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d their own hands prevent the stroke of fate : ftill are ignorant that this vain fear eds all their trouble, jealoufy, and care; kes men unkind, unchafte, and break their truft;

fhort, deftroys whate'er is good and just. fome their parents, and their country fell, free themselves from death, and following hell. For we by day, as boys by night, do fear dows, as vain and fenfeless as those are. crefore that darkness that o'erfpreads our fouls, at can difperfe, but those eternal rules, ich from firm premises true reafon draws, a deep infight into nature's laws.

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art then, the mind in which the reafon lies, art of man; as hands, and feet, and eyes part of animals: though fome have taught, dev'n philofophers, that fenfe and thought to partic'lar feat, no part control, tare a vital habit of the whole;

Greek call'd harmony; and that from thence ws all our reason, life, and thought, and fense;

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t'tis no part: fo health and ftrength belong man; but are no parts of him that's strong. t this is falfe.

r often when thefe vis'ble members fmart, k joys ftill feated in fome unfeen part: idlo o' th' contrary, when minds opprefs'd, ik under cares, their bodies are at rest. often, when the hand or foot complains, e head is vigorous, and free from pains. Belides, when charms of fleep have clos'd our eyes,

inguid, and void of fenfe, the body lies:

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t even then fome other part appears fturb'd with hope, with joy, and empty fears. But farther, to convince you that the foul part, and not th' harmony of the whole;

For, though fome limbs are loft, life keeps her feat;

But when few particles of vital heat,
And our laft breath goes out, life likewife flies,
And the forfaken carcafe waftes and dies:
Which proves our lives not equally depend, 120
For their first rife, continuance, and end,
On ev'ry part but chiefly heat and air
Make life within us, and preferve it there:
Then both these two are there, but swiftly gone,
And leave our limbs, as treach'rous death comes

on.

Now fince the nature of the mind and foul Is fully found, and prov'd a part o' th' whole; Let thofe that call it harmony, and please Their fancies, to derive fuch words as these, From mufic's founds, or whencefoe'er it came, Apply'd to that which had no proper name, Take back their term again; 'tis here o'erthrown, And ufelefs prov'd: Let us go farther on.

Next, then, I muft affirm the foul and mind Make up one fingle nature, clofely join'd: But yet the mind's the head and ruling part, Call'd reason, and 'tis feated in the heart: For there our paffions live, our joy, our fear, And hope, which proves the mind must needs be there :

140

But the inferior part, the foul, confin'd
To all the limbs, obeys the ruling mind,
And moves as that directs; for only that
Can of itself rejoice, or fear, or hate.
Paffion and thought belong to that alone;
For foul and limbs are capable of none.
As when the hand, or eye, or head complains,
All the whole body is not vex'd with pains:
So often, when the lab'ring mind, opprefs'd,
Sinks under cares, the foul enjoys her reft.
But when the mind a violent paffion fhakes, 150
Of that disturbance too the foul partakes;
Cold fweats bedew the limbs, the face looks pale,
The tongue begins to faulter, fpeech to fail,
The ears are fill'd with noife, the eyes grow dim,
And feeble fhakings feize on ev'ry limb,

And thus, on fudden frights men often fwoon,'
A ftrange effect! from which 'tis plainly known,
The mind and foul are join'd, and make but

one.

For here the mind's force ftrikes the foul, and fo
The ftroke goes on, and strikes the body too, 160
But, to enlarge this inftance more, this proves
The mind material too, because it moves
And shakes the limbs, makes them look pale and

wan:

In short, directs and governs the whole man;
All which is done by touch And all that touch
Are bodies; theref re mind and foul are fuch.
You find the spirit with the body dies:
Both pain and pieafur fhare but mutual ties:
For when by manly force the bearded darts,
Shot through the membranes, jag the tender
parts;
170

Though prefent death does not attend the

wound,

Yet chilling damps the fick'ning foui furround: Drooping we bend towards the magnet ground.

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As what the mind begins. This inftance proves
The mind, than other things more swiftly moves.
But what thus eafy to be mov'd is found
Of very little feeds, and very round

Muft needs be fram'd; fo that the weakest shove
May push them forward on, and make them move.
Water by flighteft ftrokes is mov'd, and flows,
'Cause small and flipp'ry parts the ftreams com-
pofe.

But honey and thick liquors ftubborn prove; 190
Made dull, and heavy, and unapt to move;
For all their parts more join'd, and clofer fall,
Because they're not fo round, fo fmooth, and
So heaps of poppy feed, fo fand, disjoin'd, [fmall.
Is fcatter'd by the fofteft breath of wind;
But mafly ftones, or darts, together cast,
Stand firm against, and scorn the roughest blast;
Which proves that seeds small, smooth, and round,
are beft

For vig'rous motion; rough, and great for reft.

Now fince the nature of the mind is found 200 So apt to move; of bodies fmall and round It must be fram'd: Which knowledge, lovely youth,

Will lead thee on to undiscover'd truth.

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For hence, by eafy inf'rence, you may guessi How fubtle all its parts what small recefs, If crush'd together, it would all poffefs! For when the stroke of fate invades the heart, And the affrighted mind and foul depart, The weight and bulk remain; contented death Leaves all fecure, but vital fenfe and breath: Therefore the feeds that frame this foul, through

all

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Our limbs diffus'd, are fubtle, thin, and small: Because when that's all gone, each limb retains The former bulk, the former weight remains. So when the brifker fpirits leap from wine, And parts from odours with the air combine; When from our limbs a fubtle humour flows, The body weighs the fame, the fame bulk fhows;

Because fmall feeds all juice, all fmells compofe.

'Tis certain then the feeds that frame the mind Are thin, and small, and fubtle, and refin'd; 221 For when the mind is gone, the former weight Each limb retains, the bulk remains as great. And yet 'tis mix'd; for when life's pow'rs decay,

A gentle breeze, with vapour, flies away;
This vapour likewife shows that air is there,
All heat has air; for heat, by nature rare,
Muft ftill be intermix'd with parts of air.
Well then, we know the mind and foul com-
prise

[rife, Three things; yet from all these no fenfe can No vig'rous thought from fuch a frame as this.

}

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Through all the bodies parts spring, vig'rous sense.
This nature's deeply hid; this does poffefs
The inmoft fpace, and most remote recefs.
As in our limbs, the foul's remov'd from view,
Because its feeds are thin, and small, and few;
So this fourth nameless force within the foul
Lies hid, its chiefeft part, and rules the whole.
So likewife muft the heat, and air, and wind
Be in convenient place, and order join'd:
This must be uppermoft, that lower fall,
To make it feem one nature, fram'd of all;
Left heat and air, plac'd fep'rately, distract
The power of fenfe, and make it cease to act.

Heat in the mind is fhown, when paffions rife; When anger burns, it sparkles through the eyes: And when the trembling body shakes for fear, And blood grows cold, we know that wind is

there.

In those the pow'r of air is chiefly feen,
Whofe heart's untroubled, and their looks ferene:
Thofe have most heat, by nature most inclin'd
To rage; fuch is the lion's furious mind,
Who, roaring, bursts with gen'rous difdain,
Nor can his breaft his vi'lent rage contain.
Moft parts of wind compose the deer's cold foul;
From whence a trembling chill runs through the
whole.

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So mens minds differ too; though moral rules And arts can polish, and reform our fouls: Yet ftill forte feeds remain; they still appear Through all the masks and vizards we can wear; Some fmall remainders of the primitive mind, Some evil paffions will be left behind : Whence fome are prone to rage, fome to distrust; Some fearful are, and fome more mild than just. A thousand more varieties they fhow; Each diffrent mind has diff 'rent manners too. Whofe hidden caufes I fhall ne'er explain, Or names fufficient, and expreffive feign For all thofe infinite varieties

299

[rife.

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For they are join'd, and each on them depends,
And the least feparation death attends.
As when from grains of myrrh you force away
The fav' fhing fmell, their natures too decay;
30 parts the foul and limbs, you all destroy;
So clofe they join, and common life enjoy!
Nor can the foul and body, feparate,
Perceive or think in their divided state:
For the first ftroke is by the nerves convey'd,
And from their jointly motions fenfe is made. 320
Befides, the body is not born alone,

Nor grows, nor lives, when mind and foul are

gone :

or though the water, heated o'er the fire, May lofe fome vapours, yet remain entire, The limbs, when mind and foul are fled, submit To the fame fate, and die, and rot with it. Nay more, e'er tender infants see the light, Before they pafs the confines of the night: While yet within their mothers womb they lie, If these two separate, they fail, and die. 330 Whence learn, that fince the caufe of life's combin'd,

And lies in both, their natures too are join'd.
Farther, who to the limbs all fenfe denies,
And fays, the foul, which through the body lies,
fabject of that motion we call fenfe,
de fights against the cleareft evidence.
What need of arguments, what need of words;
The strongest proof the thing itfelf affords :
fet ev'ry limb wants fenfe, the foul once gone,
And lofes much as feeble age comes on. 340
That eyes no objects fee, to fight oppos'd;
But that the foul, as through wide doors unclos'd,
Looks through them, is plain nonfenfe: 'Tis

refel'd

Ev'n by their fenfe, who this wild fancy held :
This feems fo plain, 'tis brought fo near our eyes,
That he is blind, or fhuts them, who denies:

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View'd all around, and her fair profpect took,
Our fight would ftronger, quicker, better prove,
If' th' eyes pluck'd out, we all the bars remove.
And now to folve thefe doubts, muft not be
brought,

As learn'd Democritus's school has taught,
That foul and limbs are equal, o'er the whole,
To ev'ry limb an equal part of foul.

For first, the feeds of fouls are less than those,
Which all the bodies groffer parts compofe; 360
Neither in number, nor in bulk fo great,
And o'er the limbs in diftant spaces fet :
So that as few, and little as fuffice

For that weak motion, whence our fenfes rife ;
So few, fo little, we must all confefs
Thofe diff 'rent fpaces which thofe feeds poffefs.
For often falling duft we fcarce perceive;
Nor dew by night, nor what the fpiders weave,
When o'er our limbs the fubtle chains are spread,
Or the decaying web falls o'er our head: 370
Nor plumes, nor chaff, nor fuch light things as
thefe;

Nor the foft motion of the wand'ring fleas :
So that a ftrong impreffion must be made,
And the quick stroke to many parts convey'd,
Before the little bodies of the foul

Can feel, and through those distant spaces roll,
Meet, strike, and part again, and thus perceive;
Be pleas'd with the first object's ftroke, or grieve.

}

The mind's the chiefest part of all the whole; Life more depends on that, than on the foul: 385 When that departs, no foul can longer stay; But fervilely attends, and flies away, Expires, and vanishes in the fame breath, And leaves the limbs in the cold hands of death. But he ftill lives, whofe mind remains alone; Although his limb's lop'd off, the foul is gone. So let ingenious tyrants malice strive, Of many limbs, though not of all, deprive; And fo divide the foul, the man will live. Thus leave the pupil found, but cut the white, 390 We ftill enjoy the nobler pow'r of fight: But that once hurt, though all the parts around Be left entire, and firm, and free from wound, The pow'r decays; and an eternal night, And frightful darknefs all o'erfpreads the fight; Darkness, where'er the wounded eye-balls roll: And like thefe two, in this, are mind and foul.

400

And now, my lovely youth, to let thee know, That fouls and minds are born, and mortal too I'll write fuch verfe, as fhall appear to be By curious labour wrought, and worthy thee: Do you take both exprefs'd by either name, Both words in this difpute express the same. So that, for inftance, when the foul you find Prov'd mortal, think I likewife mean the mind: Since both do make but one, two natures join'd.

First then, fince I have prov'd the foul confifta Of fmaller parts than water, fmoke, or mift;

E e iij

Talksmadly, shakes, moves here and there, breathes
fhort;

Extends, and tires his limbs with antic sport;
Because the venom, scatter'd o'er the whole,
Makes such strange stirs, and motions through the
foul;

SAs boift'rous ftorms, which o'er th' ocean rave,

Because than all these three more apt to move,
And take impreffion from a weaker fhove; 410
For by the images of smoke and streams,
And thinneft mifts, 'tis mov'd, as when in dreams
From fancy'd altars (moky clouds arise,
And in dark rolls are fcatter'd through the skies;
Those thoughts are rais'd by subtle images.
And fince you fee, that when the veffel's broke,
The waters runs away: fince the thin smoke,
By ev'ry tempeft scatter'd through the air,
Confus'dly mixes with it, and does perish there;
Conclude the thin contexture of the mind,
An easier prey to ev'ry rougher wind,
With cafe diffolv'd when from the body gone;
'Tis tofs'd in air, all naked and alone.
For fince the limbs, that veffel of the foul,
Could not contain its parts, and keep it whole,
When bruis'd, or drain'd of blood; how then can
air,

A body, than our flesh and blood more rare.

420

Befides: 'tis plain that fouls are born and grow; And all by age decay, as bodies do:

To prove this truth; in infants, minds appear 430
Infirm, and tender as their bodies are:

In man, the mind is ftrong; when age prevails,
And the quick vigour of each member fails,
The mind's pow'rs too decrease, and waste apace:
And grave and rev'rend folly takes the place.
'Tis likely then the foul and mind must die;
Like fmoke in air, its scatter'd atoms fly:
Since all these proofs have shown, these reasons
told,

441

'Tis with the body born, grows ftrong, and old.
Farther as vi'lent pains, and strong difeafe
Torment the limbs, and all the body feize;
So grief and trouble mind and foul furprise:
'Tis likely therefore, that the foul too dies.
Sometimes, when vi'lent fevers vex the brain,
The mind grows mad, and raves with equal pain.
Sometimes, when dull and death-like lethargy,
And lafting fleep fits heavy on the eye,
The foul is lull'd: the man nor knows, nor hears;
His friend's kind voice, nor fees their falling tears;
While they with pious care about him weep, 450
And strive to roufe him from his death of fleep.
Since then the limb's difcafe affects the mind,
That must be mortal too: for ftill we find,
By thousand inftances, difeafes wait
On death, as the fad meffengers of fate.
Befides; when wine's quick force has pierc'd
the brain,

And the brifk heat's diffus'd through ev'ry vein;
Why do the members all grow dull, and weak?
The tongue not with its ufual swiftness speak?
The eye-balls fwim? the legs not firm, and strait:
But bend beneath the bodies nat'ral weight?
Unmanly quarrels, noife, and fobs deface
The pow'rs of reason, and ufurp their place?.
How could this be, did not the precious juice
Affe&t the mind itself, and fpoil its ufe?
Now things, that can be thus disturb'd, that ceafe
From ufual actions, by fuch lets as thefe,
Would die, f
,fuppofe the force, or ftrokes increase.
Oftimes with vi'lent fits a patient falls,
As if with thunder ftruck; and foams and bawls, 470

And raise white curls upon the foaming wave: He groans, because, when pain'd, the feeds of

voice

Break forth in a confus'd and troubled noise:
He's mad, because the parts of foul and mind
Are by the poifon's violence disjoin'd,
Difturb'd and tofs'd; but when the caufes ceafe,
The black malignant humours, and disease,
In fome convenient veffel lurk in peace;
His weakness wears, and he forgets his pain:
His ftrength, his life, his fenfe return again.
Now fince diseases can this foul divide,
While ftrengthen’d by, and to the members ty'd;
Who can believe, this tender substance, mind,
When from the body loos'd, can brave the wind?

And fince our minds as well as bodies feel 499
The pow'rs of medicines that change or heal,
They must be mortal: for to change the foul,
You muft, or change the order of the whole,
Take off fome old, or add fome parts anew:
Now what's immortal, common fenfe has told,
Can gain not one new part, nor lofe one eld:
For whatsoever suffers change, unties
Its union, is not what it was; but dies.
Therefore the mind, or by diseases griev❜d,
Or by the pow'r of medicines reliev'd,
Shows herself morta!: Such plain evidence,
Drawn from the strongest reafon, fureft fense,
Does all their fpecious fophiftry oppose,
And either way confutes, and overthrows.

Besides, experience fhows that patients die By piecemeal; through the toes, then legs, the thigh

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Creeps treach'rous death; then through the reftit By flow degrees; and this one inftance proves That the foul mortal is; fince death does lowly

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But if you think the foul, by fate oppreft,
Can to one limb retire, and leave the reft,
That part, where so much soul has refidence,
A greater maft enjoy, and quicker fenfe:
But fince none fuch appears, 'tis plain it flies
By piecemeal through the air, and therefore dies
But grant what's falfe; the foul can backward)
And huddled up, within one member lie; [fy,
Yet this infers the foul's mortality.

For what's the diff'rence, if by lateft breath, ga
Expell'd, or huddied up, 'tis crufh'd to death?
While from the limbs the fenfes steal away,
And by degrees the pow'rs of life decay.

And fince the foul is part, and fince it lies Fix'd in one certain place, as ears, or eyes; So, ev'n as thofe, when from the body gone, Perceive not, nor endure, but perish foon; The mind can't live, divided from the whole, The limbs, which feem the veffel of the soul,

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Becaufe 'tis fpread o'er all, and there preferves
Her life, by vital union with the nerves.
Nor could the little feeds of foul commence
Thole fhort vibrations, that are fit for fenfe,
Were the space great; which, ftrictly all en-"
clo-'d,

en-7

They well perform: but from the body loos'd,
And to the wide inconftant air cxpos'd,

Could ne'er enjoy; because the air and mind
Can never, as the foul and limbs be join'd;
For could the thin inconftant air controul,
And keep in order too the fleeting foul,

And the thefe motions too of fenfe maintain, 550
Which now she does through ev'ry nerve and vein,
And all our limbs; then we might justly call
The air a body, and an animal.
Thus then the foul, all naked and alone,
When from the body loos'd, her cov'ring gone,
Muft die, both foul and mind, for both are one.
Befides, fince when the mind and foul are filed,
The carcafe ftinks, and rots as foon as dead;
How can't thou doubt, but that, the union broke,
The fcatter'd foul flies through the limbs, like
fmoke:

560

And therefore must the body's fabric fall,
Becante the foul, that did preferve the all,
U, held, and ftrengthen'd it, is now no more,
But filed through ev'ry paffage, ev'ry pore,
Which fhows the foul, as all her pow'rs decay,
Her parts diffolv'd, flies fcatter'd all away.
Nay more whilft in thefe limbs, as death

comes on,

Her parts are all diffolv'd, before she's gone; Nay while fhe's yet alive, fome ftrokes pre-" vail,

569 And fhake the foul; her pow'rs begin to fail; The members tremble, and the face looks pale, As if 'twere real death. This happens when we fwoon;

Ev'n then the mind and foul are almost gone;
The ties of union almost all undone :
For then the mind's aflaulted, and would bow
To fate, if fhaken by a stronger blow.
Then who can think, that from the members gone,
Expos'd to th' air, all naked, and alone,
It can, but one short moment be fecure;
Much lefs, as long as time, as endless years, en-
580
Befides; what patient e'er perceiv'd the foul
Forfake the dying members, fafe and whole?
Or that by flow degrees it feems to rife,
First through the throat, then higher jaws; then
flies:

dure;

But ev'ry fenfe in'ts proper organ dies.

And were the foul immortal, would the mind
Complain of death; and not rejoice to find,
Herself let loofe, and leave this clay behind?
As fnakes, whene'er the circling year returns,
Rejoice to caft their fkins; or deer their horns. 590
And why is not the foul produc'd in any part,
I' th' head, or hands? Why only in the heart?
But that each being has its proper feat;
And there begins; there grows mature, and great:
Thus flames ne'er rife from waves, nor cold from
heat.

And if the foul's immortal; if the lives
Divided from the body; if perceives,
She must enjoy five fenfes fill: for who
Can fancy how the foul can live below,

Unless 'tis thus endow'd? Thus painters please, 600
And poets too, to draw their fouls with thefe.
But as without the foul, nor eye, nor ear,
Nor either hand can touch, or fce, or hear,
o neither can this foul, this mind perceive
Without thefe hands, thefe eyes, thele ears; nor
live.

Befides; our vital fenfe is fpread o'er all; The whole composure makes one animal : So that if fudden, vi'lent ftrokes divide This whole, and caft the parts on either fide; The foul and mind too fuffer the fame fate, 619 And part remains in this, and part in that. Now what can be divided, what can lie, And wafte in feveral parts, can likewife die. So chariots arm'd on ev'ry fide, to wound, When fiercely driv'n, bring death to all around; And yet the wounded man, fo quick's the blow,}] Is fcarce difturb'd; fcarce feems to feel, or know His wound and now but half a body grown, Still haftes to fight, till eagerly goes on; Nor mifles he his arm, dragg'd o'er the field, 620 And by the chariots torn, much lefs his fhield; Others, that lofe their hands, that climb the

wall,

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Reach on, or feel; and wonder at their fall:
Others, their legs lopp'd off, attempt to rife,
While the poor foot lies trembling by, and dies :1
And when the head's chopp'd off, the eyes and face
Still keep their nat'ral, ftill their vital grace;
The look is vivid ftill, nor feems like dead,
Fill every particle of foul is fled.

So likewife chop a ven'mous ferpent's train, 630
You'll fee each fingle part is vex'd with pain;
Each turns, each bleeds, and fprinkles all the

ground

With pois'nous gore, each wriggles at the wound :
What then? Has ev'ry part its proper foul?
This were to place a thousand in one whole.
Thus then the foul, by the fame fatal blow,
That chopp'd the pois'nous tail, is cut in two:
Therefore 'tis mortal, fubject unto fate,
Becaufe divifible as well as that.

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