REMARK.-(15) In all classes of these adverbial accessories of place, those which are to follow, as well as that which we have consideredIDENTITY OF PLACE, is the real bond of connection (in thought) between the principal and the accessory proposition. It is this identity which adapts the accessory to modify or complete the principal in reference to the circumstance of locality-local position-or of direction towards, or direction from a place.

(16) Sometimes where is employed in an accessory proposition to represent a noun of place expressed in the principal proposition. (17) In such cases where performs precisely the function of the pronoun conjunctive and preposition in which; and the accessory might with propriety be classed with the adjective accessory, since it simply serves to modify or determine the noun of place in the principal proposition. Example: He lives in the same place WHERE his brother lives-He lives in the place IN WHICH his brother lives. Here where his brother lives may be considered, and may be treated if we please, as an adjective accessory proposition. (18) That these two kinds of accessories-the adjective and the adverbial-are sometimes (or perhaps we should say very generally) resolvable into one another, or blended together, is not surprising, when we remember the intimate relation subsisting between the functions of adverbs and adjectives,--all adverbs involving, as part of their function, the function, and often, as part of their form, the form of an adjective.

(19) When the principal proposition is placed after the accessory, which often happens, the adverb there is sometimes employed in the principal proposition to represent the place determined by the accessory. "That where I am, there ye may be also."

The other accessories of place do not express local position but local direction, either towards, or from a place. We include in our

(20) 2d class those which describe the place towards which the action predicated in the principal proposition is directed. (21) The conjunctive adverb distinctly appropriated to connect this class of accessories, when a definite known place is to be indicated, is

said of the effect of the accessories in the examples. (14) State the difference between the two forms of accessory.

(15) Repeat the substance of the remark.

(16) How is where sometimes employed in accessories? (17) What function does where thus used perform? And how might the accessory be treated? (18) What is said in reference to the fact that these two kinds of accessory are resolvable into one another?

(19) What word is introduced in the principal proposition, when it follows the accessory? (20) Describe the second class of accessories of place. (21) By what conjunctive word

WHITHER. (22) We have said in speaking of where and whither in their original function of interrogatives (see § 92, note p. 291), that where has usurped the function of whither in addition to its own peculiar function. The same remark applies to where conjunctively used. It is now almost universally employed in this as well as in the preceding form of accessory, and whither, which our forefathers employed exclusively to express to or towards a place, is nearly obsolete.

(23) The same remark applies to the compound word whithersoever, which was formerly used to express direction towards whatever place; as, "I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest." We would now say, WHEREVER thou goest. Wheresoever is also rarely used in the current language of the present times.

(24) 3d. We introduce, as a third class of the accessories of place, those which describe the place from which the action predicated in the principal proposition is directed. (25) These accessories, ' like those just considered, refer sometimes to a determinate known place, sometimes to one determined only by the accessory, but otherwise unlimited.

(26) The conjunctive word employed for the first purpose (when a fixed locality is to be designated) is WHENCE. Example: "This deliverance comes WHENCE every blessing flows." Here the accessory, whence every blessing flows, determines the place from which the deliverance comes.

note p. 291) in rewhence interrogative From is very gene

(27) The remarks which we made (see § 92, ference to the use of the preposition from before apply also to whence used as a conjunctive adverb. rally employed superfluously before the conjunctive whence. (28) The same objections apply to the use of the preposition before this word in both cases. (29) In the authorized version of the Bible, there are abundant examples of whence conjunctive preceded by from, and a considerable number in which the more correct construction, without a preposition, is employed.

were these accessories originally preceded? (22) What is said of another word having usurped the place of whither!

(28) To what other word does the same remark apply?

(24) Describe a third class of accessories of place. (25) What division of this class?

(26) What conjunctive word is employed with the first division? Example.

(27) What is said of remarks which apply to whence? (28) What is said of objections to the expression from whence? (29) Where may examples of this usage be found?

(30) To indicate any place you plense from which we would now employ the words from whatever place. Example: He will come from WHATEVER place his friend comes. Whencever and whencesoever may be regarded as obsolete. They may be found in our more ancient authors, and, perhaps, sometimes employed in accessories of this description.

(31) We have already said that where is used as equivalent to in which to represent an antecedent noun. Whence equivalent to from which is employed for the same purpose. Examples: "Look to the rock whence ye are hewn." "I will return to my house whence I came."

(32) The accessory propositions commencing with where and whither are often placed before the principal proposition. In the older authors, we think, the accessory is most frequently placed first. Examples: "Whither I go, ye cannot come." "Whither I go, thou canst not follow me now." "Whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge.”- "Where thou diest, will I die."

REMARK.-The observations made in reference to accessories commencing with what conjunctive (see § 114: 6, et seq.) apply to many of the accessories of place of the first and second classes. (33) When these accessories come after certain transitive verbs, which take an accessory proposition for their objective modification, they might be treated as substantive accessories serving as objectives of these verbs, and analyzed in the manner recommended in treating the accessories connected by what. (34) We present examples: I know where you have been. "Let no man know where ye be." "Whither I go ye know." "We know not whither thou goest." In all these compound propositions the accessory may be regarded as a substantive accessory serving as objective modification of the verb in the principal proposition. (35) If we choose to supply the ellipsis it becomes an adjective accessory modification of the noun place-the implied objective modification of the verb in the principal proposition. (36) As this mode of analysis will not suit when the verb in the principal proposition is

(30) How do we describe an indefinite place from which! Example.
(31) What is said of whence · from which? Examples

(32) Repeat the remark about the accessories commencing with where and whither. Examples.

(33) How might the accessories of place of the first and second classes be treated, when they follow transitive verbs? (34) Give examples, and apply the remark to them. (85) What other form do these assume when the ellipses are supplied? (86) State the reason for treating them as adverbial accessories.

neuter or intransitive (as it is in most of the examples given above), it will be more convenient to treat all these accessories of place as adverbial, though it may be good to know the other forms into which some of them may be readily resolved.

(37) PUNCTUATION.-As may be seen from some of the examples introduced above, in which we have followed the original punctuation, accessories of locality are sometimes separated by interpunction from the principal proposition, and sometimes not. The accessory, when it precedes the principal proposition, is perhaps generally followed by a comma; as, "Whither I go, ye cannot come." When the accessory follows the principal proposition, we believe the comma is seldom inserted. Here, as in other instances, the punctuation is not settled on fixed and consistent principles. If we would maintain consistency, we ought either to insert a comma always between the principal and the accessory, or we should never insert it. See Appendix on Punctuation.

EXERCISES I., II., III., &c.—Form compound propositions with accessories expressing the place where, the place whither, the place whence; also with the conjunctive words wherever, whithersoever, &c.

§ 125. ADVERBIAL ACCESSORY PROPOSITIONS INDICATING THE CIRCUMSTANCE OF TIME.—(1) We next proceed to consider that class of compound propositions in which the circumstance of time is the real bond of connection between the principal and its acces

sory.

(2) Some of the accessories employed in this class of proposi tions have a close analogy with those in which the circumstance of place is the bond of connection. We proceed to classify the acces sories used to express the circumstance of time.

1st. (3) We shall consider first those accessories which limit or modify the principal proposition, by the predication of some occurrence falling within the same point of time with the matter of the principal assertion. (4) Examples: I will go with you to the exhi bition WHEN I shall have finished my work. them when thou sittest in thine house," &c.

"Thou shalt talk of "They linger about it

(87) State the substance of the remarks in reference to the punctuation of this descrip tion of compound propositions.

§ 125. (1) What class of propositions is now to be considered?

(2) To what other class are these analogous?

(8) Describe the first class of these accessories. (4) Furnish examples. (5) What

on the Sabbath, when the mind is disengaged from worldly cares." (5) The conjunctive adverb WHEN is used to introduce such accessories. (6) It indicates coincidence of time-the point in which the principal and accessory agree. This point of time, assumed as fixed in the accessory, serves to determine the time of what is asserted in the principal proposition. Thus, in the examples, when I shall have finished my work, determines the time when I will go to the exhibition; and "when thou sittest in the house," determines a time when the Israelites were to talk of those things which God had commanded through Moses. (7) We may call this the ACCESSORY

OF COINCIDENT TIME.

(8) WHEN, like where, is of the family of who, neuter what. It seems to us to be merely an inflection of who. The Anglo-Saxon accusative of hwa (who) is hwone or hwaene; and hwaene is employed adverbially, like when in modern English. It may, perhaps, be regarded as originally an accusative of time, the word time being suppressed, but at first clearly implied in or at what (time). In modern use it has come by insensible extension, to be considered as directly expressing time. (9) When, like where, usually performs an adverbial function both in the principal and in the accessory propositions, besides serving as a conjunctive word to indicate their connection and relation. Because it performs this last function, we call it a conjunctive adverb, as we have, for the same reason, named where, whither, &c., conjunctive adverbs. (10) When is therefore equivalent to the words in or at the time in or at which (time), as may be found by expanding the above compound propositions; thus, I will go with you at the time, at which (time) I shall have finished my work. "Thou shalt talk of them" at or in the time in which “thou sittest," &c.

(11) As in assertions modified by an accessory of place, the place is sometimes expressed in the principal proposition (see § 124: 16, 18), so in the compound propositions under consideration, the word of time is often in the principal proposition, and when retained as the conjunctive word and adverbial modification of the accessory. Example: This event happened AT A TIME when men least expected it. When is here equi

conjunctive word is employed? (6) Describe its function in such cases, and illustrate by examples. (7) What name may be given to this accessory?

(8) Repeat what is said of the derivation of WHEN. (9) Describe the functions which it performs; and tell the name given to it in consequence of these functions. (10) To what is It said to be equivalent? Illustrate by example.

(11) What is said about a word of time being introduced? Illustrate by example..