represents no particular noun, but simply a state or condition of things.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"The general gave orders to his soldiers."

What part of speech is gave? § 122. Why? § 122? Conjugate it? § 149. Regular or irregular? § 167. Why? 167. What kind? § 125. Why? § 125. What mode? 135. Why? § 135. What tense? 142. Why? § 142. What number? § 147. Why? § 147. What person? What is its subject-nominative ?

§ 148. Why? 148. General.

EXAMPLES FOR PARSING.

3

Then Jesus said' unto them, Go' your way and tell John what things ye have seen and heard, how that the blind see. Saul hath slain his thousands. Till moons shall wax and wane no more. He treads the lonely halls. Think on me when it shall be well with thee. He wore his cloak when I first beheld' him, but soon laid1 it aside. But Beware of men.

"Did you admire my lamp, quoth" he,

As much as I your minstrelsy."

It rained violently. It thaws slowly to-day. It snows.

PARTICLES.

§ 170. The parts of speech not inflected, are called particles. They consist of adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. To which of these parts the different particles belong, depends much upon their construction in a sentence. The same particle may be an adverb in one construction, a preposition in another, and a conjunction in another.

FIRST COURSE.

What are the parts of speech called which are not inflected? Name them. How may we know to which of these parts the different particles belong?

ADVERBS.

§ 171. An adverb is a particle used to modify or limit the meaning of a verb, a participle, an adjective or another adverb; as, "James studies diligently," "he is remarkably faithful."

§ 172. Adverbs may be divided into classes according to the nature of the modification denoted by them.

§ 173. There are four classes of adverbs; adverbs of time, of manner, of place and of quantity.

§ 174. Adverbs of time are those which answer to the question when? how often?

REMARK. Adverbs of time admit of the following subdivisions; viz.:

1. Of present time; as, forthwith, immediately, instantly, now, presently, to-day.

2. Of past time; as, ago, anciently, already, erewhile, formerly, heretofore, hitherto, lately, recently, since, yesterday. 3. Of future time; as, erelong, henceforth, hereafter, soon,

to-morrow.

4. Of absolute time; as, always, ago, continually, eternally, ever, never, perpetually.

5. Of relative tiwe; as, after, as-far-as, as-soon-as, as-longas, before, betimes, early, late, long, seasonably, till, then, until when, while, whilst.

6. Of repeated time; as, again, daily, anon, frequently, monthly, occasionally, often, oft, once, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, thrice, weekly, yearly.

7. Of ordinal time; as, first, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, etc.

§ 175. Those adverbs which answer to the question, how? are called adverbs of manner.

FIRST COURSE.

How may adverbs be divided into classes?
What are they? What is an adverb of

What is an adverb? How many classes are there? time? Of manner?

SECOND COURSE.

Of how many subdivisions will adverbs of time admit? Name them.

REMARK 1. These admit of the following subdivisions: 1. Of affirmation; as, aye, amen, doubtless, certainly, forsooth, indeed, surely, truly, undoubtedly, verily, yea, yes. 2. Of quality; as, as well as, foolishly, unjustly, quickly, well, wisely, etc.

3. Of cause; as, why, wherefore.

4. Of mode; as, across, apart, asunder, else, however, howsoever, how, like, much, necessary, otherwise, particularly, so, somehow, thus, together.

5. Of doubt; as, haply, perhaps, perchance, peradventure, possibly.

6. Of negation; as, no, nay, not, nowise.

REM. 2. When the following adverbs, why, wherefore, where, whether, whence, whereto, and whereunto, are used to ask questions, they are interrogatives, yet belong to the same classes under which they are arranged.

§ 176. Those adverbs which answer to the question where? whither? or whence? are called adverbs of place.

REMARK. Adverbs of place, admit of the following subdivisions :

1. "Of place in which;" as, above, about, around, anywhere, below, elsewhere, everywhere, here, hereabout, nowhere, somewhere, thereabout, there, wherever, within, without, whereabout, where, herein, yonder.

2. "Of place to which;" as, backwards, back, down, downwards, forth, forwards, hither, in, inwards, thereunto, thereto, thither, whereto, whereunto, whither.

3. "Of place from which;" as, away, hence, out, thence, whence.

4. "Of the order of place;" as, first, second, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly.

§ 177. Those adverbs which answer to the question How much? are called adverbs of quantity.

FIRST COURSE.

What is an adverb of place? Of quantity?

SECOND COURSE.

Of how many subdivisions will adverbs of manner admit? Repeat them. When are the adverbs why, wherefore, where, whether, whence whereto, and whereunto used as interrogatives? What subdivisions do the adverbs of place admit of?

REMARK 1. Adverbs of quantity admit of the following subdivisions :

1. "Of abundance or excess;" as, altogether, all besides, chiefly, completely, clear, entirely, excessively, extravagantly, far, full, fully, generally, greatly, intolerably, immeasurably, inconceivably, infinitely.

2. "Of deficiency or abatement;" as, almost, barely, but, hardly, little, nearly, only, partly, partially, scarcely,

3. "Of equality;" as, even, enough, equally, sufficiently so. REM. 2. Even, even so, how, however, and howsoever, are adverbs of quantity, when they denote in what degree.

REM. 3. When hence, now, since, still, then, when, and yet, denote relation of time, they are adverbs; but when they denote a connection of thought, they should be regarded as conjunctions.

REM. 4. But, used in the sense of only, is an adverb; but when it denotes opposition, it is a conjunction.

REM. 5. However, denoting manner, is an adverb; but, connection of thought, it is a conjunction.

CONNECTIVE ADVERBS.

§ 178. Connective adverbs are such as not only denote some relation of time, manner, place or quantity, but serve to connect propositions and sentences; as, "I left when he arrived;" "I went where my father was buried." In these examples, when and where not only denote time and place, but they serve to connect the sentences in which they are placed. The following particles are frequently used as connective adverbs, as, as well as, again, also, after, as, besides, before, ere, else, even, hence, otherwise, since, so, so as, then, thence, till, until, when, where, while, whilst, as far as.

FIRST COURSE.

What are connective adverbs? What particles may be used as connective adverbs?

SECOND COURSE.

What subdivisions do the adverbs of quantity admit of? When are even, even so, how, however and howsoever adverbs of quantity? When are hence, now, since, still, then, when and yet, adverbs, and when conjunctions? When is but an adverb? When is however an adverb ?

REMARK 1. When any of the above particles denote connection of thought, they should be parsed as conjufictions.

REM. 2. Some adverbs modify equally two verbs in different propositions: as, "I reside in the northern regions, where the sun seldom warms the earth with his genial rays.'

REM. 3. When prepositions are annexed to the adverbs where and there, they are substitutes for pronouns; as, wherein for in which; therein for in that; whereby for by which; thereby for by that; thereto for to that; whereto and whereunto for to what. Such compounds are not generally used by modern writers, but are mostly found in ancient productions.

REM. 4. When when, where, and some other adverbs of time and place, are used as connective adverbs, they are substitutes for a noun and a relative pronoun; as, I left when he came, i. e., I left at the time in which he came: I remained where I found my friend, i. e., I remained in the place in which I found my friend. These adverbs, when used as connectives, abbreviate the expression.

MODIFICATION OF ADVERBS.

§ 179. Adverbs are modified only by the degrees of comparison. A few adverbs are compared regularly like adjectives, thus:

less justly,

Superlative.

longest.
soonest.

oftenest.

most wisely.

REM. 1. Some adverbs are compared irregularly, thus:

most justly.

least justly.

farthest.

worst.

least.

most.

How are adverbs modified? How are they compared?

SECOND COURSE.

When any of the particles mentioned in 178 denote connection of thought, what are they called? Can adverbs ever modify two verbs in different propositions? Under what circumstances are where and there substitutes for pronouns? Name some adverbs which are compared irregularly.