T. Yerkes, a wealthy citizen of Chicago. In furtherance of his scheme, Alvan G. Clark secured from France 2 perfect disks of optical glass, crown and flint, 40 inches in diameter, which after great labor he has converted into the giant lenses. The finished objective has been tested recently by an expert, Prof. James E. Keeler, Director of the Allegheny Observatory, Pennsylvania, and Prof. George E. Hale, of the Yerkes Observatory. They found the definition to equal that of the telescope at the Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, California, which also is the work of Mr. Clark. The light-gathering power of the two objectives is as 5 to 4. The number of square inches in the Lick glass is, approximately, 1,018, and in the Yerkes 1,257.

The form of the observatory is that of a Roman cross, with three domes and a meridian room at the end of each. The principal axis of the building is 330 feet long, lying east and west. The great dome, 90 feet in diameter, is at the west end. This, the largest ever constructed, was designed and built by Messrs. Warner and Swasey, of Cleveland, Ohio. The sole plate and ribs are of steel. It is revolved by an electric motor. As the telescope is but 75 feet in length, the dome affords ample room for the spectroscope attachment and for manipulation of the chair. A high chair is not needed, as the floor is elevated and depressed through a range of 22 feet by a special electric motor. Similar motors are made to do service in many ways. Of the 2 smaller ones, constructed by the same firm, that to the northwest will house Prof. Hale's telescope, which for several years has done duty in Kenwood Observatory, Chicago, while the other will contain a 24-inch reflector. Between these two domes is the heliostat room, 100 feet long and 12 feet wide. The heliostat, with plain mirror 24 inches in diameter, stands on a pier at the north end of this room under an iron roof, which is rolled

off to the south. The main building has a hall through its center, on each side of which lie the necessary anterooms These rooms and those in the basement are as follow: Computing room, library, museum, lecture room, two spectroscopic laboratories, chemical laboratory, galvanometer room, instrument room, photographic dark room, developing room, enlarging room, emulsion room, constant-temperature room, physical laboratory, optician's room, and workshop. The building containing the engines, dynamos, and boilers for the generation of power and heat is several hundred feet from the observatory, for avoidance of danger from fire and possible boiler explosions. A novel feature of this institution will be its instrument shop, where, in due time, it is hoped, it will be possible to construct such instruments and laboratory apparatus as shall be needed for advanced investigation under the immediate supervision of those who are to use them.

The site of the observatory, consisting of 50 acres of wooded land fronting on Lake Geneva, is one mile from the village of William's Bay, Lake Geneva, Wis., about 75 miles from Chicago, in an ideal rural region free from the dust and smoke of the city, and, what is still more advantageous, away from its electric street lights, which are ruinous to astronomical observatories. In extent and convenience, no observatory in the world can equal the equipment of the Yerkes. Its principal instruments will include three telescopes, the main one being the greatest refractor the world has ever produced, sidereal and mean-time clocks, a position micrometer, a solar spectrograph, a stellar spectrograph, a photoheliograph, a transit instrument, and a meridian circle.

Its publications will consist of irregularly is sued bulletins with announcements of discoveries

and results, contributions, annals of the observatory in quarto-volume form, and the "Astrophysical Journal." Its director is Prof. George E. Hale; the astronomers, Dr. E. E. Barnard and Prof. S. W. Burnham, eminent specialists; the astrophysicist, Prof. I. L. O. Wadsworth; while Dr. T. J. J. See has the chair of Astronomy in the University of Chicago, of which the Yerkes Observatory is a branch.

The construction of the objective in the mammoth telescope is similar to that of the Lick telescope, the crown and the flint lenses being in this instance separated 7 inches. Their weight, including the cast-iron cell in which they are mounted, is 1,000 pounds. At the test of the instrument on different objects in October, at Mr. Clark's optical works, Cambridgeport, Mass., on four nights, good images at the focus were obtained of stars at widely different altitudes, the definition being equal to that of the Lick telescope, while the brightness of the images was considerably greater. With a low power the Orion nebula was a wonderful object. But Prof. Keeler thinks he has evidence that we are approaching the limit of size in the construction of great objectives. The conclusions arrived at regarding this most excellent glass were shared by both the astronomers testing it, Profs. Keeler and Hale, the former gentleman having been a user of the Lick telescope, and therefore called as an expert to this trial of merit, which, by the terms of the contract, was necessary to insure its acceptance by the observatory.

Comets. Since last year's report nine comets have been discovered, though two were expected returns to perihelion, and can therefore hardly ha be called discoveries.

Comet b 1896 (Faye's) was first detected at the Nice Observatory, France, on Sept. 26. It was exceedingly faint and was seen at but few observatories. Its period is nearly 7.5 years. It is never visible to the naked eye, as is also the case with nearly all the periodics, that belong to the Jupiter family of comets. It arrived at perigee (nearest the Earth) in October, 1895, but was not in perihelion (nearest the Sun) until March 19, 1896. It has appeared with unfailing regularity since its discovery by Faye, on Nov. 22, 1843.

Comet a 1895 (Swift) was discovered by Dr. Lewis Swift at Lowe Observatory, Echo Mountain, California, Aug. 21, 1895. It was noticed in the last volume of this publication, but the elements of its orbit, for lack of accurate observations and computations, were given erroneously. It proves to have a short period, and is with good reason thought to be identical with the long-lost comet of Lexell discovered by Messier, June 14, 1770, with a computed period of 5.5 years. It must therefore have made about twenty unobserved returns to perihelion. The elements of its orbit are often changed by near approaches to Jupiter, another of which will occur in 1922, but not to the extent of those of 1886. Based on observations extending over two months, M. Schulhof has computed the following elliptic elements: Perihelion passage, 1895, Aug. 20-8272, Paris mean time-longitude of perihelion = 338° 4′16′′; longitude of node = 170° 18' 8"; inclination = 3° 15"; eccentricity = 0.65155; mean daily motion = 493-743''; period = seven years one hundred and eighty-six days. The computer thinks it will not again be visible until its fifth return in 1931.

Comet 1895 c (Perrine) was discovered on the morning of Nov. 17 in Virgo, right ascension 13h 44m: declination north 1° 40′. It was visible with an opera glass when discovered, and soon became conspicuously visible to the naked eye. On Nov. 26 its tail was 5° long. long. The following parabolic elements have been computed for it by Prof. Campbell: Perihelion passage, Dec. 18-33570, Greenwich mean time-longitude of perihelion = 233° 1' 57"; longitude of node = 320° 26′ 19"; inclination = 141° 39' 22"; perihelion distance = 0.192253. Earth's = 1.

Comet d 1895 (Brooks) a fairly bright, but rapidly moving comet, was discovered by Brooks, of Smith Observatory, Geneva, N. Y., Nov. 21, in Hydra. Its motion was nearly north, soon becoming circumpolar, and so remained till it became invisible. The following elements, unlike those of any other comet, were computed by Prof. Leuschner: Perihelion passage, 1895, Oct. 21-2183, Greenwich mean timelongitude of perihelion = 22°; longitude of node = 83° 1'; inclination = 76° 43'; perihelion distance = 0.84594.

Comet a 1896 (Perrine-Lamp) was discovered at the Lick Observatory, Feb. 15, 1896, by Perrine, and a few hours later by Dr. Lamp, of Kiel, Germany. The story of its discovery is interesting, but too long to be embodied here. They (the Perrine and Perrine-Lamp comets) passed each other, moving in opposite directions, within three or four degrees, on Feb. 20. The history of astronomy furnishes but one previous instance of two comets having passed each other so closely that both were almost included in the same field of the telescope. This near approach, however, was only apparent; for one was four times as far from the Earth as was the other. The following elements are by Dr. Chandler, and are almost identical with those computed by Dr. Lamp: Time of perihelion passage, 1896, Jan. 31-76287, Greenwich mean time-longitude of perihelion = 206°18′ 10.6′′; longitude of node = 208° 55′ 51·7"; inclination = 155° 47′ 38·1"; perihelion distance = 0.5872.

Comet 6 1896 (Swift) was discovered on April 13, though it was seen a few days before and considered a nebula. It came up from the southern hemisphere, passing between the Earth and the Sun, crossing the ecliptic almost exactly at its perihelion point. It was easily visible with an opera glass, was nearly round, with a bright though very small nucleus and a tail a few minutes in length. The following elements, which somewhat resemble those of Comet II 1786, are by Atkin, of Lick Observatory: Perihelion passage April 17.64655 Greenwich mean time-longitude of node = 178° 15′ 58·1"; longitude of perihelion = 180° 5.7"; inclination = 55° 34′ 16"; perihelion distance = 0.56639.

Periodic Comet V 1889 (Brooks) was detected at the Observatory of Nice, June 20, 1896-in right ascension 22h 25m 38s, declination south 18° 38′59′′very nearly at the computed place given several months previously by Charles Lane Poor, who calculated the elements from observations made at its first recorded appearance in 1889.

Comet d 1896 was discovered by M. Giacobini at Nice, Sept. 5. The following elements were computed by Seares and Crawford, of the University of California: Longitude of node = 195° 34'; longitude of perihelion = 350°22'; inclination = 9°6'; perihelion distance = 1·1127.

nation with an opera glass revealed the presence of another about 30 north, the latter not visible to the unassisted eye. The usual discovery notification was telegraphed to the Lick and Harvard College Observatories, and by Prof. Pickering, of the latter, was cabled to Europe. Neither of these bodies was seen elsewhere.

Astronomical Prizes. The gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of England has been awarded to Dr. S. C. Chandler, of Boston, for his work on variable stars and for his investigation of the fluctuations of latitude in certain places, which he ascribes to motions of the earth's axis, causing both poles, in a period of about fourteen months, to describe small circles of about 30' radius. The evidence of this hypothesis is so convincing, as presented by him, that it meets with general acceptance by astronomers.

The Valz astronomical prize, bestowed by the Academy of Sciences of Paris, has been received by William F. Denning, of Bristol, England, for his observations of shooting stars, the discovery of comets, and other astronomical work.

E. T. Whitaker is the recipient of the Tyson medal awarded by Cambridge University. England.

The bronze comet medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific has been twice bestowed on Dr. Lewis Swift. Director of Lowe Observatory, Echo Mountain, California, for Comet IV 1895, Nov. 17, and for Comet II 1896, on April 13. Also to Prof. W. R. Brooks, Director of Smith Observatory, Geneva, N. Y., for the discovery of Comet III 1895, on Nov, 21. Also to Prof. C. D. Perrine for Comet IV 1895, on Nov. 17.

AUSTRALASIA, one of the grand divisions of the globe, consisting of the continent of Australia and the island colonies of Great Britain in the Pacific, with intervening islands. With the exception of the Dutch and German parts of New Guinea, the German protectorates of Bismarck Archipelago and the northern Solomon Islands, the French colony of New Caledonia, and smaller groups still under native rule, all the islands of Australasia are British colonies or dependencies. The five colonies of Australia and the colonies of Tasmania and New Zealand are self-governing, each having its representative legislature and its responsible ministry, disposing of its own revenues, and making all its laws, under charters granted by the British Parliament, subject to a certain reserved veto power of the Imperial Government and to the appellate jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee of the British House of Lords in matters of imperial concern. The Crown is represented by a governor in each colony, who, as the executive head of the colonial government, acts on the advice of ministers chosen from the party or combination that forms the majority of the Legislative Assembly. Fiji is a Crown colony in which the natives are governed partly by their own chiefs according to traditional custom.

Area and Population. The area of the British Australasian colonies, computed from the latest surveys, and their estimated population on Dec. 31, 1894, were as follow:

COLONIES.

New South Wales. Victoria....

South Australia.... Western Australia. Tasmania....

New Zealand.....

Fiji and Rotuma.

Total...

The total population of the 7 Australasian colonies at the end of 1895 was estimated at 4,238,000,,

an increase of 11-25 per cent. since the census of 1891. Queensland is gaining rapidly in population, and Western Australia expands at a phenomenal rate, having, on June 30, 1896, a population of 122,

420.

In the Australasian colonies the male population, consisting largely of emigrants from the British Islands, predominates in a marked degree.

Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, had an estimated population of 423,600 at the close of 1894, while Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, had 438,955, nearly 40 per cent. of the total population of the colony. In Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, lived a population of 93,657, including the suburbs, when the census was taken on April 5, 1891. The population of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, was 141,606 in 1894, including the suburbs; while the whole northern territory had only 4,682 inhabitants, of whom 357 were females, Tasmania's capital, Hobart, had a population of 24,905 in 1891. The estimated population of Perth, the capital of Western Australia, was 15,703 in 1894. The vital statistics for the several colonies in

Natural Net im

COLONIES.

The black population of New South Wales in 1891 was 5,097, of whom 2,896 were males and 2,201 females, and there were 3,183 half-castes. Victoria had only 565 aborigines surviving. In Queensland the aborigines are estimated to number 12,000. In South Australia there were 3,134 aborigines in 1891, of whom 1,661 were males and 1,473 females. In Western Australia there is still a large black population in the unsettled regions. There were 5,670 blacks in the service of colonists in 1891. South Australia also is to a great extent unexplored. There were 3,134 blacks enumerated in the settled districts in 1891.

The aborigines of Tasmania are extinct. Chinese immigration was restricted by the imposition of a poll tax of £10 in New Zealand in 1881, and the adoption in the same year of the practically prohibitive poll tax of £100 in all the Australian colonies excepting Western Australia and the northern territory of South Australia. Since then the Chinese population has diminished rapidly. Between 1890 and 1895, 3,158 Chinese left New South Wales, while only 160 arrived. In Queensland, where the Chinese are principally engaged in gold mining, 429 arrived in 1894, and 467 departed. The Chinese population of that colony in 1891 was 8,574, of whom 47 were females. In Victoria there were 8,772 Chinese, of whom 605 were females. New South Wales had 13,133 Chinese; South Australia, 3,848; Tasmania, 943; New Zealand, 4,444. There were 9,428 Polynesian laborers in Queensland in 1891, and 1,844 of other alien races. The arrivals of Polynesians in 1894 numbered 1,869, and the departures 837. Fiji-where the white population at the end of 1894 numbered 2,666, the half-castes 1,167, the native Fijians 103,750, and the Rotumans 2,113-had 2,233 Polynesian laborers on the plantations and 9,130 Indian coolies.

Finances. The budgets of the several colonies for 1894, and the state of their debts for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, in New South Wales,

average rate is 3.9 per cent.

Of the revenue of New South Wales, £2,688,693 in 1894 came from taxation, viz., £2,015,695 from customs, £256,664 from excise, £294,221 from stamp duties, and £122,113 from licenses; £2,078,719 from land revenue; £4,246,610 from services that is, railroads, tramways, the post office, telegraphs, and waterworks; and £286,689 from miscellaneous sources. Of the expenditure, £1,712,221 went for railways and tramways, £733,042 for posts and telegraphs, £2,384,578 for interest on debt and extinction of loans, £2,109 for immigration, £738,410 for instruction, and £3,608,346 for other public works and services. Of the total debt, 83 per cent. had been expended on railways, tramways, telegraphs, water supply, and sewerage, which paid a net return of 3.11 per cent. of the cost of their construction. The value of these revenue-yielding works at the close of 1892 was £46,752,900; of works and buildings yielding no revenue, £23,493,400; of public lands leased but not sold, £98,008,000; amount due on lands purchased from the state, £13,671,200; value of municipal property, £7,213,000; total public wealth, £189,138,500. Value of private lands, £179,043,000; of houses and improvements, £126,896,000; other forms of wealth, £98,209,000; total private wealth, £404,148,000. Total wealth of the colony, £593,286,500. The revenue of the Government for the year ending June 30, 1896, was £9,283,803, which wiped out the preceding year's deficit and left a surplus of £333,296. The revenue for the year 1896-'97 was estimated at £9,274,803, and expenditure at £9,400,000. The Government had taken off £750,000 of customs duties and put on £500,000 of direct taxation. It was proposed to obtain £120,000 a year by increasing the probate duties and, if necessary, amending the stamp duties. The Government proposed ings banks, and eventually to give these united banks the character of a state bank, with control of the note circulation.

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Of the revenue of Victoria for 1894, amounting to £6,716,814, taxation yielded £2,497,567, of which £1,716,703 came from customs, £308,927 from excise, £123,457 from the land tax, £144,771 from duties on the estates of deceased persons, £24,694 from a duty on bank notes, £145,000 from the stamp duty, £18,022 from business licenses, and £15,993 from tonnage dues, etc.; £2,709,575 came from railroads; £536,731 from posts and telegraphs; £500,768 from Crown lands; and £472,173 from other sources. Of the expenditures for 1894, amounting to £7,310,246, interest and expenses of the debt accounted for £1,905,928; working expenses of railroads, £1,539,822; other public works, £593,076; posts and telegraphs, £687,377; Crown lands, £182,094; public instruction, £665,394; charitable institutions, £263,809; judicial and legal expenses, £181,899; police and jails, £309,336; customs, harbors, etc., £101, 088; mining, £81,776; defenses, £207,577; other expenditures, £591,070. Of the total sum raised by loans £36,443,476 was expended on railroad construction, $7,197,706 for waterworks, £1,005,557 for state school buildings, and £1,900,939 for other public works. The average rate of interest on the debt is 393 per cent., net local debt amounts to £8,234,000. The total value of the taxable property in the colony is £175,000,000. During the year that ended on June 30, 1896, the revenue amounted to £6,461,142 and the expenditure to £6,678,795. For the coming year the revenue was estimated at £6,678,795, and the expenditure at £6,507,944. The revenue of Queensland for 1896 was £3,642,000, surpassing that of any previous year, and exceeding the estimates by £172,000. The expenditure amounted to £3,568,000. The total indebtedness of the colony on June 30, 1896, was £31,945,000. Of the Queensland revenue for 1895, customs yielded £1,144,661; export and export duties, £61,015; stamp duties, £101,886; licenses, £52,832; dividend duty, £57,096; rent for pastoral lands, £353,480; other rents and sales, £218,930; railroads, £977,289; posts and telegraphs, £217,078. The principal expenditures were £1,256,582 for interest on the public debt, £62,947 for endowments to municipalities, £211,605 for public instruction, £140,144 for expenses of the colonial Treasurer, £92,873 for the public lands, £581,973 for the working expenses of railways, and £298,467 for posts and telegraphs. The private lands of the colony are valued for taxation purposes at $42,683,687, including pastoral lands leased from the state, the lessees' interest in which is assessed at £6,618,737.

The revenue of South Australia is derived chiefly from customs, inland revenue, railways, posts and telegraphs, and territorial receipts, and two thirds of it is spent for public works and interest on the debt. Of the debt, 75 per cent. was expended on railroads, waterworks, and telegraphs. The railroads yield a net revenue over working expenses of 3.65 per cent. The real property of the colony is valued at £51,056,380, and the personal property at £33,319,294. In the year ending June 30, 1896, the revenue was £2,612,038.

In Western Australia £415,083 of the public revenue of 1894 was derived from customs duties and £448,597 from railroads, the post office, and leases of public lands. The revenue of the colony for the fiscal year 1896 amounted to £1,858,694, exceeding the estimate by £547,544, and showing an increase of 70 per cent. over the preceding year.

In Tasmania the customs receipts for 1894 amounted to £281,945. The whole debt was obtained for the construction of public works. The revenue of the colony has produced surpluses for three consecutive years, reducing the deficiency of former years to less than £400,000. For 1896-'97 a revenue of £786,610 is expected, and the expendi

ture is estimated at £751,862.

Of the total revenue of New Zealand for 1894, direct taxes yielded £662,483; indirect taxes, £1,633,249; railroads, £1,150,787; posts and telegraphs, £369,126; other ordinary sources, £176,240; territorial revenue, £338,213. Of the total expenditure, £1,664,783 went for debt charges, £735,090 for railroad expenses, £430,967 for public instruction, £301,551 for constabulary, militia, and volunteers,

£698,502 for other ordinary expenses, and £235,889 for erritorial expenditures. The new system of land taxation introduced in 1891 places the assessment on the actual value of the land, deducting the value of improvements and mortgages, which latter are subject to the same land tax, to be paid by the mortgagee. The rate for 1895 was 1d. to the pound. In addition to the ordinary land tax a graduated tax is assessed on large properties, rising from d. on estates above £5,000 and below £10,000 in value up to 2d. to the pound on those valued at £210,000 or over. The same law established an income tax for incomes above £300, which amount is exempted from all incomes. Persons having less than £1,000 of yearly income above that limit pay 6d. in the pound, and persons having over £1,000 of taxable income pay 1s. in the pound. For the year ending March 31, 1895, the total ordinary revenue, exclusive of £316,167 from sales of land and rents, was £3,965,829, of which £1,569,784 came from customs duties, £280,188 from the land tax, £89,891 from the income tax, and £1,152,748 from railroads. The chief items of expenditure were £1,716,889 for interest and sinking fund, £727,656 for railroads, £403,234 for education, £298,766 for the postal and telegraph service, and £177,188 for defense and constabulary. The total ordinary expenditure £4,266,712, and the extraordinary expenditure for reproductive works and other purposes was £250,018. The surplus carried over from the preceding year was £290,238, and the cash surplus left on March 31, 1895, was £180,024. The receipts from land sales for the year were £121,467. The total value of the land and improvements in the colony was assessed in 1891 at £122,225,029, of which £85,818,167 represented land in counties and £36,406,862 land in the boroughs. The value of the improvements was £27,922,735 in the counties and £18,442,526 in boroughs. The revenue for 1895-'96 amounted to £4,556,000 and expenditure to £4,370,000. The ordinary revenue for 1896-'97 was estimated at £4,484,000, and the expenditure at £4,452,000. The public debt was increased to £2,500,000 in 1896, and a further loan of £1,000,000 was asked for. The proposed extraordinary expenditure for 1897 included £250,000 for railroad extension, £250,000 for the acquisition of native lands, and £500,000 for improving roads and Crown lands.

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Commerce and Production. The following table shows the foreign and intercolonial trade of the several colonies in 1894:

The exports of wool from New South Wales have increased in almost constant but latterly diminishing progression from 173,373,425 pounds in 1885 to 354,165,446 pounds in 1894, but the total value has grown smaller each successive year since 1891, when £11,312,980 was received for an export of export 340,691,382 pounds, whereas the value of the larger export in 1894 was £9,628,123. Victoria in 1894 imported wool of the value of £2,517,437 and exported £4,742,522 worth. Queensland's export of wool was £2,923,281 in value. South Australia exported £1,275,611 worth; Tasmania, £263,422; Western Australia, £232.201. The wool export of New Zealand was 144,295,154 pounds, valued at £4,827,016. The exports of chilled and preserved meats, of leather and hides, and of cheese and butter, have become considerable in several of the Australasian colonies. The exports of frozen meat from New Zealand were much larger in 1895 than in previous years owing to the demand in England for lamb. The cattle-raising industry has made most progress in Queensland. In 1896 a plague appeared among the herds and spread from that colony to others. This was the tick insect, which eats its way into the vital parts of the animal, causing the destruction of entire herds. It even lives and lays its eggs in salted meats and hides, and is thus spread from one district to another.

Western Australia exported £115,182 of gold in 1891; in 1892, £226,284; in 1893, £421,385; in 1894, £787,099. Victoria's exports of gold, mostly specie, were £2,641,443 in 1891; £1,848,948 in 1892; £2,851,179 in 1893; and £3,718,675 in 1894. New South Wales in 1894 exported £1,975,573 of gold coin. The export of gold from Queensland in 1894 was £2,381,916. Tasmania exported £212,929 of gold. New Zealand's gold exports fell off from £1,007,488 in 1891 to £887,865 in 1894. The 7 Australasian colonies produced 2,350,562 ounces of gold in 1895, compared with 2,239,764 ounces in 1894.

Besides wool and gold, the principal exports from New South Wales in 1894 were: Tallow, £1,146,528; coal, £815,435; hides and skins, £565,331; leather, £241,848; preserved and frozen meat, £413,448. In addition to these, New South Wales tin was imported by Great Britain to the amount of £259,134; silver ore, £854,210; and copper, £129,526.

Victoria's exports consist largely of manufactured articles and re-exports. Live stock was ex

ported in 1894 to the amount of £282,045; leather and leathern cloth, £223,749; tallow, £281,979; apparel, £85,622; breadstuffs, £961,032; sugar, principally refined in Victoria, £138,070; miscellaneous articles, £3,321,506.

The export of wheat from South Australia in 1890 was £1,382,418 in value, and the flour export £613,823. In the next two years the value of the wheat exported fell off to £326,613, while flour was exported to the amount of £599,022. In the two years succeeding, the value of wheat exports rose again to £741,912 in 1894, when the flour export was valued at £327,638.

Queensland produces other valuable minerals besides gold. In 1894 there were 2,871 tons of tin mined, valued at £102,277; 183,158 ounces of silver, of the value of £22,077; besides copper, lead, bismuth, antimony, and £12,000 worth of gems. The export of copper in that year was £18,134; of silver, £96,492; of pearl shell, £95,355. The export of sugar was valued at £886,834. There is a large trade with large England in meat products. The export of of frozen meat in 1894 was £498,652; of preserved meat, £259,416; of meat extract, £40,886; of hides and skins, £270,207; of tallow, £468,320. The export of green fruit amounted to £32,682.

Western Australia exported in 1894, in addition to gold and wool, pearls of the value of £25,000; pearl shell, £37,805; timber, £74,804; and skins, £14,775. There is a species of eucalyptus the wood of which is greatly valued in Europe for paving blocks. The total imports into Western Australia in 1895 amounted to £3,774,951, and exports to £1,334,432.