valent to in which, and when thus expanded, the accessory coincides with the adjective accessory.*

(12) This kind of accessory also often takes precedence, in order of arrangement, of the principal proposition, so that here, as in the case of the accessories of place, the speaker or writer is at liberty to choose the most striking or the most harmonious arrangement, as his own taste may direct. Example: "When the morning calls again to toil, begin anew thy journey and thy life." Here, too, when the principal proposition comes after the accessory, the word then is sometimes employed in the principal to represent the time determined by the accessory. Thus, "When my father and my mother forsake me, then the LORD will take me up."

(13) In this form of compound proposition, that takes place which occurs sometimes in other forms of compound propositions; namely, the thought which logically is the principal, is expressed under the accessory form, and that which is logically subordinate usurps the form of principal proposition. This is a matter which properly lies within the sphere of the logician and the rhetorician, rather than within the province of the grammarian, whose business is with the form not the matter of discourse. Whatever has the form of an accessory, is to be considered an accessory with the grammarian, without weighing nicely the comparative importance of the thought which it expresses, or the purpose for which a writer or speaker may on occasion choose to employ it. (14) Still, it may prevent misconception to advert to this fact in reference to the use of accessories, and to present examples. "He was one evening sitting thus at his supper, when the landlord of a little inn in the village came into the parlor," &c. When "he was one evening," &c., for "the landlord," &c., is logically the principal proposition, and the first proposition serves only to determine the

* As we use wherever to introduce an accessory indicating an unsettled place-whatever place-so we employ whenever, when we intend to express coincidence with whatever time; as, WHENEVER you choose to walk in the park I will accompany you. The coincident time in such cases is contingent or unsettled as regards the speaker, except so far forth as the accessory proposition limits it. Whensoever was sometimes used for the same purpose by our old authors. Simple when is now often employed in expressing coincidence with whatever time.

(12) What is said in reference to the arrangement of this form of compound proposttions?

(18) Repeat the remark in reference to the logical importance of the principal and accessory in this form of compound proposition. (14) Illustrate what has been said by examples.

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time of the landlord's coming into the parlor. "I was hearing this account," continued the corporal,' "when the youth came into the kitchen," &c. When "I was hearing this account," &c.

(15) Before leaving this particular form of accessory, we must observe that it has by insensible extension (as we suppose) come to be used when there is either none or only a very slight reference to time. For example: "When we contemplate the close of life,— who can avoid being touched with sensations at once awful and tender?" the assertion, nobody can avoid being touched, &c. We can express nearly the same sense by substituting for when the conjunctive word if, which has no reference whatever to time; thus, if we contemplate the close of life, &c., or we might express the same sentiment, perhaps somewhat awkwardly, by saying simply, contemplating the close of life, &c. The meaning obviously is, that what is asserted in the principal proposition is a consequence of what is asserted in the accessory. The consequence, or result of contemplating the close of life is, that we cannot avoid, &c. (16) This kind of accessory might, perhaps, with propriety be classed with the accessories of causality which we are soon to consider. Still it has evidently arisen from an insensible extension of the accessory expressive of coincident time, and may be considered as indicating the connection of a cause and its effect by declaring their co-existence in time. (17) In such examples as, When the sun rises, darkness vanishes, we may possibly discover the origin of this insensible extension. The rising of the sun, which is coincident in time with the vanishing of darkness, is also the cause of its vanishing. So in other cases the cause of an effect is coincident in point of time with the appearance of the effect, and perhaps from this circumstance the relation of coincidence of time is used to indicate the relation of causality, which is found to accompany it.

(18) We sometimes employ the conjunctive word as when we intend to express a still closer coincidence or limitation to a point of time. For example, John arrived as his brother departed. (19) Sometimes we employ the word just with as to express more markedly limitation to the same point of time, as John arrived JUST as his brother departed. (20) That this form expresses closer limitation to the same

(15) Repeat the substance of what is said about the extension of this form of accessory to other purposes, and illustrate by an example. (16) What further is said of the classification of the accessory thus used? (17) Repeat the substance of the explanation given of the probable origin of this extension.

(18) What other word is sometimes employed to connect this kind of accessory? Give example. (19) What word is added to express more close coincidence? (20) Illustrate the fact that as expresses closer coincidence than when.

moment than the form with the conjunctive when will appear, if we substitute when for as in the above example. Thus John arrived when his brother departed, might mean that John arrived about the time of his brother's departure-perhaps a little after, perhaps a little before; but the form with as expresses the exact coincidence of the arrival and departure, and that with just as the same thing still more emphatically.

(21) Another form of accessory, related to this as expressing coincidence of time, is that used to indicate that an event succeeded immediately on the completion of another. The conjunctive words used for this purpose are, as soon as; thus, He came to see me, as SOON As he arrived. This is more properly classed with the accessory expressive of equal intensity employed with adverbs as well as adjectives. Thus, we say, as quickly as, as rapidly as, as suddenly as, &c., (see § 120.)

(22) The accessory of coincident time is often separated from the principal by a comma, but the punctuation is unsettled.

EXERCISE.-Furnish examples of compound propositions having accessories expressing the limitation of coincident time.

§ 126. 2d. (1) We give, as a second class of accessories of time, those which limit or modify the principal proposition, by predicating something falling within the same period of time-a period regarded as having duration in opposition to a point or moment of time. (2) We may call this the accessory of coincident duration. (3) The conjunctive words employed for this purpose are while and whilst. (4) While was originally a noun and meant much the same as the word time; but never being employed as subject noun in the language of the present day, it has come to be classed with the adverbs. This word is really, however, the case of a noun, and is still often employed to express the accusative of time; as, We remained A WHILE with them, or, We remained A LONG WHILE with them. Here the determinative and descriptive adjectives applied to this word indicate plainly to what class it belongs. The genitive of this word whiles was formerly used as we now use while, and whilst to express duration of time.

(21) What is said of another form of accessory used for nearly the same purpose? (22) Punctuation?

§ 126. (1) Describe the second class of accessories of time. (2) By what name may we call them? (8) What conjunctive words are employed in this case? (4) Give the substance of what is said of while.

(5) Whilst (or whilest as it is often found written in old authors) appears to be a corruption of the old genitive whiles. Whiles is still found in the language down till the seventeenth century. It is now obsolete, and even whilst is seldom used in modern writings.

(6) We subjoin examples of compound propositions involving this species of accessory. "Seek ye the LORD while He may be found." Agree with thine adversary quickly whiles thou art in the way with him." "While his humble grave is preparing, ****** it is good for us to think that this man too was our brother."

"Whilst all the stars that round her burn,

And all the planets, in their turn,

Confirm the tidings as they roll," &c.

(7) In ancient times the determinative THE was occasionally prefixed to whilst.

"The whilst in ocean Phoebus dips his wain."

(8) While, like what, performs a function both for the principal and the accessory in a compound proposition. (9) A word of time, which is sometimes employed in the principal proposition of the preceding class, and referred to by when, is rarely, if ever, introduced in this class of compound propositions. (10) The reason of this difference perhaps is that when is originally only an adjective having the word time implied, but while (itself a substantive) originally meant time. Were we to say, as in the case of when, at or in the time, while, there would be an awkward repetition of a word of equivalent meaning. And let us remember that to our forefathers this awkwardness would have appeared much greater than to us, since the original meaning of while was more familiar to them.

(11) During the time is an equivalent expression for while. Example: He was writing DURING THE TIME his brother was reading. During the time, we consider here an instance of the case absolute-a form of contracted accessory to come under our notice below. In the example we have really three propositions. He was writing while the time dured (lasted) that his brother was reading.

(12) The word while may also be expanded into the phrase, and

(5) Repeat what is said of whilst and whiles.

(6) Furnish examples of compound propositions having this kind of accessories.

(7) Describe an ancient usage in regard of whilst.

(8) What functions does while perform? (9) Is a word of time used along with it as

with when? (10) Explain the reason for not using a word of time with while.

(11) Mention an equivalent expression for while, and give an example, and explain the construction.

(12) What other phrase may be substituted for while?

at the same time. Thus, "He can live to God and his own soul, and at the same time attend to all the lawful interests of the present world." Here a co-ordinate proposition serves the purpose of an accessory. (See § 146: 5, et seq.)

(13) We believe that this form of accessory is sometimes extended to express, like the preceding class, the relation of causality; but after what we have said already of such insensible extension, this need not perplex the learner.

(14) The punctuation here again is unsettled.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.-Furnish examples of this kind of compound propositions.

§ 127. 3d. (1) We may rank as a third class of the accessories of time those which determine the time of the action or event expressed in the principal proposition by reference to something which succeeded it, or, in other words, by some action or event which that asserted in the principal proposition preceded. (2) This kind of accessory is united to the principal proposition by the preposition BEFORE. (3) Some call before, when thus employed, an adverb; but it is used in this case with exactly the same force, as when the grammarians agree in calling it a preposition. (4) The only difference is that in the one case it is followed by a noun, in the other by a proposition, which (when considered apart from the preposition) is substantively used. (5) Hence this, and some of the accessories of time which follow, might with propriety be treated as substantive accessory propositions with a preposition, in a manner analogous to the noun and preposition modification. (6) We shall call before, and other prepositions below, when they precede an accessory, prepositions conjunctively employed.

(7) We propose the following as examples of compound propositions involving this species of accessory. They set out on their journey BEFORE the sun rose. I must finish my work BEFORE I can go. "Doth our law judge any man before it hear him?" Sometimes the accessory, as in many other forms of compound propositions, precedes the

(13) Repeat the remark about the extension of this form of accessory.

(14) What is said of punctuation?

§ 127. (1) Describe a third class of accessories of time. (2) What word is employed to connect these? (8) What is said of calling before in such cases an adverb? (4) What is the difference between before thus employed and before preposition (5) How might this accessory be treated? (6) What shall we call BEFORE thus used?