Mar. Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. Hor. Heaven will direct it.? Mar. Nay, let's follow him. [Exeunt. SCENE V. A more remote Part of the Platform. Re-enter Ghost and HAMLET. Ham. Whither wilt thou lead me? speak, I'll go no My hour is almost come, When I to sulphurous and tormenting flames Must render up myself. Ham. Alas, poor ghost! Ghost. Pity me not, but lend thy serious hearing To what I shall unfold. Ham. Speak, I am bound to hear. Ghost. So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. Ham. What? Ghost. I am thy father's spirit; Doom'd for a certain term to walk the night; And, for the day, confin'd to fast in fires,1 ? Heaven will direct it.] Perhaps it may be more apposite to read, "Heaven will detect it." Farmer. Marcellus answers Horatio's question, "To what issue will this come?" and Horatio also answers it himself with a pious resignation, "Heaven will direct it." Blackstone. 1 Doom'd for a certain time to walk the night; And, for the day, confin'd to fast in fires,] Chaucer has a simi lar passage with regard to the punishments of hell, Parson's Tale, p. 193, Mr. Urry's edition: "And moreover the misese of hell, shall be in defaute of mete and drinke." Smith. Nash, in his Pierce Penniless his Supplication to the Devil, 1595, has the same idea: "Whether it be a place of horror, stench and darkness, where men see meat, but can get none, and are ever thirsty," &c. Before I had read the Persones Tale of Chaucer, I supposed that he meant rather to drop a stroke of satire on sa cerdotal luxury, than to give a serious account of the place of future torment. Chaucer, however, is as grave as Shakspeare. So, likewise at the conclusion of an ancient pamphlet called The Wyll of the Devyll, bl. 1. no datę : Till the foul crimes, done in my days of nature, I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word Would harrow up thy soul; freeze thy young blood; Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their spheres ; love's fasting pain." It is observable, that in the statutes of our religious houses, most of the punishments affect the diet of the offenders. But for the foregoing examples, I should have supposed we ought to read-" confin'd to waste in fires." Steevens. This passage requires no amendment. As spirits were supposed to feel the same desires and appetites that they had on earth, to fast might be considered as one of the punishments inflicted on the wicked. M. Mason. Are burnt and purg'd away.] Gawin Douglas really changes the Platonic hell into the "punytion of saulis in purgatory:" and it is observable, that when the Ghost informs Hamlet of his doom there "Till the foul crimes done in his days of nature The expression is very similar to the Bishop's. I will give you his version as concisely as I can: "It is a nedeful thyng to suffer panis and torment;-Sum in the wyndis, sum under the watter, and in the fire uthir sum: thus the mony vices "Contrakkit in the corpis be done away "And purgit.". Sixte Book of Eneados, fol. p. 191. Farmer. Shakspeare might have found this expression in The Hystorie of Hamlet, bl. 1. F. 2, edit. 1608: "He set fire in the foure corners of the hal, in such sort, that of all that were as then therein not one escaped away, but were forced to purge their sinnes by fire." Malone. Shakspeare talks more like a Papist, than a Platonist; but the language of Bishop Douglas is that of a good Protestant: Thus the mony vices "Contrakkit in the corpis be done away These are the very words of our Liturgy, in the commendatory prayer for a sick person at the point of departure, in the office for the visitation of the sick:-"Whatsoever defilements it may have contracted-being purged and done away." Whalley. Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their spheres ;] So, in our poet's 108th Sonnet: "How have mine eyes out of their spheres been fitted, Thy knotted and combined locks to part, To ears of flesh and blood:-List, list, O list!- Ham. O heaven! Ghost. Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. Ham. Murder? Ghost. Murder most foul, as in the best it is; But this most foul, strange, and unnatural. Ham. Haste me to know it; that I, with wings as swift As meditation, or the thoughts of love, fretful porcupine:] The quartos read-fearful, &c. Either epithet may serve. This animal is at once irascible and timid. The same image occurs in The Romaunt of the Rose, where Chaucer is describing the personage of danger: "Like sharpe urchons his heere was grow." An urchin is a hedge-hog. The old copies, however, have-porpentine, which is frequently written by our ancient poets instead of porcupine. So, in Skialetheia, a collection of Epigrams, Satires, &c. 1598: "Porpentine-backed, for here he lies on thornes." Steevens. Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder.] As a proof that this play was written before 1597, of which the contrary has been asserted by Mr. Holt in Dr. Johnson's Appendix, I must borrow, as usual, from Dr. Farmer: "Shakspeare is said to have been no extraordinary actor; and that the top of his performance was the Ghost in his own Hamlet. Yet this chef d'œuvre did not please I will give you an original stroke at it. Dr. Lodge published in the year 1596, a pamphlet called Wit's Miserie, or the World's Madness, discovering the incarnate Devils of the Age, quarto. One of these devils is, Hate-virtue, or sorrow for another man's good successe, who, says the doctor, is a foule lubber, and looks as pale as the vizard of the Ghost, which cried so miserably at the theatre, Hamlet revenge." Steevens. I suspect that this stroke was levelled not at Shakspeare, but at the performer of the Ghost in an older play on this subject, exhibited before 1589. Malone. 6 As meditation, or the thoughts of love,] This similitude is extremely beautiful. The word meditation is consecrated, by the mysticks, to signify that stretch and flight of mind which aspires to the enjoyment of the supreme good. So that Hamlet, considering with what to compare the swiftness of his revenge, chooses two of the most rapid things in nature, the ardency of divine and human passion, in an enthusiast and a lover. Warburton. The comment on the word meditation is so ingenious that I hope it is just, Johnson. I find thee apt; May sweep to my revenge. Ghost. And duller should'st thou be than the fat weed Would'st thou not stir in this. Now, Hamlet, hear: And duller should'st thou be than the fat weed That rots itself in ease on Lethe wharf,] Shakspeare, apparently through ignorance, makes Roman Catholicks of these Pagan Danes; and here gives a description of purgatory; but yet mixes it with the Pagan fable of Lethe's wharf. Whether he did it to insinuate to the zealous Protestants of his time, that the Pagan and Popish purgatory stood both upon the same footing of credibility, or whether it was by the same kind of licentious inadvertance that Michael Angelo brought Charon's bark into his picture of the Last Judgment, is not easy to decide. Warburton. That rots itself in ease, &c.] The quarto reads-That roots itself. Mr. Pope follows it. Otway has the same thought: "1 like a coarse and useless dunghill weed Mr. Cowper also, in his version of the seventh Iliad, v. 100, has adopted this phrase of Shakspeare, to expressσε σ'Ημενοι αἶθι ἔκοσοι ἀκήριοι, "Rot where you sit." v. 112. In Pope's Essay on Man, Ep. II, 64, we meet with a similar comparison: "Fix'd like a plant on his peculiar spot, "To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot." The superiority of the reading of the folio is to me apparent: to be in a crescent state (i. e. to root itself) affords an idea of activity; to rot better suits with the dulness and inaction to which the Ghost refers. Beaumont and Fletcher have a thought somewhat similar in The Humorous Lieutenant : "This dull root pluck'd from Lethe's flood." Steevens. That roots itself in ease &c.] Thus the quarto, 1604. The folio reads-That rots itself &c. I have preferred the reading of the original copy, because to root itself is a natural and easy phrase, but "to rot itself," not English. Indeed in general the readings of the original copies, when not corrupt, ought, in my opinion, not to be departed from, without very strong reason. That roots itself in ease, means, whose sluggish root is idly extended. The modern editors read-Lethe's wharf; but the reading of the old copy is right. So, in Sir Aston Cockain's Poems, 1658, p. 177: fearing these great actions might die, Neglected cast all into Lethe lake." Malone. That Shakspeare, or his first editors, supposed-rots itself to be English, is evident from the same phrase being used in Antony and Cleopatra: 'Tis given out, that, sleeping in mine orchard, A serpent stung me; so the whole ear of Denmark Rankly abus'd: but know, thou noble youth, Ham. O, my prophetick soul! my uncle! Ghost. Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast, But virtue, as it never will be mov'd, Though lewdness court it in a shape of heaven; And prey on garbage. But, soft! methinks, I scent the morning air; "lackeying the varying tide, "To rot itself with motion." See Anthony and Cleopatra, Act I, sc. iv, Vol. XIII. Steevens. his wit,] The old copies have wits. The subsequent line shows that it was a misprint. Malone. 9 sate itself in a celestial bed, And prey on garbage.] The same image occurs again in Cymbeline: ravening first "The lamb, longs after for the garbage." Steevens. The same sentiment is expressed in a fragment of Euripides, Antiope, v. 86, edit. Barnes: 1 Juliet: σε Κόρος δὲ πάντων, καὶ γὰρ ἐκ καλλιόνων σε Λέκτροις ἐν αἰσχροῖς εἶδον ἐκπεπληγμένος. σε Δαιτὸς δὲ πληρωθείς τις, "ασμενος πάλιν σε Φαύλη διαίτη προσβαλών ήσθη στόμα.” Todd. mine orchard,] Orchard for garden. So, in Romeo and “The orchard walls are high, and hard to climb.” Steevens. VOL. XV. G |