already observed) originally like then an accusative of time, the word time being in both cases implied. (12) We illustrate this by examples, in some of which we may find these words in the state of transition from the expression of time to the expression of a case or conjuncture of circumstances. "Then shall I not be ashamed, when I have respect unto all thy commandments." Then when might here be taken in their original sense at that time—in which time, and give some sort of approximation to the sense; but it is evident that they rather indicate the same case, the same conjuncture of circumstances, than the same time. "If our youngest brother be with us, then will we go down." "For now should I have lain still and been quiet, I should have slept: then had I been at rest with kings and counsellors of the earth." "He seeth wickedness also; will he not then consider?" In these examples, if we substitute the words in that case for then, we shall express the sense intended. (13) In the same manner we might illustrate the use of now-in this case by examples. We shall content ourselves with one as a sample. "There is therefore now no condemnation," &c.-There is therefore in this case in the conjuncture described in the preceding discourse, no condemnation, &c. *

(14) We shall presently notice that then is employed in the principal proposition of hypotheticals in the same way-as equivalent to in this case.

(15) PUNCTUATION.-A comma is inserted between the principal and

accessory.

EXERCISE.--Furnish examples of compound propositions containing Accessories of Inference.

*It is worthy of remark that in translating the passage partially quoted above (Rom. viii. 1), Wiclif, the Rheims, and the authorized version, employ now; Tyndale, Cranmer, and the Geneva version, then; all evidently intending to express the same sense. This shows that there is little difference between then and now in this use. It proves also that they have, when thus employed, been diverted from their more common acceptation; for, where time is distinctly implied, it is impossible to make such an interchange between these words, without a marked change of the sense. They refer to opposed points of time. "Then I was happy, but now am miserable."

what is said of the origin of the word then. (12) Illustrate the transition in the case of then and when from their original to this secondary use. Write out examples.

(13) Illustrate the illative use of now by an example.

(14) Repeat the remark about then used in hypotheticals. (15) Punctuation?

§ 134. (1) The next kind of accessory which we shall consider is that which expresses the purpose of what is asserted in the principal proposition. (2) This we may call THE ACCESSORY OF PURPOSE. (3) This accessory is generally introduced by THAT conjunctive. (4) Example: I have come that I may assist you=I have come To assist you, or, I have come to your assistance.

(5) This accessory may perhaps fairly be regarded as a substantive accessory in the dative case. This appears plainly enough when, as in the example above, we can substitute a noun for the proposition. I have come To your assistance. Here to your assistance-a dative, since the preposition to expresses the dative relation. (6) This accessory is very often contracted into the corresponding infinitive or verbal noun, and then becomes what we have already, in treating of the complements in simple propositions, called the infinitive of purpose.*

(7) That serves, as we have seen, to introduce several kinds of accessory propositions. We may easily ascertain whether the accessory is an accessory of purpose by trying to substitute in order that for simple that. If we can do so without injury to the sense, we have the accessory of purpose.

(8) PUNCTUATION.-A comma generally separates the principal and accessory propositions.

EXERCISE. Furnish examples of compound propositions containing an accessory of purpose.

§ 135. There is another form of proposition which may be brought within the class of accessories of purpose. (1) The purpose in the form to which we refer is negative, or, perhaps, we should rather say, preventive. (2) This accessory is introduced and connected with the principal proposition by the conjunctive word lest,

*Those acquainted with Anglo-Saxon will observe that all these forms of expression commence with prepositions which, in that language, take after them a dative. This justifies the assertion that this species of accessory may be considered as a substantive accessory in the dative relation.

$134. (1) Describe the accessory next to be considered. (2) Name? (8) Conjunctive word (4) Illustrate by example. (5) How may this accessory be regarded? (6) Into what is it frequently contracted?

(7) What is remarked of that, and how may we distinguish that thus employed?

(8) Punctuation?

§ 185. (1) Describe another species of accessory of purpose. (2) Conjunctive word?

which is nearly equivalent to that not. (3) We may call this, for distinction's sake, the accessory of purpose preventive.

(4) Example: I make my visit short, LEST I may interfere with your occupations I make my visit short, THAT I may NOT interfere, or IN ORDER THAT I may NOT interfere, &c. (5) We sometimes employ the hypothetical form of the verb instead of the conditional in this kind of accessories; thus, I make my visit short, LEST I SHOULD interfere, &c. The conditional form is proper, when we know that the party addressed has definite business on hand, which we do not wish to interrupt; the hypothetical when we know nothing definite, but wish to intimate our desire not to interfere with occupations which the party addressed may possibly have on hand. (6) This form of accessory is very common in our language. Examples: "Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty." "Make no friendship with an angry man, and with a furious man thou shalt not go; lest thou learn his ways," &c. "Give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me with food convenient for me; lest I be full, and deny thee, and say, Who is the Lord? or lest I be poor, and steal, and take the name of my God in vain."

(7) PUNCTUATION.-Separate by a point.

EXERCISE.-Furnish examples involving the accessory of purpose

preventive.

136. EXCEPTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITION.-(1) We may next mention what we shall call the exceptive accessory, which is generally introduced by the exceptive conjunction UNLESS. (2) Example: I cannot succeed, UNLESS my friends assist me.

(3) We supply an example from Hooker, "Seeing then no man can plead eloquently unless he be able first to speak; it followeth, that ability of speech is in this case a thing most necessary.”—Hooker, B. I. ch. 14. This affords a good example for practice in analysis. The whole compound proposition expresses a conclusion or inference introduced by the illative or continuative conjunctive word then, which neither claims precedence, as would be natural, nor is united to its own proposition, "it followeth," which is the leading one of the whole

(3) Name? (4) Example? (5) What form of the verb is sometimes employed instead of the conditional? When is the one form proper, and when the other? (6) What is said of the frequency with which this kind of accessory recurs in language? Give more examples. (7) Punctuation?

§ 136. (1) What accessory is next considered, and what is the conjunctive word? (2) Example? (8) Bring a written copy of the example from Hooker, and, with this before the eyes, repeat the analysis given above,

passage. If therefore had been used, it would have claimed the first place, but the slightly illative then is often thus thrust out of its regular place into a secondary position. Seeing introduces "No man can plead eloquently;" unless introduces the proposition before which it stands," he be able," &c. And the last proposition, "That ability of speech is in this case," &c. is a substantive accessory and the real subject of the leading proposition, the verb "followeth " taking it as a representative and temporary subject till the real one is developed.

(4) The accessory of this kind often precedes the principal. "Unless the LORD had been my help, my soul had almost dwelt in silence."

(5) Except, and except that, and sometimes save are used for the same purpose. (6) These are all imperatives, and the proposition following them is really a substantive accessory used as objective complement to these imperatives. Horne Tooke maintains that unless is also an imperative of the Anglo-Saxon verb onlesan, which means to unlease or unloose.

(7) PUNCTUATION.-Separate by a comma.

EXERCISE.-Furnish compound propositions involving examples of the exceptive accessory.

§ 137.-(1) Those accessories which follow may perhaps be regarded as a fourth class having no analogy with the modifications of simple propositions.

CONDITIONAL AND HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS. (2) We come now to consider a very peculiar and important class of compound propositions-we mean important in a grammatical point of view-namely, conditional propositions.*

(3) These and hypothetical propositions (which it will be convenient to consider in connection with them) differ from other forms

* The learner will please study carefully, in connection with what we say upon conditional and hypothetical propositions, the remarks on the use of the auxiliaries will, shall, may, can, and their past forms would, should, &c., and on the past tense employed hypothetically. (See § 63.)

(4) Repeat remark, and give example.

(5) Enumerate other words used to introduce this kind of accessory. (6) Repeat what is said in reference to these words.

(7) Punctuation?

$187. (1) What is said in reference to the accessories which follow ?

(2) What is said of the class next considered, and what is the name given to them? (3) In what do conditional and hypothetical propositions differ from other forms of com

of compound propositions in this respect, that they convey no absolute assertion. (4) In the conditional proposition the assertion depends upon the condition (hence the name conditional) expressed in the accessory. If this condition is granted the assertion holds, but if not it is void. (5) In the hypothetical proposition the assertion is based upon a mere hypothesis (hence the name hypothetical), upon a supposed case, which (it is generally implied by the nature of the expression) has no real existence, but on the supposition that this case had existed in the past, the assertion (now admitted void) would have been valid. Hence the past tense is employed, as we shall see, both in the principal and in the accessory of the hypothetical compound proposition. (See § 63.)

(6) The word employed both in the conditional and in the hypothetical proposition to connect the accessory is generally IF. This word is commonly supposed to be the imperative of the Anglo-Saxon verb gifan, to give. (7) The form gif for if is found in older writers, and in the Scottish dialect of the last century.

66

'Gif I could fancy aught's sae sweet or fair."

"Gif I cou'd find blae-berries ripe for thee."-Ramsay.

(8) In the conditional the verb of the principal proposition is either of the future form or of the conditional form made with the help of the auxiliaries can and may. (9) When the future form is employed, the futurity of the event expressed in the principal proposition is asserted, subject to the condition or contingency expressed in the accessory. When the conditional form with can or may is employed, only the power or liberty to do the action-in other words, only the possibility of the event-expressed in the principal proposition is asserted, subject, as before, to the condition or contingency expressed in the accessory.

(10) Examples: "I shall go, IF circumstances compel me. He will

pound propositions? (4) On what does the assertion in conditionals depend? (5) Describe the hypothetical proposition.

(6) What word is employed to connect conditional and hypothetical accessories? (†) Examples of gif for if.

(8) What is said of the form of the verb in the principal of conditionals? (9) What is asserted when the future tense is employed in the principal proposition? What when the conditional with can or may is employed? (10) Illustrate by examples. (11) What is said about the arrangement?