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(12) Verbals are of course susceptible of this species of modification as well as their kindred verbs. (See §76: 32-41.) Examples, Hearing that you had obtained news of that matter, I have called upon you. Knowing that he is a good man, I have recommended him to you. "The world would then have the means of knowing how many they are; who they are; and of what value their opinions may be," &c.-Burke.

(13) PUNCTUATION.-The objective accessory is not usually separated by interpunction; though the usage in this matter is not, we believe, perfectly consistent, when the word that precedes the accessory. When that is not introduced, the comma, we think, is never used.

EXERCISES I. II. &c.-Construct compound propositions with objective accessory modifications. Construct a number of propositions in two forms, first with an accessory for objective, and second with an infinitive and accusative preceding it. The following among other verbs admit this latter construction and may be employed in constructing these propositions of double form. Acknowledge, admit, believe, know, prove, suppose, suspect, think, warrant.

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§ 108. SUBSTANTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITION EXPRESSIVE OF PURPOSE. A proposition is often employed to modify a verb in the same way as we employ the infinitive of purpose. (See § 77.) (2) This species of accessory proposition is preceded by the conjunctive THAT, which cannot here be omitted, as in the case of the objective accessory proposition. (3) We can express the connection of such accessories with the principal proposition more emphatically by using the words in order that before them, instead of the simple that. (4) Examples, I eat, THAT I may live; or, I eat, IN ORDER THAT

properly, in accommodation to the English idiom, adopted the accessory proposition instead of the infinitive in the Greek construction. In translating the passage in Matthew, Wiclif has followed closely the Greek and Latin idiom "Whom seien ye me to be?" Here "whom" is correctly used, as the accuative me precedes to be; but in translating the same words in the other gospels, he falls into the same mistake with the other translators.

Repeat the remarks in reference to the preceding example. (12) Repeat the remark about

verbals.

(13) What is said of punctuation?

$108. (1) What accessory is next considered? (2) By what word is it always preceded? (3) In what other more emphatic way is this accessory sometimes connected? (4) Give examples.

I may live. James labors, that he may obtain bread; or, James labors, in order that he may obtain bread. This boy studies diligently, that he may become learned and useful become &c.

in order that he may

instead of this species This is a less formal

(5) The infinitive of purpose is often employed of accessory; thus, He labors TO OBTAIN bread. and less emphatic mode of expressing the thought. (6) The infinitive of purpose may be considered as a substitute, or an abbreviated form of the accessory of purpose. (7) We must take care not to confound this species of accessory proposition with the objective accessory, from which it is entirely distinct. (8) In this modification the determinative THAT is indispensable, and is always more emphatic, since it stands instead of, and represents IN ORDER THAT; and this circumstance may serve to distinguish it from the objective accessory.

(9) The remark made in the preceding section in reference to verbals, applies equally here.

(10) PUNCTUATION. This accessory is generally separated by a comma, but usage in this case is not perfectly settled.

§ 109. SUBSTANTIVE ACCESSORY MODIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES. (1) A substantive accessory, or rather an accessory analogous to the noun with a preposition, is frequently used to modify a certain description of adjectives. For example, "I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof."

(2) The adjectives susceptible of this species of modification are generally such as express a condition of mental feeling, and the accessory preceded by that conjunctive indicates the object which this condition of mind regards. (3) We may enumerate among these adjectives conscious, unconscious, heedful, heedless, ignorant, mindful, unmindful, thoughtful, unthoughtful, unthinking. Examples, This man, CONSCIOUS that he has acted shamefully, avoids his former companions. The other, unconscious that he has done wrong, exhibits the aspect of innocence. (5) In constructing compound propositions of this kind, the adjective and its modifying accessory are very often first

(5) What modification is often employed instead of this accessory? (6) Repeat the remark about the infinitive of purpose. (7) Repeat the caution. (8) How may it be distinguished from the objective accessory? (9) What is said about verbals? (10) Punctuation? § 109. (1) Describe the accessory which modifies adjectives,

(2) Describe the adjectives which are susceptible of this modification. (3) Enumerate some of them. (4) Illustrate by examples. (5) Repeat the remark in reference to the con

disposed of in the arrangement; then follows the principal proposition, the adjective modified by the accessory serving to complete its subject noun. (6) Examples: Mindful that the duration of life is uncertain, this good man studies to be always prepared for death. Heedful that dangers surrounded him, he pursued his march with redoubled caution. Ignorant that we were his best friends, he treated us as his worst foes. (7) This kind of substantive accessory proposition is, as we have already intimated, analogous to the noun and preposition used in modifying adjectives. (8) In fact, when the adjectives enumerated above take word-modifications (as opposed to accessory proposition-modifications), it is a noun and preposition which they take. For example conscious of innocence, mindful of favors, heedless of danger, &c.

(9) There are some other similar adjectives which take after them an accessory of the same form to indicate, not the object which the condition of mind expressed by them regards, but the occasion or cause of this condition of mind. (10) Such are anxious, grateful, ungrateful, thankful, ashamed, &c. Thus, Anxious that his friend should not fail in his efforts, he devoted much of his time to his service. "The humblest peasant is anxious that some little respect may be paid to his remains." Grateful, or thankful that he was now rescued from danger, he resolved to recompense his deliverer. (11) With most of these last adjectives because may be used as the conjunctive word, and the accessories which modify them come perhaps rather within the class which we call adverbial accessories, since they express the circumstance of causality.

(12) PUNCTUATION.-No comma is, we believe, ever interposed between the adjective and this kind of accessory.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.-Construct compound propositions containing adjectives modified by accessories of the kind described.

We need add nothing here to what has been already said about the order in which the pupil should proceed in the analysis of compound propositions embracing modifying accessories, save to remind him that the accessory should be analyzed in immediate connection with the principal word which it modifies.

struction of this kind of compound propositions. (6) Illustrate by examples. (7) To which of the forms of modification already treated is this modifying accessory analogous? (8) What fact is stated as a proof of this? Give examples.

(9) State what is said of a similar class of adjectives. (10) Enumerate some of this class. And illustrate by examples. (11) Repeat the remark made in reference to this last class of adjectives and their accessories.

(12) Punctuation?

§ 110. OF ADJECTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITIONS.-(1) We next proceed to consider the adjective accessory proposition. (2) This kind of accessory is generally connected with the word which it modifies by what are commonly called the relative, but by some with greater propriety, the conjunctive pronouns. (3) These words perform some of the ordinary functions of a noun in the accessory proposition, and, at the same time, indicate the connection or conjunction between it and the word in the principal proposition which it serves to complete. (4) The name relative has been given to these pronouns because they relate or have reference to another word which they represent.* (5) This word is usually called the antecedent, because it goes before. (6) This antecedent word which the conjunctive pronoun represents, is the word which the adjective accessory proposition modifies or completes. Sometimes a proposition is represented by a conjunctive pronoun, or, in other words, serves as antecedent. "The bill was rejected by the Lords, which excited no small degree of jealousy," &c.

(7) The words chiefly employed as simple conjunctive pronouns are who, which, and that. (8) Who has case forms exactly as the interrogative who; namely, a genitive case whose, and dative and accusative whom. (9) The declension of this word may be exhibited as follows:

The circumstance that they relate, or have reference to a noun, is not peculiar to this class of pronouns; but is equally characteristic of other pronouns, especially of those of the third person. The name relative pronouns is not therefore so appropriate, so well adapted to distinguish these words, as the name conjunctive pronouns given to them by some of the French grammarians. This latter name fully indicates the double function of this class of words, viz: that of pronoun, or representative of a noun, and that of connection or conjunction.

§ 110. (1) What kind of accessory is next considered? (2) What name is given to the words which connect this accessory with the word which it modifies? (8) Describe the functions of conjunctive pronouns. (4) Why have these words been called relative pronouns? (5) What is the word which the conjunctive pronoun represents called? (6) What is said of the antecedent? Is it always a noun ?

(7) Enumerate the simple conjunctive pronouns. (8) What forms has who (9) Re

(10) These forms are used to represent both singular and plural nouns, in the same manner as the case forms of the interrogative who. (See § 98.)

(11) Which has no variation for either case or number. Whose is sometimes employed as its genitive, borrowed from who. Or perhaps we should say that the distinction between who and which is not maintained in the genitive. (12) It is scarcely correct to say that whose is the genitive of which as well as of who. It is manifestly formed from who, not from which. (13) That is also invariable, performing the function of nominative, dative, and accusative, and having no genitive form. (14) The only genitive form among the three simple conjunctive pronouns is whose, and the use of this as a genitive of which—that is, the use of it when any other than a rational being or person is referred to, seems to be rather avoided by fastidious writers. (5) We have, however, the most respectable authority for using it in referring to things not personal, that is, not capable of taking part in discourse. We have a well known example in the commencement of the Paradise Lost. "Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste," &c. "Nebuchadnezzar, the king, made an image of gold, whose height was threescore cubits," &c. Dan. 3: 1.

Leaving whose out of the account, the distinction observed in the present use of these pronouns may be described as follows: (16) Who and its accusative whom are employed as conjunctive pronouns to represent persons-those who being endowed with reason and speech can take a part in human discourse-individually and plurally '(but not collectively) considered. (17) They are also employed to represent the names of animals when personified, as in fables; and sometimes per

peat the declension of who. (10) Repeat what is said of the singular and plural use of the forms of who.

(11) What is said of which in reference to case forms? (12) Is it correct to call whose the genitive of which? (13) Has that case forms? (14) Repeat the remark about whose, (15) Have we authority for using whose in speaking of things not personal? Give examples. (16) What is said of the employment of who and whom? (17) Do they ever represent