consistent with truth in some cases, is no adequate justification of their conduct. Here the proposition, "Their vices injure none but themselves," is placed in apposition with the noun "apology," and serves to explain it.

(19) It is unnecessary to observe that infinitives (alone, or with their accompanying modifications or complements) are often used as apposition modifications, since we consider infinitives as a peculiar class of nouns.

(20) A noun is often repeated (with, or without accompanying modification), for the purpose of emphasis, and thus placed in a sort of apposition with itself. (21) This occurs chiefly, though not exclusively, when the noun is used in what is called the case of address. (See § 99: 9.) (22) For example: "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets," &c. "My people have hewed out cisterns, broken cisterns," &c. (23) We should in practical analysis rather call this EMPHATIC REPETITION.

(24) "A plural term is sometimes used in apposition after two or

is meant by the terms principal noun? Ans. The noun which is modified by the noun placed in apposition.

(15) Mention a purpose for which a noun in apposition is sometimes employed. (16) Give the example, (17) Repeat the remark. (18) Give an example of a proposition used as an apposition modification; and point out the words in apposition.

(19) Repeat the remark in reference to infinitives.

(20) What is said of the repetition of a noun? (21) When does this chiefly occur? (22) Repeat the example. (23) What would we call this in analysis?

(24) Repeat the remark in reference to the use of a plural term in apposition; and give the example.

more substantives singular, to combine and give them emphasis; as, "Time, labor, money, all were lost."

(25) Distributive words are sometimes put in apposition with a plural substantive; as 66 They went each of them on his way." In the construction of a sentence, the distributive word is sometimes omitted. Of this character are such expressions as the following: "They stood in each other's way-that is, they stood each in the other's way."-(Bullion's Eng. Gram. secs. 671–673.)*

(26) An adjective used substantively (that is, with its noun suppressed), is often employed as an apposition modification of a noun; as, Charles the Bold, Alexander the Great, William the Third. In these phrases, there is (perhaps) a suppression of the name after the adjective, as Charles the Bold, for Charles, the bold Charles; or of the title of the person; Duke, in the first example, Conqueror, in the second, and king of that name in the third. The determinative, or article, we suppose, may, in such cases, be regarded as indicating a suppressed noun. If not, this must be considered a peculiar use of the adjective.]

(27) In written exercises, the noun in apposition, modification, or complement, may be represented by the following contraction: Ap. modn., or Ap. com. In our examples, and in the exercises, we use some of the determinative words, as a, the, this, that, &c., which have not been yet explained. In analysis, the learner may pass over these for the present.

MODEL OF A WRITTEN EXERCISE.-Cicero, the orator, flourished, &c. Cicero, S. N. mod'd by orator, N. Ap. Read thus-Cicero is the subject noun of the proposition, and is modified by orator, a noun in apposition. The noun Cicero, thus modified, is the complete subject.

Let the learner point out, or, in a written exercise, underline, the apposition complements, in the following examples:

* In some cases, where a noun in apposition would seem to be the most natural modification, we employ a noun, with the preposition of; as, The City of Rome, The month of June; not, The City Rome, The month June, as in Latin and German. This usage is confined chiefly to names of towns, countries, and months. The French and some other modern languages agree nearly with ours in this matter.

(25) What remark is made in reference to distributive words put in apposition? (26) What is said of an apposition modification formed by an adjective used substantively? Illustrate by examples.]

(27) By what contractions may the noun in apposition modification or complement be represented in written exercises?

"The gentle Spenser, fancy's pleasing son."
"Let Newton, pure intelligence, whom God
To mortals lent," &c.

"Raleigh, the scourge of Spain."

"Nor can the muse the gallant Sydney pass,
The plume of war!"

"His friend, the British Cassius, fearless bled."
"Nature! great Parent! whose unceasing hand."
"Scipio, the gentle chief."

"Where art thou Hammond? thou, the darling pride,
The friend, and lover of the tuneful throng!"
"The watery deep, an object strange and new,
Before me rose."

"Emblem of peace, the dove before thee flies."

"A stranger to superior strength,

Man vainly trusts his own."

"Thou Sun, of this great world both eye and soul."

"Come peace of mind, delightful guest."

EXERCISE I.-Let the learner find ten or more examples of nouns placed in apposition. This exercise may be repeated, till this construction becomes familiar.

EXERCISE II., III., &c.-Form a given number of propositions, having subjects modified by a noun in apposition modification.

Let the verbs in these and the following exercises be selected from the list of verbs of the ancient conjugation. When the pupil is once sufficiently familiar with these verbs, and especially with those in which he might be most subject to commit blunders, let him be required to use verbs of the modern conjugation regularly inflected. In one exercise, let it be required that all the verbs shall be in a certain tense simple or compound; in the next, in a different tense, that the learner may become perfectly acquainted with all the forms of the verb. Perseverance in these exercises will secure a thorough knowledge of grammar; serve as an introduction to English composition, which consists of propositions properly arranged to express thought; and call the pupil's powers of invention into full action.

(28) The learner must be careful not to confound this apposition complement with the peculiar species of complement of the predicate which we are soon to consider. (29) For this purpose, let him remember, first, that the word in apposition is always employed to

(28) What warning is given to the learner? (29) What two facts is he enjoined to re

modify a noun (including the few instances in which a proposition considered substantively is thus modified), never a verb. Second, that the modified noun, and the noun in apposition, are always in the same member; that is, both in the subject, or both in the predicate of the proposition. (30) In such examples as "John fell a victim to his ungovernable passions," "Hortensius died a martyr," the construction is entirely different from that which we have been considering. (31) The words victim and martyr are not in apposition with John and Hortensius, but manifestly make up a part of what is asserted of them respectively. (32) What is asserted of John, is falling a victim to his passions, and of Hortensius, dying a martyr—a very different construction (conveying a different meaning) from Hortensius, the martyr, died. (33) In the following passage, we have an example of each of these distinct species of construction: "My wife, sweet soother of my cares, fell ******* a victim to despair." Here soother, with its modifications, is placed in apposition with wife, the subject noun, but victim is a complement of the predicate—a part of what is asserted of his wife, the sweet soother of his cares.

MODEL ANALYSIS-NOUN IN APPOSITION.-EXAMPLE: John, the carpenter, fell, &c. John is modified by the noun CARPENTER placed in apposition. Till the learner thoroughly understands this construction, the question should be put, whenever a noun in apposition occurs, What do you mean by a noun in apposition? The answer to this is, It is a noun expressing an attribute or an appellation (some other name) placed by another noun, generally, in order to denote more definitely the object represented by the principal noun, sometimes, merely for the purpose of ornament or emphasis.

(34) A noun in apposition, when it follows the principal noun, is separated from it, and from the rest of the proposition, by commas. (See Appendix on Punctuation.)

§ 70. (1) We may here notice another way in which a noun without any change of form, or connecting word expressed, is employed to modify another noun. (2) It consists in attaching a modifying noun to a principal noun (as we do an adjective, see § 86) to limit or describe it. (3) We have examples in such combinations as,

member? (80) Give examples of a construction sometimes confounded with apposition. (81) What is said in reference to the words victim and martyr in these examples? (32) What is asserted of John and Hortensius respectively in the examples? (33) Give an example containing both forms of construction, point out these separate forms, and tell how they are distinguished. (34) What is said of the punctuation or interpunction?

$70. (1) Is the noun unchanged and without a connecting word employed in any other way, save apposition, to modify other nouns? (2) How? (8) Give examples. (4) What

window shutters, a wine cellar, a gold watch, a gold pencil case, &c. (4) Here the words window, wine, gold, gold pencil, perform a function similar to that of descriptive adjectives. (5) Indeed the word gold, used as in the examples above, is commonly recognised as an adjective, as well as golden, which is formed from it, and always employed attributively. (6) But for considering the word gold an adjective, we see no more reason than for considering the words window, wine, &c., as employed above, adjectives. (7) They all alike perform, as here used, the function of attributives or adjectives.

(8) We shall call this THE MODIFICATION BY A NOUN ADJECTIVELY

EMPLOYED.

[(9) This species of construction is very prevalent in our language, and has given origin to a large class of our compound words. (10) We might enumerate some dozens of these compounds, formed from the single noun horse, used adjectively before other words; as, horseback, horsebean, horseblock, horseboat, horseboy, horsebreaker, &c., &c. (11) Some of these compounds are written as one word, some with a hyphen-mark (-) between the component parts; sometimes the two words are written separately. (12) The usage in regard to the manner of writing many words thus formed is not perfectly settled; some writing them with, and some without a hyphen, and some writing words as separate, which others unite by the hyphen. (13) It is plain that all such compounds must have originated from what we have called the adjective use of the noun; and this adjective use has itself, we suppose, generally originated from an elliptical mode of expressing various complements formed by the noun. (14) For example, horseboat is equal to boat for horses, that is, to carry horses, or a boat moved by horses; for this compound word has these two distinct meanings. Horse breaker -one who breaks horses, Horse being here originally objective complement to the verbal word breaker. Horse-courser, horse-keeper, horse-stealer are all similar to horse-breaker. Horse-hair, horse-flesh, &c. horse's hair, horse's flesh, or the hair of a horse, &c.

kind of function do the words window, wine, &c., perform in these examples? (5) What is said of the word gold? (6) What further remark about gold as an adjective? (7) What remark in reference to all these words?

(8) What name is given to this species of modification?

[(9) Repeat the remark in reference to this species of construction. (10) What is said of the number of compound words thus formed? (11) What is said of the spelling of these compounds? (12) Repeat remark in reference to the usage in this matter. (13) What is said in reference to the origin of these compounds? (14) Illustrate by examples. (15) Re