If we look into versions made by different translators from the same passage in a foreign tongue, we shall find that, when the opposition be tween two co-ordinate propositions is slight, one translator will employ and, another but as the connective word. For example, turning, in Bagster's Hexapla, to Luke 21: 9, we find in the authorized version "BUT when ye shall hear of wars," &c.; in Wielif, "AND whanne ge schulen here," &c.; in Tyndale and Cranmer, 'BUT," &c., and in the versions of Geneva and Rheims "AND," &c. On the contrary, these all agree in using BUT in the commencement of the twelfth verse of the same chapter, perhaps, because there is, if not a more marked opposition, at least a more marked transition of thought. It is to be observed that in the original Greek, the conjunction employed in both passages is the same, a conjunction performing without discrimination the functions of both AND and BUT, (that is, but in the first-mentioned sense as a weaker adversative, but not but when decidedly exceptive,) and which Greek conjunction (dé) we translate by one or other of these words, according as the sense of the author, and the genius of our own language demand.

(9) We must not forget a very peculiar use of the conjunction but, in which it is nearly equivalent to the adverb only. Examples: "Our light affliction, which is BUT for a moment." "If I may touch BUT his clothes." “We shall BUT die." These are nearly equivalent to "which is ONLY for a moment." "If I may touch ONLY his clothes." "We shall only die," no more. This use of but is apparently of more recent origin than either of the two already mentioned. (10) In propositions of the above form, the negative, it is supposed, was anciently employed; and this use of but, so unlike, as it now seems, to the two above mentioned, is thought to have arisen from the habitual suppression of the negative in such expressions. If we insert the negative in the examples above given, but will have the force which it has in the second mentioned, and now less prevalent, though, we believe, older use (viz., the exceptive) and the sense will remain unchanged. Thus, "Our light affliction, which is" not "but for a moment." "If I may" not "but touch his clothes." "We shall not "but die." When the not is inserted but, as in what we have called the older usage, can take except or save for its substitute. Thus, "Our light affliction, which is " not, except or save "for a moment," &c.*

* When not was employed in such expressions as the above, it would naturally receive very little force in pronunciation: thus, which isn't but for a moment. This fact may perhaps help to account for the gradual sup

(9) Describe a peculiar use of but, and illustrate by examples. (10) Repeat what is said in reference to a supposed suppression in such cases. Illustrate by examples.

(11) As in the case of simple connection by the copulative, so in the case of adversative connection certain other words besides but are sometimes employed in company with it, as subsidiary to it, and often where but is suppressed, to express more emphatically the adversative nature of the connection. We notice among these the expressions, On the contrary, on the other hand, &c. But is also sometimes followed, like and, by the word besides, or besides this, in addition to this, &c. Examples: Many think this man a patriot, ON THE CONTRARY, or BUT ON THE CONTRARY, we think him a mere time-serving, selfish politician. This man is industrious and enterprising, ON THE OTHER HAND, or BUT ON THE OTHER HAND, he is very extravagant. This lady is very beautiful, BUT BESIDES THIS, or BUT IN ADDITION TO THIS, she is very haughty. As we remarked in treating of simple connection, it is, perhaps, most proper-most correct-to treat all such words as forming part of the connecting or conjunctive proposition; as modifications, if we please, of BUT (which may be regarded as implied when not expressed), or of some other suppressed verb-such verbs as add, join, say, &c., as I add, say, &c., or but I add, or say on the other hand, &c. This will save us from thrusting them as modifications on the following proposition, in which they will often appear misplaced and unmeaning.*

pression of the negative. (See more on this use of BUT in Additional Observations, § 150.)

* It may be remarked that the proposition joined to another by but ex ceptive (and consequently that joined by but only) stands often more in the relation of a subordinate than of a co-ordinate proposition. It may sometimes be regarded as an accessory proposition, designed to modify that to which it is attached by expressing a necessary exception, rather than as an independent proposition. In fact it serves often nearly the same purpose as the exceptive accessory already considered.

Propositions in adversative construction, are more generally strictly coordinate. This is proved by the fact that in such propositions we can sometimes substitute the copulative AND for the adversative BUT without material change of the sense. But, as we have seen, even AND, the great connective of co-ordinate propositions, is sometimes employed to join propositions which in sense are really accessory or modifying; and BUT adversative (as well as BUT exceptive) is perhaps much oftener employed in the same way. Yet both AND and BUT are chiefly used to connect propositions essentially independent in sense, as well as in form. The real criterion of the independence of pro

(11) Enumerate other subsidiary words employed in adversative construction. Repeat the remarks on their uses, and illustrate by examples.

(12) In the analysis the manner of procedure is the same as in the case of simple connection. The nature of the connection must be stated, whether adversative or exceptive, distinguishing these from each other, and adverting to the explanation given of the use of but-only, when this word occurs in this peculiar use.

(13) As to the punctuation, when but joins complete propositions, a comma is always inserted before but. (14) When other adversative words, as on the other hand, &c., are inserted, for the more full expression of adversative connection, we place a comma also after the whole connective phrase, separating it from both the propositions connected. Besides this, it is most usual, we think, to place a comma between but and the accompanying words, when both but and an adversative phrase are used. This is proper, if we suppose a verb suppressed, and that the connective is really made up of two contracted propositions. Thus, but on the other hand may be considered equivalent to be out or except this, that I add or say on the other hand. (15) When BUT exceptive is employed to connect a single word serving as a member or complement of an incompletely expressed proposition, it is not generally preceded by a comma, except when the connected word draws lengthened accompaniments after it. Thus, in the assertion, John has learnt all his lessons but one, a comma is not generally inserted before but. In "None of them is lost, but the son of perdition;" and "Neither was I taught it, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ," the comma is inserted. But in this matter usage is not consistent. Perhaps the comma should in all these cases be inserted. Before BUT for only the comma is not employed, as may be seen in the examples given already. When but adversative is separated from the proposition which it really connects by another proposition, or an adverbial phrase which requires interpunction, such proposition or phrase, of course, is separated from but and its proposition by commas.

positions is the sense of the discourse, not invariably the form of the expression, or, in other words, the conjunction which is employed to connect them. The relation of propositions to one another is not always precisely indicated by the construction of discourse. It is not always necessary that their relation should be so indicated, because it is often rendered sufficiently clear by the train of thought. Neither AND nor BUT can be regarded as ever used for the express purpose of indicating subordination.

(12) What is said of the mode of analysis?

(13) What is the punctuation when but separates complete propositions? (14) What when other adversative words are introduced? (15) What when but exceptive is employed to connect a single word? Illustrate by examples.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.-Furnish examples of propositions connected adversatively by but and other adversative phrases.

Examples of Exceptive Connection. Examples of but-only.

§ 148. III. ALTERNATIVE CONNECTION.-(1) In discourse we often find occasion to introduce two distinct, independent propositions, with the intention of asserting one or the other, but not both. In many cases, we may not know which is to be asserted as true, while we are assured that one of them must be true: in other cases, we may not wish to express decisively which we think true, though we have perhaps formed a decided opinion. We therefore submit to the party addressed a choice between two or more alternatives, expressed by two or more independent propositions. (2) The word chiefly employed as a connective for this purpose is or. (3) As this word serves to conjoin alternative assertions, we may call it the Alternative Connective, or the Alternative Conjunction.

We may illustrate this form of construction (of discourse) by the following examples. (4) These men will govern their passions, or their passions will soon govern them. He will act honorably in this matter, or I shall be greatly disappointed. (5) In such forms of expression an alternative is proposed; neither both propositions, nor one or other by itself is asserted absolutely, but some one of the two. If the first is admitted, the last is abandoned; and, if the first is abandoned, the last is admitted. If it is true, that the men will govern their passions, then I abandon the assertion that their passions will govern them; but if it is not true that they will govern their passions, it is positively asserted that their passions will govern them.*

* It will be noticed that there is some kind of analogy between alternative propositions and conditional propositions. We can sometimes substitute the alternative form of construction for the conditional; or, in other words, we can express the same thought by the conditional and by the alternative form. In the one case we use negative, in the other affirmative propositions. Example: If the boy does not study, I shall certainly not countenance his negligence. The boy will study, or I will not countenance, &c. The alternative is a softened and weaker form (a hope is indicated in the example, that the boy will study); and here, as perhaps in all cases of the use of co

$148. (1) State the circumstances under which alternative construction is resorted to. (2) What word is used chiefly as connective? (3) How do we name it? (4) Give examples of this construction. (5) Illustrate with reference to the examples.

(6) What frequently happens in alternative construction? Give examples of common

(6) It happens most frequently that assertions connected alternatively have either a common predicate, or have a common subject. Thus, with common predicates, we have propositions of this form, William OR Robert will accompany us William will accompany us, OR Robert will accompany us. With common subjects, of this form, Riches may become a blessing OR prove a curse to their possessors. Sometimes also or is used to connect alternative complements; thus, I see a cloud or a mountain dimly in the distant horizon. Such expressions can generally be readily resolved into two separate and complete propositions connected by the alternative conjunction. (7) But they cannot in all cases be so resolved. For example, Riches become a blessing or a curse to their possessors, according to the use which they make of them, cannot, without a change of the modifications of the predicate, be resolved into separate complete propositions. (8) The grammarians, we think, may safely admit that all co-ordinate conjunctions may be used to connect co-ordinate propositions, co-ordinate subjects, and predicates of propositions and co-ordinate complements. See more of this in the additional observations on the co-ordinate conjunctions.

(9) There is another distinct use of the conjunction OR, in which it is always placed between words and not between propositions, and performs a function which has exclusive reference to words. In this use it indicates what we may call verbal alternation, or the proposal of a choice of terms or signs of the same conception, not a choice of assertions or of conceptions. (10) Thus we say Alexander, or Paris, referring to the Trojan prince known by both names. Logic, or the art of reasoning. (11) Here OR plainly connects words, and these mere words, not words expressive of separate and distinct conceptions, but alternative names for the same conception. This use of or is so distinct from the preceding that some languages (Latin for example) have a word or sign for this peculiar purpose, altogether different from that employed to perform the first mentioned and more general function of or.

ordinate for accessory construction, the former effects indirectly, by the aid of inference, that which the modifying construction effects directly and indicates explicitly.

predicates, &c. (7) Can such constructions be always resolved into separate propositions? (8) What may grammarians safely admit in reference to the connection of co-ordinates?

(9) Describe a distinct use of the conjunction or. (10) Illustrate by examples. (11) What does or plainly connect in this case? What is said of the equivalent for or thus employed in other languages?